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At least 343 records · Page 19

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NASA NTRS2002

Effects of Imperfections on the Buckling Response of Compression-Loaded Composite Shells

The results of an experimental and analytical study of the effects of initial imperfections on the buckling and postbuckling response of three unstiffened thin-walled compression-loaded graphite-epoxy cylindrical shells with different orthotropic and quasi-isotropic shell-wall laminates are presented. The results identify the effects of traditional and non-traditional initial imperfections on the non-linear response and buckling loads of the shells. The traditional imperfections include the geometric shell-wall mid-surface imperfect ions that are commonly discussed in the literature on thin shell buckling. The non-traditional imperfections include shell-wall thickness variations local shell-wall ply-gaps associated with the fabrication process, sheltered geometric imperfections, non-uniform applied end loads, and variations in the boundary conditions including the effects of elastic boundary conditions. A high-fidelity non-linear shell analysis procedure that accurately accounts for the effects of these traditional and non-traditional imperfections on the nonlinear response, and buckling loads of the shells is described. The analysis procedure includes a non-linear static analysis that predicts stable response characteristics of the shells and a non-linear transient analysis that predicts unstable response characteristics.

Hilburger, Mark W.↗

NASA NTRS2000

Nonlinear Local Bending Response and Bulging Factors for Longitudinal and Circumferential Cracks in Pressurized Cylindrical Shells

Results of a geometrically nonlinear finite element parametric study to determine curvature correction factors or bulging factors that account for increased stresses due to curvature for longitudinal and circumferential cracks in unstiffened pressurized cylindrical shells are presented. Geometric parameters varied in the study include the shell radius, the shell wall thickness, and the crack length. The major results are presented in the form of contour plots of the bulging factor as a function of two nondimensional parameters: the shell curvature parameter, lambda, which is a function of the shell geometry, Poisson's ratio, and the crack length; and a loading parameter, eta, which is a function of the shell geometry, material properties, and the applied internal pressure. These plots identify the ranges of the shell curvature and loading parameters for which the effects of geometric nonlinearity are significant. Simple empirical expressions for the bulging factor are then derived from the numerical results and shown to predict accurately the nonlinear response of shells with longitudinal and circumferential cracks. The numerical results are also compared with analytical solutions based on linear shallow shell theory for thin shells, and with some other semi-empirical solutions from the literature, and limitations on the use of these other expressions are suggested.

Young, Richard D.↗

NASA NTRS2004

Buckling and Failure of Compression-Loaded Composite Cylindrical Shells With Geometric and Material Imperfections

The results of an experimental and numerical study of the effects of initial imperfections on the buckling response and failure of unstiffened thin-walled compression-loaded graphite-epoxy cylindrical shells are presented. The shells considered in the study have six different orthotropic or quasi-isotropic shell-wall laminates and two different shell-radius-to-thickness ratios. The numerical results include the effects of geometric shell-wall mid-surface imperfections, shell-wall thickness variations, local shell-wall ply-gaps associated with the fabrication process, shell-end geometric imperfections, nonuniform end loads, and the effects of elastic boundary conditions. Selected cylinder parameter uncertainties were also considered. Results that illustrate the effects of imperfections and uncertainties on the nonlinear response characteristics, buckling loads and failure the shells are presented. In addition, a common failure analysis is used to predict material failures in the shells.

Hilburger, Mark W.↗

NASA NTRS2008

Design and Analysis of Tow-Steered Composite Shells Using Fiber Placement

In this study, a sub-scale advanced composite shell design is evaluated to determine its potential for use on a future aircraft fuselage. Two composite shells with the same nominal 8-ply [+/-45/+/-Theta](sub s) layup are evaluated, where Theta indicates a tow-steered ply. To build this shell, a fiber placement machine would be used to steer unidirectional prepreg tows as they are placed around the circumference of a 17-inch diameter right circular cylinder. The fiber orientation angle varies continuously from 10 degrees (with respect to the shell axis of revolution) at the crown, to 45 degrees on the side, and back to 10 degrees on the keel. All 24 tows are placed at each point on every fiber path in one structure designated as the shell with overlaps. The resulting pattern of tow overlaps causes the laminate thickness to vary between 8 and 16 plies. The second shell without tow overlaps uses the capability of the fiber placement machine to cut and add tows at any point along the fiber paths to fabricate a shell with a nearly uniform 8-ply laminate thickness. Issues encountered during the design and analysis of these shells are presented and discussed. Static stiffness and buckling loads of shells with tow-steered layups are compared with the performance of a baseline quasi-isotropic shell using both finite element analyses and classical strength of materials theory.

Wu, K. Chauncey↗

NASA NTRS2009

Improved Method of Design for Folding Inflatable Shells

An improved method of designing complexly shaped inflatable shells to be assembled from gores was conceived for original application to the inflatable outer shell of a developmental habitable spacecraft module having a cylindrical mid-length section with toroidal end caps. The method is also applicable to inflatable shells of various shapes for terrestrial use. The method addresses problems associated with the assembly, folding, transport, and deployment of inflatable shells that may comprise multiple layers and have complex shapes that can include such doubly curved surfaces as toroids and spheres. One particularly difficult problem is that of mathematically defining fold lines on a gore pattern in a double- curvature region. Moreover, because the fold lines in a double-curvature region tend to be curved, there is a practical problem of how to implement the folds. Another problem is that of modifying the basic gore shapes and sizes for the various layers so that when they are folded as part of the integral structure, they do not mechanically interfere with each other at the fold lines. Heretofore, it has been a common practice to design an inflatable shell to be assembled in the deployed configuration, without regard for the need to fold it into compact form. Typically, the result has been that folding has been a difficult, time-consuming process resulting in a An improved method of designing complexly shaped inflatable shells to be assembled from gores was conceived for original application to the inflatable outer shell of a developmental habitable spacecraft module having a cylindrical mid-length section with toroidal end caps. The method is also applicable to inflatable shells of various shapes for terrestrial use. The method addresses problems associated with the assembly, folding, transport, and deployment of inflatable shells that may comprise multiple layers and have complex shapes that can include such doubly curved surfaces as toroids and spheres. One particularly difficult problem is that of mathematically defining fold lines on a gore pattern in a double- curvature region. Moreover, because the fold lines in a double-curvature region tend to be curved, there is a practical problem of how to implement the folds. Another problem is that of modifying the basic gore shapes and sizes for the various layers so that when they are folded as part of the integral structure, they do not mechanically interfere with each other at the fold lines. Heretofore, it has been a common practice to design an inflatable shell to be assembled in the deployed configuration, without regard for the need to fold it into compact form. Typically, the result has been that folding has been a difficult, time-consuming process resulting in a

Johnson, Christopher J.↗

DOE OSTI2010

Dynamic quasistatic characterization of finite elements for shell structures.

Finite elements for shell structures have been investigated extensively, with numerous formulations offered in the literature. These elements are vital in modern computational solid mechanics due to their computational efficiency and accuracy for thin and moderately thick shell structures, allowing larger and more comprehensive (e.g. multi-scale and multi-physics) simulations. Problems now of interest in the research and development community are routinely pushing our computational capabilities, and thus shell finite elements are being used to deliver efficient yet high quality computations. Much work in the literature is devoted to the formulation of shell elements and their numerical accuracy, but there is little published work on the computational characterization and comparison of shell elements for modern solid mechanics problems. The present study is a comparison of three disparate shell element formulations in the Sandia National Laboratories massively parallel Sierra Solid Mechanics code. A constant membrane and bending stress shell element (Key and Hoff, 1995), a thick shell hex element (Key et al., 2004) and a 7-parameter shell element (Buechter et al., 1994) are available in Sierra Solid Mechanics for explicit transient dynamic, implicit transient dynamic and quasistatic calculations. Herein these three elements are applied to a set of canonical dynamic and quasistatic problems, and their numerical accuracy, computational efficiency and scalability are investigated. The results show the trade-off between the relative inefficiency and improved accuracy of the latter two high quality element types when compared with the highly optimized and more widely used constant membrane and bending stress shell element.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2016

Direct Observation of the Growth of Au-Pd Core-Shell Nanoparticles Using in situ Low-Dose Liquid Cell STEM imaging

Bimetallic core-shell nanoparticles are widely used as catalysts in several industrial reactions, with core-shell structures permitting facile surface modification and allowing increased stability and durability, and cost-effectiveness of the catalysts. We report, for the first time, on observing the early stages of the formation of Au-Pd core-shell bimetallic nanoparticles via the seed-mediated growth in the presence of reducing agent, while employing the low-dose scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging with the fluid cell in situ. Use of the continuous flow in situ fluid cell platform allows for delivery of reagent solutions and generation of near-native reaction environment in the reaction chamber, and permits direct visualization of the early stages of formation of Au-Pd core-shell structures at low dose rate (0.1 e - /(Å 2 s)) in the presence of ascorbic acid. No core-shell structures were detected in the absence of reducing agent at the electron dose of 32.6 e - /Å 2 . While the core-shell structures formed in situ under the low-dose imaging closely resemble those obtained in solution synthesis, the reaction kinetics in the fluid cell is affected by the radiolysis of liquid reagents induced by electron beam, altering the rate-determining reaction steps. The enhanced reduction of Pd ions leads to initial rapid growth of the nascent Pd shell along the <111> direction at the Au interface, followed by a slower rearrangement of the outer Pd layer. The latter becomes the rate-determining step in the in situ reaction and appears to follow the oriented attachment-like movement to yield a remodeled, compact and stable Au-Pd core-shell nanostructure. Our findings highlight the differences between the two reaction pathways and aid in understanding the mechanism of formation of the core-shell nanostructure in situ.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2018

In Vitro Assembly of Diverse Bacterial Microcompartment Shell Architectures

Bacterial Microcompartments (BMCs) are organelles composed of a selectively permeable protein shell that encapsulates enzymes involved in CO2 fixation (carboxysomes) or carbon catabolism (metabolosomes). Confinement of sequential reactions by the BMC shell presumably increases the efficiency of the pathway by reducing the crosstalk of metabolites, release of toxic intermediates, and accumulation of inhibitory products. Because BMCs are composed entirely of protein and self-assemble, they are an emerging platform for engineering nanoreactors and molecular scaffolds. However, testing designs for assembly and function through in vivo expression is labor-intensive and has limited the potential of BMCs in bioengineering. Here, we developed a new method for in vitro assembly of defined nanoscale BMC architectures: shells and nanotubes. By inserting a “protecting group”, a short ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) domain, self-assembly ofshell proteins in vivo was thwarted, enabling preparation of concentrates of shell building blocks. Addition of the cognate protease removes the SUMO domain and subsequent mixing of the constituent shell proteins in vitro results in the self-assembly of three types of supramolecular architectures: a metabolosome shell, a carboxysome shell, and a BMC protein-based nanotube. We next applied our method to generate a metabolosome shell engineered with a hyper-basic luminal surface, allowing for the encapsulation of biotic or abiotic cargos functionalized with an acidic accessory group. This is the first demonstration of using charge complementarity to encapsulate diverse cargos in BMC shells. Finally, our work provides a generally applicable method for in vitro assembly of natural and engineered BMC-based architectures.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2025

Detailed simulations of the first deuterium-tritium-filled double shell implosions on the National Ignition Facility

The first indirectly driven, liquid DT-filled double shell inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions have recently been successfully performed on the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Double shells are a class of alternative designs that use a low-Z outer shell to compress a foam cushion that accelerates a high-Z inner shell to efficiently compress a liquid DT core. Double shells are challenging to fabricate, field, and model. Important engineering features enabling double shell fabrication include a fill-tube penetrating all shells and a carefully designed and very narrow (few μm) step-joint in the ablator. Due to the higher density materials involved, high Atwood number instabilities are also important at many material interfaces. In this paper, numerical simulations of double shell implosions using the Los Alamos National Laboratory multi-physics radiation-hydrodynamics code xRAGE will be discussed. An extensive effort has been under way for several years to develop the code capabilities for ICF simulations in a common modeling framework to allow ease of simulation setup and standardization of the computational methodology. This paper will present a wide range of simulation results capturing, quantifying, and comparing the impact of all these degradation mechanisms on implosion performance. Brief comparisons with recent experimental results and suggestions for future improvements will also be discussed. Our results suggest that capsule surface roughness and the step-joint gap have the largest impact on implosion performance. Initial experimental data may suggest that the sensitivity to the step-joint gap could provide the dominant explanation for DT-filled double shell experiments that have been fielded on NIF thus far.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2018

Gogny-force-derived effective shell-model Hamiltonian

The density-dependent finite-range Gogny force has been used to derive the effective Hamiltonian for the shell-model calculations of nuclei. The density dependence simulates an equivalent three-body force, while the finite range gives a Gaussian distribution of the interaction in the momentum space and hence leads to an automatic smooth decoupling between low-momentum and high-momentum components of the interaction, which is important for finite-space shell-model calculations. Two-body interaction matrix elements, single-particle energies, and the core energy of the shell model can be determined by the unified Gogny force. The analytical form of the Gogny force is advantageous to treat cross-shell cases, while it is difficult to determine the cross-shell matrix elements and single-particle energies using an empirical Hamiltonian by fitting experimental data with a large number of matrix elements. In this paper, we have applied the Gogny-force effective shell-model Hamiltonian to the p- and sd-shell nuclei. The results show good agreements with experimental data and other calculations using empirical Hamiltonians. The experimentally known neutron drip line of oxygen isotopes and the ground states of typical nuclei 10B and 18N can be reproduced, in which the role of three-body force is non-negligible. Here, the Gogny-force-derived effective Hamiltonian has also been applied to the cross-shell calculations of the sd–pf shell.

20 ≤ A ≤ 38↗

DOE OSTI2022

Core-Shell Heterostructures as Functional Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Electrodes

The principal objective of this project was to synthesize core-shell heterostructures for solid oxide fuel cell cathodes using a molten salt solvent. In doing so, the main goals were split into a) to elucidate and understand the influence of molten salt chemistries to expeditiously synthesize perovskite type oxides for solid oxide fuel cells, b) provide a chemical framework for future molten salt syntheses of energy relevant ceramic materials, c) demonstrate and investigate the required parameters for the optimal core-shell synthesis and yield of La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 O 3 (LSCF) – La 0.8 Sr 0.2 MnO 3 (shell), and d) demonstrate improved cathode performance of core-shell LSCF-LSM compared to an LSCF cathode on symmetric cells. The results clearly show that a) the influence of the molten salt cation outweighs the anion in regards to product stoichiometry, b) molten salts should be tailored to balance cationic and anionic acidity for high product yield, c) high yield of core-shell nanoparticles can be achieved by optimal mass ratio between core to shell, dwell time in the salt, size ratio between core to shell, and mass ratio between overall powder to salt, and d) the core-shell LSCF-LSM cathodes have lower polarization resistances than LSCF at higher temperatures. More work is required to optimize core-shell cathode performance at lower temperatures. However, this work thus provided justification for using the molten salt synthesis for SOFC cathodes and provided insights into future material modifications for improved performance.

08 HYDROGEN↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Local Analysis-Test Correlation Of Tow-Steered Composite Shells With Small Cutouts

The prebuckling and postbuckling behavior of two composite tow-steered shells with small cutouts is assessed using nonlinear dynamic finite element analyses and compared in detail with experimental measurements. The cylindrical shells were manufactured without cutouts using an automated fiber placement system, where the shells’ fiber orientation angles vary continuously around the shell circumference from ±10 degrees on the axially stiff crown and keel, to ±45 degrees on the shear-stiff sides. The first shell with overlaps has laminate thickness variations on the crown and keel that result from application of all 24 tows during each pass of the fiber placement system. The second shell without overlaps uses the fiber placement system’s tow drop/add capability to achieve a more uniform shell wall thickness. An unreinforced cutout representing a passenger door on a commercial aircraft fuselage is machined into the side of each of the two shells. These shells with cutouts were tested in axial compression and buckled elastically in previous work. Detailed nonlinear finite element analysis results are compared with their corresponding measured local load-displacement and load-strain responses in prebuckling, at global buckling, and into a stable postbuckled state. Test data from displacement transducers, strain gages, and digital image correlation are extracted at the centers of the crown and keel, and at the middles of the top and left edges of the cutout. The overall agreement between these measured and analytical responses is excellent in prebuckling through global buckling, and very good from global buckling through postbuckling. As such, the excellent correlation observed here increases confidence in applying tow-steered composites in operational vehicles.

Composites↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Local Analysis-Test Correlation Of Tow-Steered Composite Shells With Small Cutouts

Composites↗

DOE OSTI2014

Magnetic and structural investigations on La{sub 0.6}Sr{sub 0.4}MnO{sub 3} nanostructured manganite: Evidence of a ferrimagnetic shell

This paper presents the structural and magnetic properties of La{sub 0.6}Sr{sub 0.4}MnO{sub 3} nanoparticles with sizes from 21 to 106 nm, which have been prepared using the sol–gel method. The reduction of the nanoparticles' size tends to broaden the paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition, as well as to promote magnetic hysteresis and a remarkable change on the magnetic saturation. In order to better understand the magnetic behavior of those nanoparticles, a simple model based on a ferromagnetic core and a ferrimagnetic shell was considered, where the magnetization was described in terms of the standard mean-field Brillouin function. This model matches the experimental data, leading to conclusion the nanoparticles with size <40nm are single magnetic domain. In addition, the output fitting parameters give information on the Landé factor of the core and shell. - Graphical abstract: Core–shell model: The core has a ferromagnetic character, while the shell is ferrimagnetic. Each one has two sub-lattices (Mn{sup 3+} and Mn{sup 4+}) that interact through a mean-field (see Eq. (6)). Interactions strength and signals are also represented in this figure. In this figure the arrows (or vectors) represent the magnetic moment of ions Mn{sup 3+} (s=2) and Mn{sup 4+} (s=3/2). βλ's describe the ferromagnetic interaction between Mn{sup 4+} ions into the core (βλ{sub co}) and into the shell (βλ{sub sh}), while αλ's represent ferromagnetic interaction between Mn{sup 3+} ions into the core (αλ{sub co}) and into the shell (αλ{sub sh}). The −λ{sub sh} and +λ{sub co}co are associated to the mean field parameter of interaction between Mn{sup 3+} and Mn{sup 4+} sub-lattices in the shell (ferrimagnetic, negative sign) and core (ferromagnetic, positive sign), respectively. - Highlights: • Evidences of ferromagnetic shell in La{sub 0.6}Sr{sub 0.4}MnO{sub 3} ferromagnetic nanoparticles. • Core(ferromagnetic)–shell(ferromagnetic) model for nanostructured manganite. • Sol–gel method was successfully used to obtain nanostructured manganite.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2016

Fabrication of Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}@CuO core-shell from MOF based materials and its antibacterial activity

Magnetic Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}@CuO nanocomposite with a core/shell structure was successfully synthesized via direct calcinations of magnetic Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}@HKUST-1 in air atmosphere. The morphology, structure, magnetic and porous properties of the as-synthesized nano composites were characterized by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and vibration sample magnetometer (VSM). The results showed that the nanocomposite material included a Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} core and a CuO shell. The Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}@CuO core-shell can be separated easily from the medium by a small magnet. The antibacterial activity of Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}-CuO core-shell was investigated against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. A new mechanism was proposed for inactivation of bacteria over the prepared sample. It was demonstrated that the core-shell exhibit recyclable antibacterial activity, acting as an ideal long-acting antibacterial agent. - Graphical abstract: Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}@CuO core-shell release of copper ions. These Cu{sup 2+} ions were responsible for the exhibited antibacterial activity. - Highlights: • The Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}@CuO core-shell was prepared by MOF method. • This is the first study of antibacterial activity of core-shell consist of CuO and Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}. • The core-shell can be reused effectively. • Core-shell was separated from the reaction solution by external magnetic field.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2015

Structural and electrical properties of TiO{sub 2}/ZnO core–shell nanoparticles synthesized by hydrothermal method

TiO{sub 2}/ZnO core–shell nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method in two stages: first stage is the hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and second stage the obtained ZnO nanoparticles are encapsulated in TiO{sub 2}. The obtained ZnO, TiO{sub 2} and TiO{sub 2}/ZnO core–shell nanoparticles were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer, Emmett, Teller and resistance measurements. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the presence of both, TiO{sub 2} and ZnO phases in TiO{sub 2}/ZnO core–shell nanoparticles. According to transmission electron microscopy images, ZnO nanoparticles have hexagonal shapes, TiO{sub 2} nanoparticles have a spherical shape, and TiO{sub 2}/ZnO core–shell nanoparticles present agglomerates and the shape of particles is not well defined. The activation energy of TiO{sub 2}/ZnO core–shell nanoparticles was about 101 meV. - Graphical abstract: Display Omitted - Highlights: • TiO{sub 2}/ZnO core–shell nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal method. • TiO{sub 2}/ZnO core–shell nanoparticles were investigated by means of XRD, TEM and BET. • Electrical properties of TiO{sub 2}/ZnO core–shell nanoparticles were investigated. • The activation energy of TiO{sub 2}/ZnO core–shell nanoparticles was about E{sub a} = 101 meV.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2018

Mechanical property and microstructure evolution of nitrogen-modified Ti-6Al-4V alloy with core-shell structure by hot compression

Highlights: • Core-shell structured Ti-6Al-4 V is composed of α shells and α + β cores. • Nitrogen solution and core-shell structure significantly enhances the strength. • Core-shell structural alloy performs inhomogeneous deformation. - Abstract: Core-shell (CS) structured Ti-6Al-4 V (Ti64) alloy with single α shells and duplex α + β cores was fabricated by powder nitriding and spark plasma sintering. The mechanical property and microstructure evolution of CS-Ti64 alloy was investigated by compression at temperatures of 950–1100 °C and strain rates of 0.001–1 s{sup −1}. The nitrogen-induced solid solution strengthening and the nitrogen-stabilized CS structure significantly enhanced the compressive strength. Microstructure evolution of CS-Ti64, involved inhomogeneous deformation of the core and shell, which was quite different from that of the commercial Ti64. Regions adjacent to shells and central locations of cores suffered large strain and therefore preferentially underwent dynamic recrystallization (DRX). The deformation mechanism of the novel CS-Ti64 alloy was discussed in terms of the α shells, α laths and DRX.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2012

Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} and CdS based bifunctional core–shell nanostructure

Highlights: ► First report on a room temperature aqueous process for growth of a hybrid core shell nanostructure containing a magnetic core and a semiconducting shell. ► Formation of distinct core shell nanostructure revealed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. ► A bifunctional nature combining magnetic as well as photoresponce for the as synthesised core shell nanostructures demonstrated. ► A tendency towards self organisation of the core–shell nanostructure. ► Possible applications including purification and isolation of biological materials, drug delivery system, bio-labels, spintronics, etc. -- Abstract: A room temperature solution process for synthesis of Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles and their hybrid core shell nanostructures using CdS as the shell material has been described. The as grown particles have been characterised using XRD, Rietveld refinement, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, superconducting quantum interference device, optical absorbance and photoluminescence spectroscopy. A superparamagnetic response revealed from the magnetisation measurements of the as synthesised magnetite nanoparticles was retained even after the growth of the CdS shell. From luminescence and high resolution atomic force microscopy measurements, it is shown that the core–shell structures advantageously combine magnetic as well as fluorescence response with a tendency towards self-organization.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗