Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Neutron diffraction”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Disorder and hydrogenation in graphene nanopowder revealed by complementary X-ray and neutron scattering

Functionalization of graphene's two-dimensional sheets can be used to modify the physical properties of graphene, such as changing its conductivity or inducing ferromagnetism, which is of broad interest for a myriad of applications. However, functionalized graphene can possess significant structural disorder that is often overlooked and is difficult to characterize quantitatively. Here we investigate hydrogenated graphene nanopowder (H-Gr) produced by Birch reduction of graphene oxide. By combining complementary x-ray and neutron diffraction, we show how to quantitatively characterize the H-Gr nanostructure, including the hydrogen content. Further, we show that the majority of the H-Gr consists of highly disordered molecular-scale carbon while a small portion of the sample contains few-layered graphene having an expanded interlayer spacing. Modeling the coherent diffuse scattering for both x-ray and neutron diffraction, and comparing it with the incoherent neutron scattering, the hydrogen to carbon ratio was measured and it was determined that most of the hydrogen resides within the disordered carbon rather than in the graphene. Evidence is presented for hydrogen clustering as well as for hydrogen bonded perpendicular to the plane of molecular-carbon bonds. Our quantitative approach to characterizing carbon nanopowders has broad relevance to understanding disorder and bonding of hydrogen in graphitic carbons and other nanomaterials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Tuning the magnetic ground state of Ce 1 - x Yb x RhIn 5 by Yb valence fluctuations

We characterize the properties of Ce 1–x Yb x RhIn 5 single crystals with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 using measurements of powder x-ray diffraction, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, specific heat, x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), and neutron diffraction. Here, the Yb valence v Yb , calculated from the magnetic susceptibility and measured using XANES, decreases from 3+ at x = 0 to ~2.1+ at x act = 0.2 , where x act is the measured Yb concentration. A transition from incommensurate to commensurate antiferromagnetism is observed in neutron diffraction measurements along Q = (0.5, 0.5, l) between 0.2 ≤ x act ≤ 0.27; this narrative is supported by specific-heat measurements in which a second robust feature appears at a temperature T I (T I < T N ) for the same concentration range. Magnetic susceptibility measurements also reveal features which provide additional evidence of magneticordering. The results of this study suggest that the evolution of the Yb valence plays a critical role in tuning the magnetic ground state of Ce 1–x Yb x RhIn 5 .

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2025

Steam-Assisted Ammonolysis of MoO2 as a Synthetic Pathway to Oxygenated δ-MoN

A common route for the synthesis of molybdenum nitrides is through the temperature-programmed reaction of molybdenum oxides with NH3, or ammonolysis. In this work, the role of precursor phase, gas phase chemistry (impact of H2O), and temperature profile on the reaction outcome (700 °C) was examined, which resulted in varying amounts of MoO2, H2MoO5, and the nitride phases—cubic γ (nominally Mo2N) and hexagonal δ (nominally MoN). The phase fraction of the δ phase increased with precursor in the sequence MoO2 > MoO3 > H2MoO5. Steam in the reaction gas also favored the production of δ over γ, but with too much steam, MoO2 was obtained in the product. Synthesis conditions for obtaining nearly phase-pure δ were identified: MoO2 as the precursor, 2% H2O in the gas stream, and a moderate heating rate (3 °C/min). In situ X-ray diffraction provided insights into the reaction pathway. Extensive physico-chemical analysis of the δ phase, including synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction, electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and prompt gamma activation analysis, revealed its stoichiometry to be MoO0.108(8)N0.892(8)H0.012(5), indicating non-trivial oxygen incorporation. The presence of N/O ordering and an impurity phase Mo5N6 were also revealed, detectable only by neutron diffraction. Notably, a computationally predicted MoON phase (doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.236402), of interest due to its potential to display a metal-insulator transition, did not appear under any reaction condition examined.

Pandey, Shobhit↗
DOE OSTI2026

3⁢𝑄 magnetic order with spatially alternating spin scalar chirality in overdoped C⁢o 0.336⁢ Ta⁢S 2

C⁢o 𝑥 ⁢Ta⁢S 2 (𝑥≈1/3) exhibits a spontaneous Hall effect from spin texture in antiferromagnets, with a tetrahedral triple-Q (3Q) order and uniform spin scalar chirality. Upon Co overdoping (𝑥>1/3), it undergoes a shift in magnetic ordering vectors from 𝐐 m =(1/2, 0, 0) to (1/3, 0, 0). Interestingly, the spontaneous Hall effect disappeared in the overdoped regime, which was originally attributed to the loss of 3Q order. However, a question remains whether a new type of 3Q order can exist with alternating chirality in the overdoped regime. To address this, we investigated C⁢o 0.336⁢ Ta⁢S 2 using inelastic neutron scattering (INS), neutron diffraction, and optical dichroism, and found that INS data and spin-wave simulations support a 3Q order with alternating chirality. Moreover, neutron diffraction data show field-independent Bragg peaks, while linear dichroism detects no in-plane anisotropy, consistent with threefold rotation symmetry. Our data support the scenario of an alternating-chirality 3Q order in C⁢o 0.336 ⁢Ta⁢S 2 , canceling the spontaneous Hall effect. Furthermore, this study highlights a combined neutron-optical approach to identify complex spin textures.

Landau-Lifschitz-Gilbert equation↗
DOE OSTI2022

To grind or not to grind? The influence of mechanical and thermal treatments on the $\mathrm{Cu/Zn}$ disorder in $\mathrm{Cu}$ 2 $\mathrm{ZnSn}$($\mathrm{S}$ x $\mathrm{Se}$ 1-x ) 4 monograins

We report that Kesterite-type based thin film solar cell technologies are mainly based on polycrystalline absorber layers. A promising low cost alternative technology uses Cu 2 ZnSn(S x Se 1-x ) 4 (CZTSSe) monograins (single crystals of 20–100 μm size) which are fixed in a polymer matrix to form a flexible solar cell. The Cu/Zn disorder is discussed as a possible reason for band tailing causing voltage losses limiting the efficiency of CZTSSe-based devices. The experimental determination of the order parameter Q which is a quantitative measure of Cu/Zn disorder, requires a differentiation between the isoelectronic cations Cu + and Zn 2+ . An in-depth analysis of neutron diffraction data allows the determination of type and concentration of intrinsic point defects including a distinction between Cu and Zn. Neutron diffraction requires large sample volumes, thus monograins offer the unique possibility to correlate structural disorder in CZTSSe with device performance parameters. In this study we tackle the influence of grinding the monograins on stoichiometry deviations, the Cu/Zn disorder as well as intrinsic point defects and optoelectronic properties of CZTSSe monograins. Moreover, an easy methodology based on Raman scattering spectroscopy is proposed for the assessment of Cu/Zn disorder in the CZTSSe compounds.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Coexisting spin resonance and long-range magnetic order of Eu in EuRbFe 4 As 4

Here, magnetic excitations and magnetic structure of EuRbFe 4 As 4 were investigated by inelastic neutron scattering (INS), neutron diffraction, and random phase approximation (RPA) calculations. Below the superconducting transition temperature T c =36.5 K, the INS spectra exhibit the neutron spin resonances at Q res =1.27(2) and 1.79(3)Å –1 . They correspond to the Q=(0.5,0.5,1) and (0.5,0.5,3) nesting wave vectors, showing three-dimensional nature of the band structure. The characteristic energy of the neutron spin resonance is E res =17.7(3) meV corresponding to 5.7(1)k B T c . Observation of the neutron spin resonance mode and our RPA calculations in conjunction with the recent optical conductivity measurements are indicative of the s± superconducting pairing symmetry in EuRbFe 4 As 4 . In addition to the neutron spin resonance mode, upon decreasing temperature below the magnetic transition temperature T N =15 K, the spin wave excitation originating in the long-range magnetic order of the Eu sublattice was observed in the low-energy inelastic channel. Single-crystal neutron diffraction measurements demonstrate that the magnetic propagation vector of the Eu sublattice is k=(0,0,0.25), representing the three-dimensional antiferromagnetic order. Linear spin wave calculations assuming the obtained magnetic structure with the intra- and interplane nearest neighbor exchange couplings of J 1 /k B =–1.31 K and J c /k B =0.08 K can reproduce quantitatively the observed spin wave excitation. Our findings show that superconductivity and long-range magnetic order of Eu coexist in EuRbFe 4 As 4 , whereas the coupling between them is rather weak.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Pressure-Stabilized MnSb2 with Complex Incommensurate Magnetic Order

Marcasite-type compounds have been proposed as promising hosts of exotic magnetic quantum states, yet experimental realizations in stoichiometric, disorder-free systems remain limited. Here, we report the high-pressure stabilization and magnetic characterization of MnSb2, a marcasite-type compound that is thermodynamically metastable under ambient pressure. Single crystals were synthesized using a cubic multianvil press at 3.3 GPa and 490 °C for 24 h, and powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction confirm the orthorhombic Pnnm structure. These crystals are stable at ambient pressure for a long time up to between 450 and 500 K. Heat-capacity measurements reveal phase transitions at approximately T0 ∼ 118 K and T1 ∼ 220 K. Neutron diffraction uncovers an unconventional magnetic state below T1 ∼ 220 K. Magnetic powder neutron diffraction refinements reveal possible multiple magnetic configurations that provide comparably acceptable fits to the experimental data. While most solutions are consistent with a spin-density-wave (SDW) description, helical models systematically yield inferior agreement factors. Across a broad range of models, the Mn ordered moment reaches a maximum value of approximately 2 μB and remains predominantly collinear, with minimal canting along the c-axis. At 200 K, the magnetic propagation vector is q = (0, 0.3975, 0.3783); upon cooling, the b component increases toward 0.5, reflecting a temperature-dependent evolution of the modulation. The need for modification of the magnetic model between high and low temperatures further highlights the complex and strongly temperature-dependent nature of the magnetic order in this system. These results establish MnSb2 as a pressure-stabilized marcasite magnet with a tunable, complex magnetic state and a compelling stoichiometric platform for exploring unconventional magnetic behavior, including potential altermagnetism.

Xu, Mingyu [Michigan State University , , , ,; Iow↗
DOE OSTI2021

Magnetization distribution in Cu 0.6 Mn 2.4 Ge 2 ferromagnet from polarized and non-polarized neutron powder diffraction aided by density-functional theory calculations

The crystal structure and magnetic properties of Cu 0.6 Mn 2.4 Ge 2 have been re-investigated by a combination of extensive magnetic measurements and neutron scattering experiments, aided by electronic structure calculations. The material is found to be a soft ferromagnet with the ordering temperature T C = 316 K. The magnetocaloric effect evaluated from field-dependent magnetization isotherms is equal to 1.2 J/(kg·K) and 2.5 J/(kg·K) under the maximum applied magnetic field of 2 T and 5 T, respectively. The compound crystallizes in the hexagonal space group P6 3 /mmc. A complex structural disorder necessitated testing of several disorder models against the results of non-polarized and polarized neutron scattering experiments and magnetization measurements. Simulations at the density-functional theory level were also performed to identify the most robust solution that properly described the data observed. The final magnetic structure model reveals non-equal magnetic moments on the Mn1 and Mn2 atoms (2.29(9) µ B and 2.7(1) µ B , respectively) and the presence of vacancies and minor Cu substitution defects in both Mn sites. The work demonstrates how the non-polarized and polarized neutron scattering methods can be combined with electronic structure calculations to establish the microscopic structure of magnetic materials with complex crystallographic disorder.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Quantitative texture analysis using the NOMAD time-of-flight neutron diffractometer

Strategies for efficient and reliable texture measurements have been explored using the Nanoscale Ordered Materials Diffractometer (NOMAD) at the Spallation Neutron Source located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). To test these strategies, the texture of an Al alloy was also investigated using another neutron diffraction instrument, a constant-wavelength neutron diffractometer (NRSF2) located at the High Flux Isotope Reactor, also at ORNL. Reasonable agreement was found across the two experimental methods, but differences in overall texture strength and the symmetry of some components were noted, depending on the data reduction and analysis method selected. Finally, on the basis of these results, potential improvements are identified which would enhance the texture measurement capability on NOMAD.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2018

Structural Competition and Reactivity of Rare-Earth Oxide Phases in Y x Pr 2– x O 3 (0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.80)

We report, for the first time, members of the Y x Pr 2–x O 3 system with non-bixbyite or defect fluorite structures. The synthesis, structure, phase transitions, and high temperature reactivity of the trigonal A-type and monoclinic B-type structures are reported along with those of the cubic C-type phase (bixbyite). Combined powder X-ray and neutron diffraction Rietveld refinements are used to report structural details of all three reported phases. Phase transitions are investigated, showing a clear dependence on average cation size. Using neutron diffraction, phase transitions are followed in situ, revealing that all high temperature phases are quenchable. In-situ powder X-ray diffraction experiments in flowing oxygen allow insights into mechanistic details of redox processes in the reported phases. In contrast to the C-type cubic bixbyite, the trigonal A-type and monoclinic B-type structures do not allow for topotactic oxygen uptake, displaying instead a phase transition to either the bixbyite C-type capable of accommodating additional oxide anions or the direct oxidation to the cubic defect fluorite structure. The findings reported here agree with the accepted lanthanide sesquioxide phase diagrams and provide exceptional control of phases. The work is important for the prediction of structures, and the synthetic control needed for rational design of functional materials.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Structure and properties of NdCuGa 3 single crystals

Here this manuscript reports on the structural and magnetic properties of NdCuGa 3 using powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), zero-field single crystal neutron diffraction, magnetization, and specific heat measurements. Our XRD on a single crystal specimen of NdCuGa3 confirmed that it crystallizes in the tetragonal BaNiSi 3 -type structure. A magnetic phase transition at T N = 3.3 K is assessed using specific heat and ac magnetic susceptibility measurements. No additional anomaly below T N down to 50 mK was detected by performing specific heat measurements. Neutron single crystal diffraction data collected at T = 300 mK confirm the antiferromagnetic phase below T N = 3.3 K with the propagation vector $\vec{\tau}$ = (0.2, 0, 0). Possible magnetic structure solutions of NdCuGa 3 are discussed

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Biomolecular Solvation Structure Revealed by Molecular Dynamics Simulations

To compare ordered water positions from experiment with those from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, a number of MD models of water structure in crystalline endoglucanase were calculated. The starting MD model was derived from a joint X-ray and neutron diffraction crystal structure, enabling the use of experimentally assigned protonation states. Simulations were performed in the crystalline state, using a periodic 2 × 2 × 2 supercell with explicit solvent. Water X-ray and neutron scattering density maps were computed from MD trajectories using standard macromolecular crystallography methods. In one set of simulations, harmonic restraints were applied to bias the protein structure toward the crystal structure. For these simulations, the recall of crystallographic waters using strong peaks in the MD water electron density was very good, and there also was substantial visual agreement between the boomerang-like wings of the neutron scattering density and the crystalline water hydrogen positions. An unrestrained simulation also was performed. For this simulation, the recall of crystallographic waters was much lower. For both restrained and unrestrained simulations, the strongest water density peaks were associated with crystallographic waters. Overall, the results demonstrate that it is now possible to recover crystallographic water structure using restrained MD simulations but that it is not yet reasonable to expect unrestrained MD simulations to do the same. Further development and generalization of MD water models for force-field development, macromolecular crystallography, and medicinal chemistry applications is now warranted. In particular, the combination of room-temperature crystallography, neutron diffraction, and crystalline MD simulations promises to substantially advance modeling of biomolecular solvation.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Flat-band magnetism and helical magnetic order in Ni-doped SrCo 2 As 2

A series of Sr(Co 1-$x$ Ni $x$ ) 2 As 2 single crystals was synthesized, allowing a comprehensive phase diagram with respect to field, temperature, and chemical substitution to be established. Our neutron diffraction experiments revealed a helimagnetic order with magnetic moments ferromagnetically aligned in the ab plane and a helimagnetic wave vector of $q$= (0,0,0.56) for $x$= 0.1 . Finally, the combination of neutron diffraction and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements shows that the tuning of a flat band with $d_{x^2-y^2}$ orbital character drives the helimagnetism and indicates the possibility of a quantum order-by-disorder mechanism.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2026

Coupled Chemical and Mechanical Control of Phase Stability in Lanthanide-Substituted BiVO 4

Doping is widely used to enhance the photoelectrochemical performance of BiVO 4 , yet solubility limits and polymorphic stability constrain compositional tuning. Here, in this study, the role of trivalent cation substitution (Ln = La, Nd, Dy, Ho, Y) on pressure-induced phase transformations in Bi 1–x Ln x VO 4 (x ≤ 0.5) is described. Powder X-ray and neutron diffraction reveal that increasing Ln content stabilizes the tetragonal zircon-type polymorph under ambient conditions, while applied pressures of up to ∼5 GPa promote conversion to the monoclinic fergusonite-type polymorph. In-situ neutron diffraction on Bi 0.8 La 0.2 VO 4 shows a reversible monoclinic to tetragonal transition near 2–3 GPa with a bulk modulus of 147 GPa. The extent of conversion depends strongly on dopant identity, concentration, and synthetic route, with mixed-phase solid-state samples converting more efficiently than phase-pure coprecipitated materials. These results demonstrate pressure as a viable pathway to access metastable, doped BiVO 4 compositions beyond conventional solubility limits.

Sypkes, Kathryn I. [University of Sydney, NSW (Aus↗
DOE OSTI2018

RHEGAL: Resistive heating gas enclosure loadframe for in situ neutron scattering

In situ neutron scattering is a powerful tool to reveal materials atomic structural response such as phase transformation, lattice straining, and texture under external stimuli. The advent of a high flux neutron source such as the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) allows fast measurement in even non-equilibrium conditions, i.e., phase transformation in steels. However, the commercial fast heating apparatus such as commercial physical simulation equipment is not designed for in situ neutron scattering, which limits its application to in situ materials research by using neutrons. Here we present a resistive heating gas enclosure loadframe (RHEGAL) for non-equilibrium phase transformation studies by using in situ neutron scattering, which takes the advantage of high flux neutron sources like SNS. RHEGAL enables fast resistive heating of metal samples to 1200 °C at a rate up to 60 °C/s in an inert atmosphere. It provides both horizontal and vertical positions for scattering optimization. The mechanical loading capability also allows in situ high temperature tension above the oxidation temperature limit. The optimized translucent neutron scattering window by silicon allows both reflection and transmission measurements, making this equipment applicable for neutron diffraction, small angle scattering, and imaging. Furthermore, to demonstrate the fast heating capability, the phase transformations of an example of advanced high strength steel heated at 3 °C/s and 30 °C/s were measured with the VULCAN engineering diffractometer, and the different phase transformation kinetics by neutron diffraction were presented.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Magnetic ordering suppressed phase transformation of a TRIP-HEA during thermal cycling

Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have drawn great attention as they present excellent mechanical properties, and their phase stability is critical for the underlying deformation mechanisms and the application temperature range. In this study, the kinetic phase transformation behavior of a dual-phase TRIP-HEA Fe 50 Mn 30 Co 10 Cr 10 (at. %) was probed by in situ neutron diffraction during thermal cycling between 293 and 425 K. Continuous austenitic and martensitic transformation were visualized through the evolution of hexagonal close-packed phase fraction during thermal cycling. Specifically, thanks to the magnetic sensitivity of neutron diffraction, it was found that the martensitic transformation under cooling became suppressed when the antiferromagnetic ordering started at ~326 K. This temperature was further confirmed as the Néel temperature by magnetization measurements. In this work, thermodynamic calculations revealed that the suppression effect on martensitic transformation is attributed to the consumption of the chemical driving force by the magnetic ordering. The magnetic ordering at such relatively high temperature is associated with the high Mn content. These findings shed light on a potential strategy to achieve better mechanical properties of Mn-containing alloys by manipulating the magnetic property through tuning the Mn content.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Design of CO 2 Selective Type 3 Porous Liquids Through Porous Host Morphology

Direct air capture (DAC) of CO 2 is a negative emission technology under development to limit the impacts of climate change. The dilute concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere (~400 ppm) requires new materials for carbon capture with increased CO 2 selectivity that is not met with current carbon capture materials. Porous liquids (PLs) are an emerging candidate for carbon capture and consists of a combination of solvents and porous hosts that creates a liquid with permanent porosity. The fundamental mechanisms of carbon capture in a PL are relatively unknown. To uncover these mechanisms, PLs were synthesized consisting of three different zeolitic-imidazolate framework (ZIF-8, ZIF-67, or ZIF-69) porous host in a water/glycol/2-methylimidazole solvent. The most stable composition was based on ZIF-8 and exhibited carbon capture following exposure to CO 2 . Density functional theory identified a three-step carbon capture mechanism based on (i) reaction of OH- with ethylene glycol in the solution followed by (ii) formation of 2-hydroxyethyl carbonate, which (iii) further react with OH- to form a carbonate species. This mechanism was validated with experimental nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) to identify the dissolved carbonate phases and the decrease in the pH during CO 2 exposure. Deuterated samples of the ZIF-8 PLs were synthesized and analyzed via neutron diffraction at the Spallation Neutron Sources at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Results identified differences in diffraction for PLs pre- and post-CO 2 exposure that will be combined with ab initio molecular dynamics data of the same PL composition to identify how the presence of a solvent-porous host interfaces results in carbon capture.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Antiferromagnetic order and its interplay with superconductivity in CaK(Fe$_{1-x}$Mn$_x$) 4 As 4

The magnetic order for several compositions of CaK(Fe$_{1-x}$Mn$_x$) 4 As 4 has been studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Mössbauer spectroscopy, and neutron diffraction. Our observations for the Mn-doped 1144 compound are consistent with the hedgehog spin vortex crystal (hSVC) order which has previously been found for Ni-doped CaKFe 4 As 4 . The hSVC state is characterized by the stripe-type propagation vectors $(\pi\,0)$ and $(0\,\pi)$ just as in the doped 122 compounds. The hSVC state preserves tetragonal symmetry at the Fe site, and only this SVC motif with simple antiferromagnetic (AFM) stacking along $\ c$ is consistent with all our observations using NMR Mössbauer spectroscopy, and neutron diffraction. We find that the hSVC state in the Mn-doped 1144 compound coexists with superconductivity (SC), and by combining the neutron scattering and Mössbauer spectroscopy data we can infer a quantum phase transition, hidden under the superconducting dome, associated with the suppression of the AFM transition temperature ($T_N$) to zero for $x$ ≈ 0.01. In addition, unlike several 122 compounds and Ni-doped 1144, the ordered magnetic moment is not observed to decrease at temperatures below the superconducting transition temperature ($T_c$).

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗