Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “LU factorization”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 343 records · Page 19

Electronic structure of compressively strained thin film La$_2$PrNi$_2$O$_7$

The discovery of superconductivity in the bulk nickelates under high pressure is a major advance in physics. The recent observation of superconductivity at ambient pressure in compressively strained bilayer nickelate thin films has now enabled direct characterization of the superconducting phase through angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). Here we present an in-situ ARPES study of compressively strained La$_2$PrNi$_2$O$_7$ films grown by oxide molecular beam epitaxy, and the ozone treated counterparts with an onset T$_c$ of 40 K, supplemented with results from pulsed laser deposition films with similar T$_c$. We resolve a systematic strain-driven electronic band shift with respect to that of bulk crystals, in qualitative agreement with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. However, the strongly renormalized flat 3$d_{z2}$ band shifts a factor of 5-10 smaller than anticipated by DFT. Furthermore, it stays ~70 meV below the Fermi level, contradicting the expectation that superconductivity results from the high density of states of this band at the Fermi level. We also observed a non-trivial k$_z$ dispersion of the cuprate-like 3$d_{x2-y2}$ band. Combined with results from both X-ray diffraction and DFT, we suggest that the strained films are under ~5 GPa effective pressure, considerably larger than the naïve expectation from the DFT relaxed structure. Finally, the ~70 meV energy position is intriguingly close to the collective mode coupling more prominently seen in thin films, in the energy range of both oxygen related phonons and the maximum of the spin excitation spectrum.

FOS: Physical sciences↗

Cloud radiative effects significantly increase wintertime atmospheric blocking in the Euro-Atlantic sector

Reliable simulation, prediction, and complete theoretical understanding of atmospheric blocking remain challenging despite its significant socio-economic impacts. Generations of climate models have notoriously underestimated blocking frequency, particularly over the Euro-Atlantic sector. Identifying factors controlling blocking frequency and dynamics is therefore essential for improving its simulation. Here, using a cloud-locking experiment, we show that cloud radiative effects (CREs) significantly increase the frequency of Euro-Atlantic blocking. CREs enhance upstream diabatic source of wave activity, both directly through longwave heating and indirectly through their feedback on latent heating, with the latter playing the dominant role. The resulting increase in the upstream diabatic source feeds into local wave activity downstream and promotes blocking formation. Qualitatively similar results are shown by multi-model experiments with radiatively inactive clouds to longwave radiation, albeit with a larger impact from mean-state changes. The results underscore the necessity of accurately representing cloud-radiation interactions in weather and climate models for improved prediction of blocking events.

Atmospheric dynamics↗

Stress intensity factors in two bonded elastic layers containing cracks perpendicular to and on the interface. Part 1: Analysis

The basic crack problem which is essential for the study of subcritical crack propagation and fracture of layered structural materials is considered. Because of the apparent analytical difficulties, the problem is idealized as one of plane strain or plane stress. An additional simplifying assumption is made by restricting the formulation of the problem to crack geometries and loading conditions which have a plane of symmetry perpendicular to the interface. The general problem is formulated in terms of a coupled system of four integral equations. For each relevant crack configuration of practical interest, the singular behavior of the solution near and at the ends and points of intersection of the cracks is investigated and the related characteristic equations are obtained. The edge crack terminating at and crossing the interface, the T-shaped crack consisting of a broken layer and a delamination crack, the cross-shaped crack which consists of a delamination crack intersecting a crack which is perpendicular to the interface, and a delamination crack initiating from a stress-free boundary of the bonded layers are some of the practical crack geometries considered.

Lu, M. C.↗

Injection Locking of Gigahertz‐Frequency Surface Acoustic Wave Phononic Crystal Oscillator

Low-noise gigahertz (GHz) frequency sources are essential for applications in signal processing, sensing, and telecommunications. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator-based oscillators offer compact form factors and low-phase noise due to their short mechanical wavelengths and high-quality (Q) factors. However, their small footprint makes them vulnerable to environmental variation, resulting in their poor long-term frequency stability. Injection locking is widely used to suppress frequency drift of lasers and oscillators by synchronizing to an ultra-stable reference. Here, injection locking of a 1-GHz SAW phononic-crystal oscillator is demonstrated, achieving 40-dB phase noise reduction at low offset frequencies and unperturbed low noise at large offset frequencies. Compared to a free-running SAW oscillator, which typically exhibits frequency drifts of several hundred hertz over minutes, the injection-locked oscillator reduces the frequency deviation to below 0.35 Hz. The locking range and oscillator dynamics is also investigated in the injection pulling region. The demonstrated injection-locked SAW oscillator could find applications in high-performance portable telecommunications and sensing systems.

injection locking↗

Competing Zero-Field Chern Insulators in Superconducting Twisted Bilayer Graphene

The discovery of magic angle twisted bilayer graphene has unveiled a rich variety of superconducting, magnetic, and topologically nontrivial phases. Here, we show that the zero-field states at odd integer filling factors in h-BN nonaligned devices are consistent with symmetry broken Chern insulators, as is evidenced by the observation of the anomalous Hall effect near moiré cell filling factor ν = +1. The corresponding Chern insulator has a Chern number C = ±1 and a relatively high Curie temperature of T c ≈ 4.5 K. In a perpendicular magnetic field above B > 0.5 T we observe a transition of the ν = +1 Chern insulator from Chern number C = ±1 to C = 3, characterized by a quantized Hall plateau with R yx = h/3e 2 . These observations demonstrate that interaction-induced symmetry breaking leads to zero-field ground states that include almost degenerate and closely competing Chern insulators, and that states with larger Chern numbers couple most strongly to the B field. In addition, the device reveals strong superconducting phases with critical temperatures of up to T c ≈ 3.5 K. By providing the first demonstration of a system that allows gate-induced transitions between magnetic and superconducting phases, our observations mark a major milestone in the creation of a new generation of quantum electronics.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Searching for axionlike time-dependent cosmic birefringence with data from SPT-3G

Ultralight axionlike particles (ALPs) are compelling dark matter candidates because of their potential to resolve small-scale discrepancies between Λ CDM predictions and cosmological observations. Axion-photon coupling induces a polarization rotation in linearly polarized photons traveling through an ALP field; thus, as the local ALP dark matter field oscillates in time, distant static polarized sources will appear to oscillate with a frequency proportional to the ALP mass. We use observations of the cosmic microwave background from SPT-3G, the current receiver on the South Pole Telescope, to set upper limits on the value of the axion-photon coupling constant g φ γ over the approximate mass range 10 - 22 – 10 - 19 eV , corresponding to oscillation periods from 12 hours to 100 days. For periods between 1 and 100 days ( 4.7 × 10 - 22 eV ≤ m φ ≤ 4.7 × 10 - 20 eV ), where the limit is approximately constant, we set a median 95% C.L. upper limit on the amplitude of on-sky polarization rotation of 0.071 deg. Assuming that dark matter comprises a single ALP species with a local dark matter density of 0.3 GeV / cm 3 , this corresponds to g φ γ < 1.18 × 10 - 12 GeV - 1 × ( m φ 1.0 × 10 - 21 eV ) . These new limits represent an improvement over the previous strongest limits set using the same effect by a factor of ~ 3.8 .

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Current divisions and distributed Joule heating of two-dimensional grid microstructures

This work presents current divisions and distributed Joule heating of two-dimensional (2D) grid microstructures. The current divisions on 2×2, 4×4, and n×n grid microstructures made of the same conductive beams are analyzed theoretically, and Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) and Kirchhoff's current law (KCL) are employed to determine the current division factors and directions under different voltage input cases. The equivalent resistances and Joule heating power are therefore derived. 2D 2×2 grid microstructures made of gold (60 nm in thickness) and those made of near-equiatomic NiTi (850 nm in thickness) for various independent voltage input cases are fabricated by electron-beam evaporation and co-sputtering, respectively. The equivalent resistances of these grid microstructures are measured by four-terminal resistance measurement at ambient conditions, which show a good agreement with the theoretical results. Further investigation on the electrical resistivities of evaporated gold layer (4.85 × 10 -8 Ω ∙ m) and co-sputtered NiTi (1.23 × 10 -5 Ω ∙ m) reveals that the influences of scale effect and fabrication process on the resistivity cannot be neglected. As such, it is found to be necessary to consider the materials' resistivity in the fabricated grid microstructures before their electro-thermal analysis.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Overexpression of REDUCED WALL ACETYLATION C increases xylan acetylation and biomass recalcitrance in Populus

Abstract Plant lignocellulosic biomass, i.e. secondary cell walls of plants, is a vital alternative source for bioenergy. However, the acetylation of xylan in secondary cell walls impedes the conversion of biomass to biofuels. Previous studies have shown that REDUCED WALL ACETYLATION (RWA) proteins are directly involved in the acetylation of xylan but the regulatory mechanism of RWAs is not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate that overexpression of a Populus trichocarpa PtRWA-C gene increases the level of xylan acetylation and increases the lignin content and S/G ratio, ultimately yielding poplar woody biomass with reduced saccharification efficiency. Furthermore, through gene coexpression network and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis, we found that PtRWA-C was regulated not only by the secondary cell wall hierarchical regulatory network but also by an AP2 family transcription factor HARDY (HRD). Specifically, HRD activates PtRWA-C expression by directly binding to the PtRWA-C promoter, which is also the cis-eQTL for PtRWA-C. Taken together, our findings provide insights into the functional roles of PtRWA-C in xylan acetylation and consequently saccharification and shed light on synthetic biology approaches to manipulate this gene and alter cell wall properties. These findings have substantial implications for genetic engineering of woody species, which could be used as a sustainable source of biofuels, valuable biochemicals, and biomaterials.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Effects of Cloud Liquid-Phase Microphysical Processes in Mixed-Phase Cumuli Over the Tibetan Plateau

Numerical simulations often overpredict precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). To examine the factors causing precipitation overprediction, different parameterizations of liquid-phase microphysical processes (accretion, autoconversion, and entrainment-mixing) are implemented into the Morrison microphysics scheme to simulate a TP precipitation event in summer with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The general spatial distribution and temporal trend of precipitation are captured by all simulations, but the precipitation rate is overpredicted. The results from sensitivity experiments suggest that compared to other examined liquid-phase processes, the accretion process is more important in precipitation simulation over the TP region. Further investigation with the Heidke skill scores reveals that accretion parameterization that takes into account the raindrop size produces the most accurate results in terms of the total surface precipitation. This parameterization suppresses spurious accretion and does not produce liquid-phase precipitation until cloud droplets are big enough. Here, it is also confirmed that increasing the model resolution can reduce precipitation overprediction. Results from the case study are confirmed by the use of a one-month simulation.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

The WUSCHELa ( PtoWUSa ) is Involved in Developmental Plasticity of Adventitious Root in Poplar

WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) transcription factors play critical roles in cell fate determination during plant development. As the founding member of the WOX family, WUSCHEL (WUS) is characterized for its role in maintaining stem cell in meristem. In this study, we investigated the function of Populus tomentosa WUSCHELa (PtoWUSa) in adventitious roots (ARs) in poplar. Expression profile analysis showed that PtoWUSa was not only expressed in shoot apical meristem and stem, but also expressed in ARs. Ectopic expression of PtoWUSa in Arabidopsis resulted in shortened primary root, as well as agravitropism and multiple branches. Overexpression of PtoWUSa in poplar increased the number of ARs but decreased their length. Moreover, the AR tip and lateral root tip became larger and swollen. In addition, the expression of auxin transporter genes PIN-FORMED were downregulated in ARs of transgenic plant. Taken together, these results suggest that PtoWUSa could be involved in AR development in poplar through regulating the polar auxin transport in ARs.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Over 31% efficient indoor organic photovoltaics enabled by simultaneously reduced trap-assisted recombination and non-radiative recombination voltage loss

Indoor organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have shown great potential application in driving low-energy-consumption electronics for the Internet of Things. There is still great room for further improving the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of indoor OPVs, considering that the desired morphology of the active layer to reduce trap-assisted recombination and voltage losses and thus simultaneously enhance the fill factor (FF) and open-circuit voltage for efficient indoor OPVs remains obscure. Herein, by optimizing the bulk and interface morphology via a layer-by-layer (LBL) processing strategy, low leakage current and low non-radiative recombination loss can be synergistically achieved in PM6:Y6-O based devices. Detailed characterizations reveal the stronger crystallinity, purer domains and ideal interfacial contacts in the LBL devices compared to their bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) counterparts. The optimized morphology yields a reduced voltage loss and an impressive FF of 81.5%, and thus contributes to a high PCE of 31.2% under a 1000 lux light-emitting diode (LED) illumination in the LBL devices, which is the best reported efficiency for indoor OPVs. Additionally, this LBL strategy exhibits great universality in promoting the performance of indoor OPVs, as exemplified by three other non-fullerene acceptor systems. Finally, this work provides guidelines for morphology optimization and synergistically promotes the fast development of efficient indoor OPVs.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Evoking ordered vacancies in metallic nanostructures toward a vacated Barlow packing for high-performance hydrogen evolution

Metallic nanostructures are commonly densely packed into a few packing variants with slightly different atomic packing factors. The structural aspects and physicochemical properties related with the vacancies in such nanostructures are rarely explored because of lack of an effective way to control the introduction of vacancy sites. Highly voided metallic nanostructures with ordered vacancies are however energetically high lying and very difficult to synthesize. Here, we report a chemical method for synthesis of hierarchical Rh nanostructures (Rh NSs) composed of ultrathin nanosheets, composed of hexagonal close-packed structure embedded with nanodomains that adopt a vacated Barlow packing with ordered vacancies. The obtained Rh NSs exhibit remarkably enhanced electrocatalytic activity and stability toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline media. Theoretical calculations reveal that the exceptional electrocatalytic performance of Rh NSs originates from their unique vacancy structures, which facilitate the adsorption and dissociation of H 2 O in the HER.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Moist Energy Constraints on Surface Temperature Variance Under Climate Warming

Understanding the factors controlling surface temperature variance is crucial for predicting temperature extremes. Previous investigations have examined individual impacts of temperature advection and surface turbulent fluxes on temperature fluctuations. Here, we explore the constraints on temperature variance from the moist static energy (MSE) balance and introduce a new scaling relation that connects the generation of temperature variance through moist energy transport with its dissipation due to the net energetic forcing of the atmosphere. This theory is evaluated in an idealized aquaplanet model. We find that surface temperature variance is influenced by eddy (sensible) heat flux, MSE gradient, and the Clausius‐Clapeyron relation for evaporative cooling. Under global warming, the reduced temperature variance in the aquaplanet model is dominated by the weakening in eddy heat flux, but it is also affected by changes in evaporative cooling and MSE gradient, which may be more important in realistic, moisture‐limited regions over land.

Eddy heat flux↗

Observationally constrained analysis of sulfur cycle in the marine atmosphere with NASA ATom measurements and AeroCom model simulations

The atmospheric sulfur cycle plays a key role in air quality, climate, and ecosystems, such as pollution, radiative forcing, new particle formation, and acid rain. In this study, we compare the spatially and temporally resolved measurements from the NASA Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) mission with simulations from five AeroCom III models for four sulfur species (dimethyl sulfide (DMS), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), particulate methanesulfonate (MSA), and particulate sulfate (SO 4 )). We focus on remote regions over the Pacific, Atlantic, and Southern oceans from near the surface to ~12 km altitude range covering all four seasons. In general, the differences among model results can be greater than 1 order of magnitude. Comparing with observations, model-simulated SO 2 is generally low, whereas SO 4 is generally high. Simulated DMS concentrations near the sea surface exceed observed levels by a factor of 5 in most cases, suggesting potential overestimation of DMS emissions in all models. With GEOS model simulations of tagging emission from anthropogenic, biomass burning, volcanic, and oceanic sources, we find that anthropogenic emissions are the dominant source of sulfate aerosol (40 %–60 % of the total amount) in the ATom measurements at almost all altitudes, followed by volcanic emissions (18 %–32 %) and oceanic sources (16 %–32 %). Similar source contributions can also be derived at broad ocean basins and on monthly scales, indicating the representativeness of ATom measurements for global ocean. Our work presents the first assessment of AeroCom sulfur study using ATom measurements, providing directions for improving sulfate simulations, which remain the largest uncertainty in radiative forcing estimates in aerosol climate models.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Stress intensity factors in two bonded elastic layers containing cracks perpendicular to and on the interface. I Analysis. II - Solution and results

The basic crack problem which is essential for the study of subcritical crack propagation and fracture of layered structural materials is considered. Because of the apparent analytical difficulties, the problem is idealized as one of plane strain or plane stress. An additional simplifying assumption is made by restricting the formulation of the problem to crack geometries and loading conditions which have a plane of symmetry perpendicular to the interface. The general problem is formulated in terms of a coupled systems of four integral equations. For each relevant crack configuration of practical interest, the singular behavior of the solution near and at the ends and points of intersection of the cracks is investigated and the related characteristic equations are obtained. The edge crack terminating at and crossing the interface, the T-shaped crack consisting of a broken layer and a delamination crack, the cross-shaped crack which consists of a delamination crack intersecting a crack which is perpendicular to the interface, and a delamination crack initiating from a stress-free boundary of the bonded layers are some of the practical crack geometries considered. Previously announced in STAR as N80-18428 and N80-18429

Lu, M.-C.↗

Analysis and prediction of intersection traffic violations using automated enforcement system data

We report that the automated enforcement system (AES) is an effective way of supplementing traditional traffic enforcement, and the traffic violation data from AES can also be effectively used for safety research. In this study, traffic violation data were used to analyze the influencing factors associated with traffic violations and to predict the probability of violations at intersections. The potential factors influencing violations include 24 independent factors related to time, space, traffic and weather. Results from a logistic model showed that the midday period, weekends, residential districts, collector roads, congested traffic conditions, high traffic flow, lower wind speed and low temperature would increase the probability of traffic violations. The probability of violations was predicted by the random forest algorithm, which was proven to be the best traffic violation prediction model among logistic regression, Gaussian naive Bayes, and support vector machine. Moreover, the proximity weighted synthetic oversampling technique (ProWSyn) method was applied to reduce the impact of the imbalance ratio (IR) and improve the model’s prediction performance. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves and Precision-Recall (PR) curves illustrated that the random forest algorithm using oversampling data had the best classifier prediction performance than undersampling data. The area under curve (AUC) and out-of-bag (OOB) error with IR = 1 reached 0.914 and 0.0787, which showed the better performance of the random forest algorithm using ProWSyn in dealing with imbalanced traffic violation data.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Quantifying the Turbulent Entrainment‐Mixing Processes Based on Z ‐LWC Relationships of Cloud Droplets

Abstract Turbulent entrainment‐mixing processes profoundly influence the relationship between radar reflectivity factor and liquid water content ( Z ‐LWC) of cloud droplets. However, quantification of the entrainment‐mixing mechanisms based on the Z ‐LWC relationship is still lacking. To address this gap, 12,218 entrainment‐mixing cases are simulated using the Explicit Mixing Parcel Model. We examine the variations of the parameters in the power‐law relationship Z = a LWC b , and the relationship between parameter b and homogeneous mixing degree ( ψ ), a measure quantifying entrainment‐mixing processes. The results indicate that parameter b distributes within the range of 1–2, with a positive correlation between parameter b and ψ . The b ‐ ψ relationship is fitted, which connects the Z ‐LWC relationship for various entrainment‐mixing types. The results suggest the potential for employing a remote sensing approach to investigate the entrainment‐mixing mechanisms of non‐precipitating small cumulus/stratocumulus clouds, thereby overcoming the limitations of traditional observational studies that rely solely on aircraft observations.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Detection of DNA Damage by Space Radiation in Human Fibroblast Cells Flown on the International Space Station

Although charged particles in space have been detected with radiation detectors on board spacecraft since the early discovery of the Van Allen Belt, reports on effects of direct exposure to space radiation in biological systems have been limited. Measurement of biological effects of space radiation has been difficult due to the low dose and low dose rate nature of the radiation environment, and the difficulty in separating the radiation effects from microgravity and other space environmental factors. In astronauts, only a small number of changes, such as increased chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes and early onset of cataracts, attributed primarily to the exposure to space radiation. In a recent experiment, human fibroblast cells were flown on the International Space Station (ISS). Cells fixed on Days 3 and 14 after reaching orbit were analyzed for phosphorylation of a histone protein H2AX by immunofluorescent staining of cells, which is a widely used marker for DNA double strand breaks. The 3-dimensional gamma-H2AX foci were captured with a laser confocal microscope. Quantitative analysis revealed a small fraction of foci that were larger and displayed a track pattern in the flight samples in comparison to the ground control. Human fibroblast cells were also exposed to low dose rate gamma rays, as well as to protons and Fe ions. Comparison of the pattern and distribution of the foci after gamma ray and charged particle exposure to our flight results confirmed that the foci found in the flown cells were indeed induced by space radiation.

Wu, Honglu↗