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Compositions, methods of making compositions, and hydrogen production via thermo-chemical splitting
The present disclosure provides for compositions, methods of making compositions, and methods of using the composition. In an aspect, the composition can be a reactive material that can be used to split a gas such as water or carbon dioxide.
Microwave Co-Gasification of Mixed Plastics and Biomass for Hydrogen Production
Presentation at the International Microwave Power Institute Annual Symposium, Denver, CO, June 27-30, 2023.
Microwave Co-Gasification of Mixed Plastics and Biomass for Hydrogen Production
For presentation at the International Microwave Power Institute Annual Symposium, Denver, CO, June 27-30, 2023.
Microwave Catalytic Gasification of Mixed plastics and Corn Stover for Clean Hydrogen Production
For presentation at the AICHE Fall 2023 National Meeting, Orlando, FL, November 5-10, 2023.
Industrial Scale Hydrogen Production
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AEM water electrolyzer for hydrogen production from offshore wind
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Co-Optimization of Small Modular Reactor and Hydrogen Production Deployment: A Capacity Expansion Planning Approach
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Process Considerations for the Production of Hydrogen via Steam Reforming of Oxygenated Gases from Biomass Pyrolysis and Other Conversion Processes
Abstract In 2021, average CO 2 emissions was 9.7 g CO 2 /g H 2 produced, primarily based on steam methane reforming (SMR) technology that currently dominates hydrogen production. The substitution of natural gas (NG) and other fossil feedstocks in SMRs with renewable gases may be considered as an option for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This analysis explores process impacts and constraints associated with the potential introduction of biogenic gases into SMRs. The results indicate that replacing NG in the fuel train of the SMR, followed by partial replacement of NG in the feed train may be a feasible approach. For the CO‐ and CO 2 ‐rich gas compositions assumed in this analysis the results indicate that feed train may accommodate up to 25 mole % of biogenic gases using allowances in existing designs and/or with small modifications, while maintaining similar hydrogen output. NG substitution in higher proportions require more major changes because of increased flow rates and heat exchange requirements in the system. Biogenic gases with lower CO 2 and higher calorific values are advantageous for NG substitution, and dry reforming using the CO 2 present in the feed gas can reduce steam consumption and increase process efficiency within limits where coking does not become a new constraint.
Production of hydrogen by direct gasification of coal with steam using nuclear heat
Problems related to: (1) high helium outlet temperature of the reactor, and (2) gas generator design used in hydrogen production are studied. Special attention was given to the use of Oklahoma coal in the gasification process. Plant performance, operation, and environmental considerations are covered.
Optimizing accuracy and efficacy in data-driven materials discovery for the solar production of hydrogen
The production of hydrogen fuels, via water splitting, is of practical relevance for meeting global energy needs and mitigating the environmental consequences of fossil-fuel-based transportation. Water photoelectrolysis has been proposed as a viable approach for generating hydrogen, provided that stable and inexpensive photocatalysts with conversion efficiencies over 10% can be discovered, synthesized at scale, and successfully deployed. While a number of first-principles studies have focused on the data-driven discovery of photocatalysts, in the absence of systematic experimental validation, the success rate of these predictions may be limited. We address this problem by developing a screening procedure with co-validation between experiment and theory to expedite the synthesis, characterization, and testing of the computationally predicted, most desirable materials. Here, starting with 70 150 compounds in the Materials Project database, the proposed protocol yielded 71 candidate photocatalysts, 11 of which were synthesized as single-phase materials. Experiments confirmed hydrogen generation and favorable band alignment for 6 of the 11 compounds, with the most promising ones belonging to the families of alkali and alkaline-earth indates and orthoplumbates. This study shows the accuracy of a nonempirical, Hubbard-corrected density-functional theory method to predict band gaps and band offsets at a fraction of the computational cost of hybrid functionals, and outlines an effective strategy to identify photocatalysts for solar hydrogen generation.
Direct insights into the role of epoxy groups on cobalt sites for acidic H 2 O 2 production
Hydrogen peroxide produced by electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction provides a potentially cost effective and energy efficient alternative to the industrial anthraquinone process. In this study, we demonstrate that by modulating the oxygen functional groups near the atomically dispersed cobalt sites with proper electrochemical/chemical treatments, a highly active and selective oxygen reduction process for hydrogen peroxide production can be obtained in acidic electrolyte, showing a negligible amount of onset overpotential and nearly 100% selectivity within a wide range of applied potentials. Combined spectroscopic results reveal that the exceptionally enhanced performance of hydrogen peroxide generation originates from the presence of epoxy groups near the Co–N 4 centers, which has resulted in the modification of the electronic structure of the cobalt atoms. Computational modeling demonstrates these electronically modified cobalt atoms will enhance the hydrogen peroxide productivity during oxygen reduction reaction in acid, providing insights into the design of electroactive materials for effective peroxide production.<
Modular Plasma Microreactor for Intensified Hydrogen Peroxide Production
Sustainable and decentralized manufacturing of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) has been extensively sought to replace the energy- and waste-intensive anthraquinone process. We introduce a helical biphasic microreactor in a coaxial dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) configuration as a modular, adaptable, and scalable intensified unit for H 2 O 2 production. Geometric and operating parameters such as electrode length, applied voltage, and gas and liquid flow rates can be tuned to regulate the residence time, delivered power, and gas–liquid interfacial area. In turn, these affect the key output parameters, i.e., H 2 O 2 concentration, production rate, and energy yield. We found a direct correlation between the H 2 O 2 production rate and the product of the interfacial area and residence time in the plasma region. We investigated the H 2 O 2 formation pathways using DMSO as an ·OH radical scavenger and found that H 2 O 2 forms by the dissolution of gaseous H 2 O 2 at low interfacial areas and is enhanced probably due to the interfacial recombination of ·OH radicals at a large gas–liquid interfacial area. The reactor temperature can also be externally controlled to intensify the production rate and energy yield of H 2 O 2 . Concentrations of up to 33 mM can be attained with a small footprint reactor that features a maximum energy yield of 4 g kWh –1 . Here, the plasma microreactor could epitomize a powerful process intensification tool for sustainable and distributed chemical manufacturing.
Origin of Selective Production of Hydrogen Peroxide by Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction
Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is one of the most important electrochemical reactions. Starting from a common reaction intermediate *–O–OH, the ORR splits into two pathways, either producing hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) by breaking the *–O bond or leading to water formation by breaking the O–OH bond. However, it is puzzling why many catalysts, despite the strong thermodynamic preference for the O–OH breaking, exhibit high selectivity for hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, the selectivity is dependent on the potential and pH, which remain not understood. Here, for this work, we develop an advanced first-principles model for effective calculation of the electrochemical reaction kinetics at the solid–water interface, which were not accessible by conventional models. Using this model to study representative catalysts for H 2 O 2 production, we find that breaking the O–OH bond can have a higher energy barrier than breaking *–O, due to the rigidity of the O–OH bond. Importantly, we reveal that the selectivity dependence on potential and pH is rooted into the proton affinity to the former/later O in *–O–OH. For single cobalt atom catalyst, decreasing potential promotes proton adsorption to the former O, thereby increasing the H 2 O 2 selectivity. In contrast, for the carbon catalyst, the proton prefers the latter O, resulting in a lower H 2 O 2 selectivity in acid condition. These findings explain the experiments and highlight the kinetic origins of the selectivity. Our work improves the understanding of ORR by uncovering the proton affinity as a new factor and provides a new model to effectively simulate the atomic-level kinetics of heterogeneous electrochemistry.
Hydrogen Reduction of Lunar Regolith Simulants for Oxygen Production
Hydrogen reduction of the lunar regolith simulants JSC-1A and LHT-2M is investigated in this paper. Experiments conducted at NASA Johnson Space Center are described and are analyzed utilizing a previously validated model developed by the authors at NASA Glenn Research Center. The effects of regolith sintering and clumping, likely in actual production operations, on the oxygen production rate are studied. Interpretations of the obtained results on the basis of the validated model are provided and linked to increase in the effective particle size and reduction in the intra-particle species diffusion rates. Initial results on the pressure dependence of the oxygen production rate are also presented and discussed
Two-step process to increase atomic hydrogen ion production in low-pressure radiofrequency discharge
Increased production of atomic hydrogen ion in low pressure radiofrequency discharge by two step process
Optimal Wind Turbine Design for H2 Production
The Optimal Wind Turbine Design for Hydrogen Production work seeks to address the H2@Scale program's goal to "advance affordable hydrogen production" by optimizing the wind turbine design specifically for hydrogen (H2) production. The project identifies optimal wind turbine designs made specifically for hydrogen production to advance affordable green hydrogen production. The project also couples wind turbine, wind plant, solar plant, and electrolyzer models to predict hydrogen production from variable, renewable power sources.
Efficiency and cost advantages of an advanced-technology nuclear electrolytic hydrogen-energy production facility
The concept of an advanced-technology (viz., 1985 technology) nuclear-electrolytic water electrolysis facility was assessed for hydrogen production cost and efficiency expectations. The facility integrates (1) a high-temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactor (HTGR) operating a binary work cycle, (2) direct-current (d-c) electricity generation via acyclic generators, and (3) high-current-density, high-pressure electrolyzers using a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). All subsystems are close-coupled and optimally interfaced for hydrogen production alone (i.e., without separate production of electrical power). Pipeline-pressure hydrogen and oxygen are produced at 6900 kPa (1000 psi). We found that this advanced facility would produce hydrogen at costs that were approximately half those associated with contemporary-technology nuclear electrolysis: $5.36 versus $10.86/million Btu, respectively. The nuclear-heat-to-hydrogen-energy conversion efficiency for the advanced system was estimated as 43%, versus 25% for the contemporary system.