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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Flexible Pilot Jobs Framework for Distributed High Throughput Computing

Experimental particle physics has been at the forefront of analyzing the world’s largest datasets for decades. The high-energy physics (HEP) community was among the first to develop suitable software and computing tools for this purpose. GlideinWMS is a Glidein-based workload management system whose purpose is to provide experiments like CMS at CERN, DUNE at Fermilab, and others, a way to access and efficiently use vast amounts of computing resources. This system wants to provide a simple way to submit jobs to a set of computing resources, that will be provided to users behind the scenes. Glideins are the pilot jobs executed on the worker nodes at the grid sites, performing operations such as hardware detection, environment setup, and error handling. After all these operations, they will launch the actual user job. Many grid sites are supported, such as shared clusters, Google CE, and AWS. My internship aimed to design and code a flexible pilot jobs framework that will replace the one used by GlideinWMS, developing a modular and flexible skeleton of the Glidein and adding further functionalities. My project also focused on the application of machine learning techniques as support to this management system.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Future Circular Lepton Collider FCC-ee: Overview and Status

The worldwide High Energy Physics community widely agrees that the next collider should be a Higgs factory. Acknowledging this priority, in 2021 CERN has launched the international Future Circular Collider (FCC) Feasibility Study (FS). The FCC Integrated Project foresees, in a first stage, a high-luminosity high-energy electron-positron collider, serving as Higgs, top and electroweak factory, and, in a second stage, an energy frontier hadron collider, with a centre-of-mass energy of at least 100 TeV. In this paper, we address a few key elements of the FCC-ee accelerator design, its performance reach, and underlying technologies, as requested by the Snowmass process. The Conceptual Design Report for the FCC, published in 2019, serves as our primary reference. We also summarize a few recent changes and improvements.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Concepts Rookie Book

This book begins with the basic accelerator knowledge required to understand the latter chapters. This is followed by topics from Fermilab accelerator specifics to general accelerator physics concepts. These chapters are accompanied by descriptions of the instrumentation and utilities required to operate a high-energy physics laboratory. Last, we discuss the role of operators in safety at the lab.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2021

The Event Detection System in the NEXT-White Detector

This article describes the event detection system of the NEXT-White detector, a 5 kg high pressure xenon TPC with electroluminescent amplification, located in the Laboratorio Subterráneo de Canfranc (LSC), Spain. The detector is based on a plane of photomultipliers (PMTs) for energy measurements and a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) tracking plane for offline topological event filtering. The event detection system, based on the SRS-ATCA data acquisition system developed in the framework of the CERN RD51 collaboration, has been designed to detect multiple events based on online PMT signal energy measurements and a coincidence-detection algorithm. Implemented on FPGA, the system has been successfully running and evolving during NEXT-White operation. The event detection system brings some relevant and new functionalities in the field. A distributed double event processor has been implemented to detect simultaneously two different types of events thus allowing simultaneous calibration and physics runs. This special feature provides constant monitoring of the detector conditions, being especially relevant to the lifetime and geometrical map computations which are needed to correct high-energy physics events. Other features, like primary scintillation event rejection, or a double buffer associated with the type of event being searched, help reduce the unnecessary data throughput thus minimizing dead time and improving trigger efficiency.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Non-equilibrium anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy for investigating Higgs modes in superconductors

Abstract Even before its role in electroweak symmetry breaking, the Anderson-Higgs mechanism was introduced to explain the Meissner effect in superconductors. Spontaneous symmetry-breaking yields massless phase modes representing the low-energy excitations of the Mexican-Hat potential. Only in superconductors the phase mode is shifted towards higher energies owing to the gauge field of the charged condensate. This results in a low-energy excitation spectrum governed by the Higgs mode. Consequently, the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer-like Meissner effect signifies a macroscopic quantum condensate in which a photon acquires mass, representing a one-to-one analogy to high-energy physics. We report on an innovative spectroscopic technique to study symmetries and energies of the Higgs modes in the high-temperature superconductor Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 after a soft quench of the Mexican-Hat potential. Population inversion induced by an initial laser pulse leads to an additional anti-Stokes Raman-scattering signal, which is consistent with polarization-dependent Higgs modes. Within Ginzburg-Landau theory, the Higgs-mode energy is connected to the Cooper-pair coherence length. Within a Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer weak-coupling model we develop a quantitative and coherent description of single-particle and two-particle channels. This opens the avenue for Higgs Spectroscopy in quantum condensates and provides a unique pathway to control and explore Higgs physics.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
DOE OSTI2023

Diffused trenches for high fill-factor Low-Gain Avalanche Diodes

Low-Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGADs) are a class of silicon detectors that have been specifically designed for the fast detection of minimum ionizing particles (mips) in High-Energy Physics experiments. While they provide timing resolution on the order of a few tens of picoseconds, they cannot achieve high spatial resolution due to the intrinsic characteristics of their structures. Thus, active R&D is on-going to develop detectors based on LGADs to improve their spatial resolution while maintaining the timing performance of the LGADs. Such devices are, for example, AC-coupled LGADs and Deep-Junction LGADs. Another device option is the Trench-Isolated LGAD (TI LGAD), where trenches etched at the periphery of the pixels isolate them while providing a high fill-factor. Here, in this paper, we present a variation of this latter approach, demonstrating its feasibility by means of 2-dimensional TCAD simulations.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2025

PSEC5 Physical Verification

Ultra-Fast timing detectors, having a time resolution of 10pSec or less, are becoming increasingly important for many scientific disciplines, including High Energy Physics, Nuclear Physics, Medical Imaging and more. When developing ultra-fast detectors such as MCPs, LAPPDs, LGADs, SNSPDs, it is necessary to have access to a readout system that is low power, can support many channels and is cost effective. The PSEC5 chip was an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) developed by the pioneering group of Prof. Henry Frisch at University of Chicago and micro electronic engineers at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. Three boards were designed, two to implement the readout system for an LAPPD and one to only characterize the PSEC1 chip. The main goal of the project shifted to setting up a testing environment to focus on the characterization of the chip. My student and I tested and characterized this ASIC using the third chip-on-board printed circuit board. Results show the successful fabrication and operation of some of the key building blocks and lead to the suggestions on modification for the second iteration of the chip.

Rico Aniles, H. D. [Unlisted]↗
DOE OSTI2020

Radiation hardness of the low gain avalanche diodes developed by NDL and IHEP in China

This paper presents a study on the radiation hardness of low gain avalanche detector (LGAD) developed by the Novel Device Laboratory (NDL) in Beijing and the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) of Chinese Academy of Sciences, in the context of an upgrade project of the ATLAS detector for the high luminosity phase of LHC. NDL LGAD sensors with different layouts, epitaxial resistivity and doping profile were irradiated up to 1.02 × 10 15 n eq /cm 2 by 70 MeV protons at Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center (CYRIC). The timing resolution of NDL LGAD sensors reached 50 ps and the collected charge reached 3 - 4 fC after irradiation.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

High efficiency, low cost, RF sources for accelerators and colliders

Accelerators for High Energy Physics (HEP) are large users of energy, much of it in the form of radiofrequency (RF) power to accelerate particles to very high energies. Proposed HEP projects will require even larger amounts of RF energy. Increasing concerns of the cost and availability of energy will require the HEP community to use energy as efficiently as possible. Successful transfer of HEP technology to the public and private sectors will be most effective if it is highly efficient. Historically, the HEP community has utilized available RF power sources, mainly in the form of vacuum tube technology, much of which was developed during the cold war or is otherwised used in the private sector. The private sector is moving to solid-state RF sources which do not exhibit the electrical efficiency that is needed for future HEP projects. Here we summarize the state of the development of a number of RF sources that promise efficiencies of 80% and above. We also outline future efforts that are needed to fully realize the potential of these sources.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Distributed Training and Optimization of Neural Networks

Deep learning models are yielding increasingly better performances thanks to multiple factors. To be successful, model may have large number of parameters or complex architectures and be trained on large dataset. This leads to large requirements on computing resource and turn around time, even more so when hyperparameter optimization is done (e.g. search over model architectures). While this is a challenge that goes beyond particle physics, we review the various ways to do the necessary computations in parallel, and put it in the context of high-energy physics.

Vlimant, Jean-Roch↗
DOE OSTI2025

Data-driven high-dimensional statistical inference with generative models

Crucial to many measurements at the LHC is the use of correlated multi-dimensional information to distinguish rare processes from large backgrounds, which is complicated by the poor modeling of many of the crucial backgrounds in Monte Carlo simulations. In this work, we introduce HI-SIGMA, a method to perform unbinned high-dimensional statistical inference with data-driven background distributions. In contradistinction to many applications of Simulation Based Inference in High Energy Physics, HI-SIGMA relies on generative ML models, rather than classifiers, to learn the signal and background distributions in the high-dimensional space. These ML models allow for interpretable inference while also incorporating model errors and other sources of systematic uncertainties. We showcase this methodology on a simplified version of a di-Higgs measurement in the bbγγ final state, where the di-photon resonance allows for background interpolation from sidebands into the signal region. We demonstrate that HI-SIGMA provides improved sensitivity as compared to standard classifier-based methods, and that systematic uncertainties can be straightforwardly incorporated by extending methods which have been used for histogram based analyses.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Effects of trapped charge on the signal formation and detection efficiency for subsequent pulses in irradiated silicon sensors

Envisaged high energy physics experiments like the Future Circular Collider require unprecedented radiation hardness of the detectors, as well as short readout time due to high luminosity and occupancy. Silicon has proven to be extremely radiation hard. Sufficient signals can be recorded even at fluences close to 1 ∙ 1 0 16 n e q / cm 2 . Here, the signal formation was studied in silicon strip sensors, irradiated and annealed until the phenomenon of charge multiplication occurred. ATLAS12EC R0 mini sensors were tested by means of edge TCT measurements at temperatures around –20 °C. It was observed that the detection of subsequent signals separated up to several microseconds is altered by the charge trapped during the preceding pulses. The effects of trapped charge on the electrical configuration of a sensor are well known as a polarization or pumping effect in larger band-gap materials like diamond, but is often neglected for silicon at this relatively high temperature. The investigation of the effect created by trapped charges in silicon sensors using subsequent pulses allows to gain information on important parameters such as de-trapping times. Furthermore, it shows a severe impact on the sensor performance in a pile-up scenario. The irradiation fluence and hence the effective doping concentration, the temperature and the amount of initially created charge have a large impact on this phenomenon. The measurements presented help to characterize this phenomenon; particular attention was paid to the application point of view.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Vacuum laser acceleration of super-ponderomotive electrons using relativistic transparency injection

Abstract Intense lasers can accelerate electrons to very high energy over a short distance. Such compact accelerators have several potential applications including fast ignition, high energy physics, and radiography. Among the various schemes of laser-based electron acceleration, vacuum laser acceleration has the merits of super-high acceleration gradient and great simplicity. Yet its realization has been difficult because injecting free electrons into the fast-oscillating laser field is not trivial. Here we demonstrate free-electron injection and subsequent vacuum laser acceleration of electrons up to 20 MeV using the relativistic transparency effect. When a high-contrast intense laser drives a thin solid foil, electrons from the dense opaque plasma are first accelerated to near-light speed by the standing laser wave in front of the solid foil and subsequently injected into the transmitted laser field as the opaque plasma becomes relativistically transparent. It is possible to further optimize the electron injection/acceleration by manipulating the laser polarization, incident angle, and temporal pulse shaping. Our result also sheds light on the fundamental relativistic transparency process, crucial for producing secondary particle and light sources.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Towards quantum simulations in particle physics and beyond on noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices

We review two algorithmic advances that bring us closer to reliable quantum simulations of model systems in high-energy physics and beyond on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. The first method is the dimensional expressivity analysis of quantum circuits, which allows for constructing minimal but maximally expressive quantum circuits. The second method is an efficient mitigation of readout errors on quantum devices. Both methods can lead to significant improvements in quantum simulations, e.g. when variational quantum eigensolvers are used. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Quantum technologies in particle physics’.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
DOE OSTI2023

A 50 kA Superconducting Transformer for the Upcoming High-Field High-Current Testing Station at the BNL

Brookhaven national laboratory is upgrading its existing user facility to support R&D for High Energy Physics (HEP) and Fusion Energy Sciences (FES). The goal of this upgrade is to host the testing of the superconducting cables, conductors, joints and insert coils under high magnetic field (10 T), with currents up to 50 kA (present limit 20 kA) and at temperatures varying from 4 K to 40 K. To provide a current up to 50 kA to the sample, a superconducting core-less transformer is under construction. The superconducting transformer would additionally reduce the heat loss at the current leads at high currents. The SC transformer consists of two coaxial coils. The primary coil is inside the secondary coil. The primary coil consists of 3048 turns of rectangular wires (1.91 mm x 1.27 mm), wound in 24 layers. The secondary coil consists of 13 turns of the secondary cable (18.35 mm x 5.96 mm), wound in one layer. The parameters of the transformer are chosen to satisfy the space restrictions while using the available conductor. Here this paper presents the design of the 50-kA transformer.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

Calorimetry with deep learning: particle simulation and reconstruction for collider physics

Using detailed simulations of calorimeter showers as training data, we investigate the use of deep learning algorithms for the simulation and reconstruction of single isolated particles produced in high-energy physics collisions. We train neural networks on single-particle shower data at the calorimeter-cell level, and show significant improvements for simulation and reconstruction when using these networks compared to methods which rely on currently-used state-of-the-art algorithms. We define two models: an end-to-end reconstruction network which performs simultaneous particle identification and energy regression of particles when given calorimeter shower data, and a generative network which can provide reasonable modeling of calorimeter showers for different particle types at specified angles and energies. We investigate the optimization of our models with hyperparameter scans. Furthermore, we demonstrate the applicability of the reconstruction model to shower inputs from other detector geometries, specifically ATLAS-like and CMS-like geometries. These networks can serve as fast and computationally light methods for particle shower simulation and reconstruction for current and future experiments at particle colliders.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

High-Peak-Power Long-Wave Infrared Lasers with CO2 Amplifiers

Long-wave infrared (LWIR) picosecond pulses with multi-terawatt peak power have recently become available for advanced high-energy physics and material research. Multi-joule pulse energy is achieved in an LWIR laser system via amplification of a microjoule seed pulse with high-pressure, mixed-isotope CO 2 amplifiers. A chirped-pulse amplification (CPA) scheme is employed in such a laser to reduce the nonlinear interaction between the optical field and the transmissive elements of the system. Presently, a research and development effort is underway towards an even higher LWIR peak power that is required, for instance, for promising particle acceleration schemes. The required boost of the peak power can be achieved by reducing the pulse duration to fractions of a picosecond. For this purpose, the possibility of reducing the gain narrowing in the laser amplifiers and post-compression techniques are being studied. Another direction in research is aimed at the increased throughput (i.e., repetition rate), efficiency, and reliability of LWIR laser systems. The transition from a traditional electric-discharge pumping to an optical pumping scheme for CO 2 amplifiers is expected to improve the robustness of high-peak-power LWIR lasers, making them suitable for broad implementation in scientific laboratory, industrial, and clinical environments.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Exploration of Potential Superconducting Multi-Mode Cavity Architectures for Quantum Computing

This thesis describes the investigation of superconducting multi-mode cavity architecture for superconducting transmon-based quantum computing. The dissertation highlights useful features of radio-frequency cavities used for quantum computing, with a brief discussion on the advantages of superconducting cavities. In the subsequent section, the concept of transmon is introduced and the mechanism of coupling with a cavity is analyzed. Once the foundations of the topic are laid down, the thesis focuses on optimizing a multi-mode superconducting rf cavity design originally developed for high-energy physics applications. Such section articulates in two main parts, the first part concerning the "bare" cavity remake via finite-elements eigenmode simulations using a computer-aided design software called CST Studio Suite®. In the second part, a transmon qubit is physically inserted into the modified cavity to assess the qubit-cavity coupling of the new design. In evaluating said coupling, two distinct analysis methods are used, namely the black-box quantization method and the energy participation ratio method, both implemented using Ansys® High-Frequency Electromagnetic-Field Simulator, or HFSS™. Results from the two evaluations, compared together, show that the optimized design meets the requisites to be used for quantum computing purposes.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗