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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1995

Excitable dynamics in high-Lewis number premixed gas combustion at normal and microgravity

Freely-propagating, premixed gas flames in high-Lewis (Le) number, quiescent mixtures are studied experimentally in tubes of various diameter at normal (lg) and microgravity (mu g). A premixture of lean butane and oxygen diluted with helium, argon, neon, nitrogen or a mixture of multiple diluents is examined such that the thermal diffusivity of the mixture (and to a lesser extent, the mass diffusivity of the rate-limiting component) is systematically varied. In effect, different diluents allow variation of the Le without changing the chemistry. The flames are recorded with high speed cinematography and their stability is visually assessed. Different modes of propagation were observed depending on the diameter of the tubes (different conductive heat loss), the composition of the mixture and the g-level. At 1g, four modes of propagation were observed in small and intermediate diameter tubes (large conductive heat loss): (1) steadily propagating flames, (2) radial and longitudinal pulsating flames, (3) 'wavering' flames, and (4) rotating spiral flames. As the diameter of the tube increases, the radial modes become more pronounced while the longitudinal modes systematically disappear. Also, multiple, simultaneous, spatially-separated 'pacemaker' sites are observed in intermediate and large diameter tubes. Each site starts as a small region of high luminosity and develops into a flamelet which assumes the form of one of the fore mentioned modes. These flamelets eventually interact, annihilate each other in their regions of intersection and merge at their newly created free-ends. For very large tubes, radially-propagating wave-trains (believed to be 'trigger waves') are observed. These are analogous to the radial pulsations observed in the smaller diameter tubes. At mu g, three modes of propagation have been observed: (1) steadily propagating flames, (2) radial and longitudinal pulsating flames, and (3) multi-armed, rotating flames. Since the pulsating mode exists at mu g and 1g, buoyant flicker is not the mechanism which drives the pulsations. Moreover, all of the instabilities at 1g and mu g have characteristic frequencies on the O(100Hz). This value is lower than the fundamental, longitudinal acoustic frequencies of the tubes which suggests that the instabilities are not acoustically driven. The patterns formed by this reaction bear remarkable similarities with the patterns formed in most excitable media when the behavior of the system is driven by couplings between chemical reaction and diffusion (e.g., Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction, Patterns in slime molds, spiral waves in the retina of a bird's eye). While it is recognized that the chemical mechanism associated with this premixed gas reaction is exponentially sensitive to temperature and undoubtedly different from those which govern previously observed excitable media (most are isothermal, or weakly exothermic, liquid phase reactions), similar spatial and temporal patterns should not come as a complete surprise considering heat and mass diffusion are self similar. It is concluded that this premixed gas system is a definitive example of a diffusive-thermal, gas-phase oscillator based on these experimental results and their favorable comparison with theory.

Pearlman, Howard↗
NASA NTRS1979

Fundamentals of heat measurement

Various methods and devices for obtaining experimental data on heat flux density over wide ranges of temperature and pressure are examined. Laboratory tests and device fabrication details are supplemented by theoretical analyses of heat-conduction and thermoelectric effects, providing design guidelines and information relevant to further research and development. A theory defining the measure of correspondence between transducer signal and the measured heat flux is established for individual (isolated) heat flux transducers subject to space and time-dependent loading. An analysis of the properties of stacked (series-connected) transducers of various types (sandwich-type, plane, and spiral) is used to derive a similarity theory providing general governing relationships. The transducers examined are used in 36 types of derivative devices involving direct heat loss measurements, heat conduction studies, radiation pyrometry, calorimetry in medicine and industry and nuclear reactor dosimetry.

Gerashchenko, O. A.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Observations of plasma bulk parameters and the energy balance of the solar wind between 1 and 10 AU

The solar wind bulk velocity, the product of the mass flux and the square of the heliocentric distance, and the product of the density and the square of the heliocentric distance, are all found not to vary with heliocentric distance in spacecraft observations of the radial evolutions of several solar wind bulk parameters in the 1-10 AU range. Density's anticorrelation with velocity vanishes at greater distances from the sun than 1 AU, while solar wind bulk velocity and thermal speed are correlated over the entire 1-10 AU range. Thermal process heating, bulk kinetic energy conversion to thermal energy, and electron heat conduction, are considered as mechanisms accounting for the radial variation of the solar wind proton temperature over 1-10 AU. It is found that the addition of a heat flux due to heat conduction is a persuasive alternative.

Gazis, P. R.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Collisionless solar wind protons: A comparison of kinetic and hydrodynamic descriptions

Kinetic and hydrodynamic descriptions of a collisionless solar wind proton gas are compared. Heat conduction and viscosity are neglected in the hydrodynamic formulation but automatically included in the kinetic formulation. The results of the two models are very nearly the same, indicating that heat conduction and viscosity are not important in the solar wind proton gas beyond about 0.1 AU. It is concluded that the hydrodynamic equations provide a valid description of the collisionless solar wind protons, and hence that future models of the quiet solar wind should be based on a hydrodynamic formulation.

Leer, E.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Diffraction and thermal effect of a Bessel-Gaussian laser for Ag nanoparticle deposition

Nanoparticles are known to sinter at much lower temperatures than the corresponding bulk or micro size particles. A laser-assisted sintering process is considered in this study to sinter Ag nanoparticles by dispensing Ag paste onto an indium tin oxide-coated Si substrate. The Gaussian beam of a CO 2 laser source is propagated through axicon and biconvex lenses, and the resulting hollow beam is focused on the Ag paste with a hollow parabolic mirror. A Bessel-Gaussian irradiance distribution is obtained at the focal plane of the parabolic mirror due to the interference of the hollow laser cone. The Fresnel diffraction approximation is considered to determine the phasor of the laser and an analytical approach is implemented to calculate the irradiance distribution of the Bessel-Gaussian beam. This irradiance distribution is utilized as a heat source in a heat conduction model and the temperature distribution is analyzed for thin Ag films formed during the laser sintering of Ag nanoparticles. An analytical expression is obtained for the temperature distribution by solving the heat conduction equation using Fourier transform for finite media. The widths of the deposited Ag lines are predicted from the temperature profiles and the model predictions compare well with the experimental results. The isotherms are found to be geometrically noncongruent with convex and concave tips depending on the locally maximum and minimum irradiances of the Bessel-Gaussian beam, respectively. The convex and concave tips, however, appear in the same isotherm for sufficiently high substrate speed relative to the laser beam.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS1992

Adiabatic cooling of solar wind electrons

In thermally driven winds emanating from regions in the solar corona with base electron densities of n0 not less than 10 exp 8/cu cm, a substantial fraction of the heat conductive flux from the base is transfered into flow energy by the pressure gradient force. The adiabatic cooling of the electrons causes the electron temperature profile to fall off more rapidly than in heat conduction dominated flows. Alfven waves of solar origin, accelerating the basically thermally driven solar wind, lead to an increased mass flux and enhanced adiabatic cooling. The reduction in electron temperature may be significant also in the subsonic region of the flow and lead to a moderate increase of solar wind mass flux with increasing Alfven wave amplitude. In the solar wind model presented here the Alfven wave energy flux per unit mass is larger than that in models where the temperature in the subsonic flow is not reduced by the wave, and consequently the asymptotic flow speed is higher.

Sandbaek, Ornulf↗
NASA NTRS1984

The effect of line-tying on the radiative MHD stability of coronal plasmas with radial pressure profile

The role of photospheric line-tying, i.e., solar coronal loop structures, was investigated in terms of the effect on radiative modes and the influence that different radial pressure profiles exert on the effects of line-tying on radiative MHD stability. Energy is assumed dissipated by heat conduction and radiation and zero- and first-order solutions are obtained for the radiative time scales. Line-tying is a magnetic tension in the zero-order MHD mode and produces stability. Heat conduction occurs along bent field lines in first-order MHD modes when plasmas cross the field lines. Irradiated cool-core loops can experience MHD instabilities in the cylinder center, while line-tying can stabilize the plasma in the surrounding hot medium. Line-tying also adds stability to magnetosonic and condensation modes.

An, C.-H.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Heat dissipation in water-cooled reflectors

The energy balance of a lamp varies with the thermal and optical characteristics of the reflector. The photosynthetic radiation efficiency of lamps, defined as input power divided by photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400-700 nm) emitted from the lamp ranges between 0.17 and 0.26. The rest of the energy input is wasted as longwave (3000 nm and over) and non-PAR shortwave radiation (from 700 nm to 3000 nm), convective, and conductive heat from the lamp, reflector, and ballast, and simply for increasing the cooling load. Furthermore, some portion of the PAR is uselessly absorbed by the inner walls, shelves, vessels, etc. and some portion of the PAR received by the plantlets is converted into sensible and latent heat. More than 98% of the energy input is probably converted into heat, with only less than 2% of the energy input being converted into chemical energy as carbohydrates by photosynthesis. Therefore, it is essential to reduce the generation of heat in the culture room in order to reduce the cooling load. Through use of a water-cooled reflector, the generation of convective and conductive heat and longwave radiation from the reflector can be reduced, without reduction of PAR.

Kozai, Toyoki↗
DOE OSTI2020

Corrigendum: Thermal dynamics in the flux-coordinate independent turbulence code GRILLIX

Here, we have discovered that one of the original articles findings, that the actual choice of the dimensionless parameter χ ∥i0 for the ion heat conductivity seemed to play no role for the simulation results, was not physical. Instead, due to a mistake in the handling of input parameters, χ ∥i0 was actually not used in the code – the dimensionless electron heat conductivity χ ∥e0 was used instead.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS2001

A Magnetoresistive Heat Switch for the Continuous ADR

In compensated elemental metals at low temperature, a several Tesla field can suppress electronic heat conduction so thoroughly that heat is effectively carried by phonons alone. In approximately one mm diameter single crystal samples with impurity concentrations low enough that electron conduction is limited by surface scattering, the ratio of zerofield to high-field thermal conductivity can exceed ten thousand. We have used this phenomenon to build a compact, solid-state heat switch with no moving parts and no enclosed fluids. The time scale for switching states is limited by time scale for charging the magnet that supplies the controlling field. Our design and fabrication techniques overcome the difficulties associated with manufacturing and assembling parts from single crystal tungsten. A clear disadvantage of the magnetoresistive switch is the mass and complexity of the magnet system for the controlling field. We have discovered a technique of minimizing this mass and complexity, applicable to the continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator.

Canavan, E. R.↗
NASA NTRS1979

An analysis of thermal stress and gas bending effects on vibrations of compressor rotor stages

A preliminary study conducted by Kerrebrock et al. (1976) has shown that the torsional rigidity of untwisted thin blades of a transonic compressor can be reduced significantly by transient thermal stresses. The aerodynamic loads have various effects on blade vibration. One effect is that gas bending loads may result in a bending-torsion coupling which may change the characteristics of the torsion and bending vibration of the blade. For a general study of transient-temperature distribution within a rotor stage, a finite-element heat-conduction analysis was developed. The blade and shroud are divided into annular elements. With a temperature distribution obtained from the heat-conduction analysis and a prescribed gas bending load distribution along the blade span, the static deformation and moment distributions of the blade can be solved iteratively using the finite-element method. The reduction of the torsional rigidity of pretwisted blades caused by the thermal stress effect is then computed. The dynamic behavior of the blade is studied by a modified Galerkin's method.

Chen, L.-T.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Results from the cascaded variable conductance heatpipe experiment on LDEF

A Variable Conductance Heat Pipe Experiment (CVCHPE) was successfully flown onboard the LDEF and demonstrated temperature control better than +/- 0.3 C during 50 days of on-orbit data collection in a widely varying external environment. The experiment used two series connected, dry reservoir variable conductance heat pipes which require no electrical power for operation. The heat pipes used a central artery design with ammonia working fluid and nitrogen control gas.

Grote, Michael G.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Results from the LDEF/A0076 cascaded variable conductance heatpipe experiment

The A0076 Variable Conductance Heat Pipe Experiment (CVCHPE) on the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) demonstrated temperature control better than +/- 0.3 C during fifty days on on-orbit data collection in a widely varying external environment. The experiment used two series connected, dry reservoir variable conductance heat pipes which require no electrical power for operation. The heat pipes used a central artery design with ammonia working fluid and nitrogen control gas. The LDEF was in orbit for almost six years rather than the planned one year mission. Although no additional data were taken during this extended period, post-test data indicated that the set point drifted upward less than 1 C per year. There were significant changes to the appearance of all external thermal control surfaces primarily due to atomic oxygen degradation, and one small anomaly in the electronics. These changes, though, had little effect on the CVCHPE performance.

Grote, Michael G.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Investigation of CAD-based Geometry Workflows for Multiphysics Fusion Problems Using OpenMC and MOOSE

Fusion system designs are complex and require intricate and accurate meshes to be properly modeled. In this study, we investigate the use of CAD-based geometry workflows in fusion systems multiphysics problems. A simplified tokamak was introduced and modeled in CAD using a multiphysics coupling of OpenMC Monte Carlo transport and MOOSE heat conduction. The meshed geometry was prepared using direct accelerated geometry Monte Carlo (DAGMC) for particle transport, and a volumetric mesh was also prepared to be used in MOOSE and to tally OpenMC results. Cardinal was used to run OpenMC Monte Carlo particle transport within MOOSE framework. The heat source distribution and tritium production were calculated in OpenMC. The data transfer system was used to transfer heat source and temperature distribution between OpenMC and MOOSE. Two computational studies related to mesh refinement were performed: (1) refining the DAGMC and volumetric meshes used for tallying results and solving heat conduction and (2) only refining the DAGMC particle transport mesh. The refinement of the tally mesh has a much larger effect on the runtime compared to the refinement of the DAGMC particle transport surface mesh.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS1994

The effect of gravity waves on the global mean temperature and composition structure of the upper atmosphere

Formulas are presented that parameterize the heating rate and coefficient of turbulent heat conduction produced by saturated internal gravity waves (IGW) in the upper atmosphere. Estimates of these values are made using observational data. The parameterization of IGW influences are introduced into a one-dimensional model of global mean thermal and composition balances of the upper atmosphere. Computations are performed for different values of IGW energy fluxes entering into the upper atmosphere from below. It is shown that realistic vertical profiles of the global mean temperature can be obtained using different values of IGW energy flux into the upper atmosphere. Increasing the IGW intensity leads not only to an increase of the heating rate due to wave enery dissipation, but also to an increase of the heating rate due to wave energy dissipation, but also to an increase in the coefficient of turbulent heat conduction and cooling rate produced by turbulence generated by the wave. So, near an altitude of 100 km the main part of solar heating is compensated by infrared cooling on one hand, and the main part of wave dissipation heating is compensated by turbulent cooling on the other hand. These quasi-balances generally hold for different values of IGW intensity.

Gavrilov, Nikolai M.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Effective direct steam regeneration of bis-iminoguanidine solid sorbent used for carbon dioxide capture

A cost-effective, energy-efficient sorbent regeneration process for phase-changing guanidines used for CO 2 capture was developed based on direct-steam stripping. This approach enhances the regeneration rate, simplifies the overall CO 2 capture process, and reduces the energy cost compared to conventional conductive thermal regeneration. A direct-steam sorbent regeneration reactor was developed, demonstrating that aqueous bis(iminoguanidines) (BIG) sorbents, e.g., methylglyoxal-bis(iminoguanidine) (MGBIG) and glyoxal-bis(iminoguanidine) (GBIG), could be efficiently regenerated with up to ~ 99 % CO 2 recovery through direct-steam stripping. Using low-temperature steam at 100 °C, a 4.5 times faster regeneration rate for GBIG carbonate sorbent (e.g., 30 min for 10 g) was demonstrated compared to conductive-heating (e.g., 135 min for 10 g) at 130 °C. Additionally, fully regenerated MGBIG converts into an aqueous MGBIG solution when the steam condenses onto the sorbent surface. Condensed steam with the guanidine can be easily recycled as an aqueous solution into the gas–liquid contactor to achieve a continuous-flow CO 2 -capture process. Molecular dynamics simulation was employed to provide a better understanding of the process. Higher heat transfer rates from steam to guanidine carbonate, compared to air heating, were attributed to the vibration resonance of water molecules within MGBIG with that of vapor molecules and the effective transfer of kinetic energy from vapor to solid. Technoeconomic analysis demonstrated that direct-steam stripping significantly decreases the CO 2 capture cost by 50 % compared to traditional conductive heating methods. Further, enhanced mass transfer facilitated by low-temperature steam and subsequent condensation effectively heats up the H 2 O-containing BIG-carbonate crystals, facilitating the desorption of CO 2 from the solid crystals, thereby leading to fast, effective, and energy-efficient sorbent regeneration.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1988

Improvement in finite element meshes: Heat transfer in an infinite cylinder

An extension of a structural finite element mesh improvement technique to heat conduction analysis is presented. The mesh improvement concept was originally presented by Prager in studying tapered, axially loaded bars. It was further shown that an improved mesh can be obtained by minimizing the trace of the stiffness matrix. These procedures are extended and applied to the analysis of heat conduction in an infinitely long hollow circular cylinder.

Kittur, Madan G.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Improvement of finite element meshes - Heat transfer in an infinite cylinder

An extension of a structural finite element mesh improvement technique to heat conduction analysis is presented. The mesh improvement concept was originally presented by Prager in studying tapered, axially loaded bars. It was further shown that an improved mesh can be obtained by minimizing the trace of the stiffnes matrix. These procedures are extended and applied to the analysis of heat conduction in an infinitely long hollow circular cylinder.

Kittur, Madan G.↗