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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

The role of tungsten phases formation during tungsten metal powder consolidation by FAST: Implications for high-temperature applications

Highlights: • Lowering the sintering temperature of W to 2173 K by using FAST. • Application of electron microscopy for microstructure characterisation. • W{sub 2}C shell formation due to C difussion from graphite tooling. • Identification of co-formed secondary phase, WO{sub 2}. • Influence of WO{sub 2} on high-thermal applications. - Abstract: Tungsten is a candidate material for the demonstration fusion power plant DEMO. To ensure high density and structural stability, Field-Assisted Sintering Technique (FAST) is proposed as a consolidation method. This study discusses the formation of phases during sintering of tungsten by the FAST. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to evaluate the microstructure in tungsten-based materials. The results of microscopic examinations revealed the in-situ formation of tungsten oxide and a formation of tungsten carbide shell around tungsten core. Tungsten carbide-rich shell is formed due to the carbon diffusion from the graphite die used in the FAST into tungsten at high temperatures. In contrast to easy removal of tungsten carbide shell by mechanical grinding, the formation of tungsten oxide in the W-matrix can influence the performance of such material when used as plasma-facing material in the fusion reactor. High-temperature experiments at 1873 K showed that tungsten-oxide phase starts to decompose, which results in material degradation and formation of voids and surface blisters.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

A study of microstructure of Fe-Cu-Ni-Sn and Fe-Cu-Ni-Sn-VN metal matrix for diamond containing composites

Highlights: • A nanocrystalline sample of coarse-grained powders of iron, copper, nickel, tin was obtained. • The structure of the sample consists of a supersaturated solid solution of nitrogen and vanadium in α-Fe. • Grain refinement occurs as a result of the decomposition of supersaturated solid solution of nitrogen and vanadium in α-Fe. To obtain bulk of 51Fe–32Cu–9Ni–8Sn and 49.47Fe–31.04Cu–8.73Ni–7.76Sn–3VN nanocomposites, a pressing method at room temperature and subsequent hot pressing in a vacuum was used. The microstructure of the sintered composites by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy was investigated. It is shown that in the 49.47Fe–31.04Cu–8.73Ni–7.76Sn–3VN composite there was a dissolution of vanadium nitride in γ‑iron and formation of a supersaturated solid solution of nitrogen and vanadium in the α‑iron. As a result, there was a substantial grinding of ferrite grains (from 5 to 50 μm to 20–400 nm) as compared to a sample without vanadium nitride (from 5 to 50 μm to 400–800 nm). Nanocomposites are considered as promising materials to create a new generation of diamond containing composites.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2010

Solid-state synthesis and electrical properties of polyaniline/Cu-montmorillonite nanocomposite

In this paper, the solid-state synthesis of polyaniline/Cu-montmorillonite nanocomposite is reported. Mixture of anilinium chlorure and Cu exchanged montmorillonite was grinded at room temperature while we vary the molar rate of aniline to interlayer Cu{sup 2+} cations (R) from 0.5 to 6. The properties of the hybrid compounds are characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, SEM, FTIR and impedance spectroscopy. The results showed that the structure and the conductivity of PANI in hybrid materials depend on R. The ac conduction showed a regime of constant dc conductivity at low frequencies and a crossover to a frequency-dependent regime of the type A {omega}{sup s} at high frequencies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Characterization of exfoliated/delamination kaolinite

A novel and facile approach for the preparation of exfoliated/delamination kaolinite was reported in this study. Kaolinite was mechanochemically activated by grinding with dimethylsulfoxide in a globe mill for different periods of time, and then the activated samples were treated for several hours at 120 {sup o}C to obtain the precursors of kaolinite. The resulting materials were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The experimental data indicated that the clay layers were well exfoliated/delamination under mechanochemical effect in a significantly short intercalation time. The expansion of the basal spacing (d{sub 001}) of raw kaolinite by 0.40 nm pointed out that the hydrogen bonds between adjacent kaolinite layers were partially broken as a result of the intercalation with dimethylsulfoxide.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Low-temperature synthesis of Li{sub 7}La{sub 3}Zr{sub 2}O{sub 12} with cubic garnet-type structure

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer One-step synthesis and its optimization of cubic garnet Li{sub 7}La{sub 3}Zr{sub 2}O{sub 12} at 750 Degree-Sign C. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Instability above 800 Degree-Sign C of the Al-free cubic Li{sub 7}La{sub 3}Zr{sub 2}O{sub 12}. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Li{sup +}-ion conductivity without adventitious Al{sup 3+}. -- Abstract: In this paper, we report the direct synthesis of Li{sub 7}La{sub 3}Zr{sub 2}O{sub 12} with the cubic garnet-type structure at low temperature with a lattice constant of 13.0035 Angstrom-Sign . The synthesis condition is optimized to be at 750 Degree-Sign C for 8 h with 30 wt% excess lithium salt. No intermediate grinding was involved in this straightforward route. Without the adventitious of Al{sup 3+}, the cubic Li{sub 7}La{sub 3}Zr{sub 2}O{sub 12} is unstable above 800 Degree-Sign C and has an ionic conductivity of the order of 10{sup -6} S cm{sup -1}.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Preparation of MgH{sub 2} composite with a composition of 40%MgH{sub 2} + 30%LiBH{sub 4} + 30%(2LiBH{sub 4} + MgF{sub 2})

Graphical abstract: Hydrogen content vs. desorption time curves for consecutive 1st desorptions of 40 wt%MgH{sub 2} + 30 wt%LiBH{sub 4} + 30 wt%(2LiBH{sub 4} + MgF{sub 2}) at 533–873 K. Highlights: ► Addition of MgF{sub 2} and LiBH{sub 4} with a higher hydrogen storage capacity to MgH{sub 2}. ► Preparation of 40%MgH{sub 2} + 30%LiBH{sub 4} + 30% (2LiBH{sub 4} + MgF{sub 2}) composite. ► Examination of desorption properties of the composite. ► Total desorbed hydrogen quantity for consecutive 1st desorptions of 7.07 wt%. ► Reactions of LiBH{sub 4} → LiH + B + (3/2)H{sub 2}, and 2LiBH{sub 4} + MgF{sub 2} → 2LiF + MgB{sub 2} + 4H{sub 2}. -- Abstract: A mixture of containing two chemical equivalents of lithium borohyride and one equivalent of magnesium fluoride is known to yield hydrogen in an amount of about 7.6 wt% of the mixture when heated to about 150 °C at atmospheric pressure by the following reaction; 2LiBH{sub 4} + MgF{sub 2} = 2LiF + MgB{sub 2} + 4H{sub 2}. In order to increase hydrogen storage capacity of Mg-based materials, a mixture with a composition of 2LiBH{sub 4} + MgF{sub 2} and LiBH{sub 4}with a higher hydrogen storage capacity of 18.4 wt% were added to MgH{sub 2}. MgH{sub 2} composite with a composition of 40 wt%MgH{sub 2} + 30 wt%LiBH{sub 4} + 30 wt%(2LiBH{sub 4} + MgF{sub 2}) was prepared by reactive mechanical grinding. The hydrogen storage properties of the sample were then examined. Hydrogen content vs. desorption time curves for consecutive 1st desorptions of 40 wt%MgH{sub 2} + 30 wt%LiBH{sub 4} + 30 wt%(2LiBH{sub 4} + MgF{sub 2}) at 533–873 K showed that the total desorbed hydrogen quantity for consecutive 1st desorptions is 7.07 wt%.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Mechanochemical synthesis of layered hydroxy salts

Highlights: ► Ultrafast synthesis method was developed for the synthesis of layered hydroxy salts. ► Preparation of hydroxy single salt by this method requires only one minute. ► Hydroxy salts with variable Ni/Zn ratio could be synthesized by varying the metal contents of the starting mixture. ► This synthesis method is solvent free and environment friendly. -- Abstract: A simple one minute synthesis method was adapted for the preparation of layered hydroxy salts of copper, zinc, nickel and cadmium by grinding the metal salts with sodium hydroxide in a mortar. This solvent free method is environment friendly and fast. This method could be extended to the preparation of Ni/Zn hydroxy double salts. The Ni/Zn ratio could be varied from 1.2 to 1.9 by varying the metal contents of the precursor salts without the formation of any impurities in the sample. The prepared compounds had similar characteristics as that of the samples prepared by precipitation route. No sign of carbonate contamination was observed in any of the prepared samples.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Microstructure and martensitic transformation in Si-coated TiNi powders prepared by ball milling

Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • Amorphous Si-coated TiNi powders were prepared successfully by ball milling. • Ti{sub 4}Ni{sub 4}Si{sub 7} was formed at the interface between Si and TiNi after annealing. • Si-coated Ti–Ni powders displayed the R phase after annealing. - Abstract: Si was coated on the surface of Ti–49Ni (at%) alloy powders by ball milling in order to improve the electrochemical properties of the Si electrodes of secondary Li ion batteries and then the microstructure and martensitic transformation behavior were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Ti–Ni powders coated with Si were fabricated successfully by ball milling. As-milled powders consisted of highly deformed Ti–Ni powders with the B2 phase and amorphous Si layers. The thickness of the Si layer coated on the surface of the Ti–Ni powders increased from 3–5 μm to 10–15 μm by extending the milling time from 3 h to 48 h. However, severe contamination from the grinding media, ZrO{sub 2} occurred when the ball milling time was as long as 48 h. By heating as-milled powders to various temperatures in the range of 673–873 K, the highly deformed Ti–Ni powders were recovered and Ti{sub 4}Ni{sub 4}Si{sub 7} was formed. Two-stage B2–R–B19′ transformation occurred when as-milled Si-coated Ti–49Ni alloy powders were heated to temperatures below 873 K, above this temperature one-stage B2–B19′ transformation occurred.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Synthesis of Fe/SiO{sub 2} and iron oxides/SiO{sub 2} nanocomposites by long-term ball milling

Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • Iron–iron oxides/silica composites are synthesized by long term dry ball-milling. • Bcc iron and α-quartz powders are used as precursors. • Surface effects enhance coercivity in iron/silica nanocomposites. • In spite of their small size, about 10 nm, iron particles are ferromagnetic. • Ferro and superparamagnetic particles are found in maghemite/silica composites. - Abstract: Iron oxide/SiO{sub 2} nanocomposites are synthesized by dry ball-milling a mixture of bcc Fe and α-quartz powders for prolonged times. A sequence of nanocomposites is obtained, with small magnetic particles dispersed in a non magnetic, amorphous matrix. The powders are characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The magnetic hysteresis properties are investigated in the range 50–300 K. After 120 h milling, deformed, non-spherical, α-Fe nanocrystallites of about 10 nm in size and very few small (<10 nm) maghemite particles are found. At room temperature, iron particles are ferromagnetic and a large effective magnetic anisotropy is estimated, which is mainly attributed to surface effects. Between 160 and 200 h milling, maghemite nanoparticles are observed while after 220 h grinding, hematite phase appears; after 340 h milling, the sample consists of ferromagnetic hematite particles with a broad size distribution (5–50 nm) embedded in an amorphous matrix.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

From natural attapulgite to phosphor materials: Characterization, photoluminescence and structure

Highlights: • Sr{sub 2.965}Al{sub 0.08}Si{sub 0.92}O{sub 5}:0.025Ce{sup 3+}, 0.01Eu{sup 2+} phosphor was synthesized from natural attapulgite. • Pure Sr{sub 3}SiO{sub 5} phase can be easily obtained. • It provides a new application field as phosphor for natural attapulgite. - Abstract: Sr{sub 2.965}Al{sub 0.08}Si{sub 0.92}O{sub 5}:0.025Ce{sup 3+}, 0.01Eu{sup 2+} (SrAlSiO:Ce{sup 3+}, Eu{sup 2+}) phosphor from natural attapulgite (ATP) was synthesized by solid-state reaction method. For the use of ATP as a source of Si and Al, pretreatment process including mechanical grinding and acid leaching were involved. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the formation of silicates in a wide temperature field, whereas Sr{sub 3}SiO{sub 5} within a single step. The ATP fibers were tuning into phosphor particles (about 1.5–3.0 μm) after calcination. Furthermore, photoluminescence spectra of the SrAlSiO:Ce{sup 3+}, Eu{sup 2+} phosphor was also in good agreement with the literature results, indicating a promising potential application as an effective candidate for warm-white LEDs materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

The experimental study of the effect of microwave on the physical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Highlights: • We study the microwave effect on the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). • We examine the non uniform heating effect on the physical structure of MWCNTs. • We examine the purification of MWCNTs by microwave. • We analyze the thermal characteristics of microwave treated MWCNTs. - Abstract: This paper reports the effect of microwave on the physical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) where different power levels of microwave were applied on MWCNTs in order to apprehend the effect of microwave on MWCNTs distinctly. A low energy ball milling in aqueous circumstance was also applied on both MWCNTs and microwave treated MWCNTs. Temperature profile, morphological analysis by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), defect analysis by Raman spectroscopy, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity as well as heat transfer coefficient enhancement ratio were studied which expose some strong witnesses of the effect of microwave on the both purification and dispersion properties of MWCNTs in base fluid distilled water. The highest thermal conductivity enhancement (6.06% at 40 °C) of MWCNTs based nanofluid is achieved by five minutes microwave treatment as well as wet grinding at 500 rpm for two hours.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Facile synthesis of MoO{sub 2}@C nanoflowers as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries

Graphical abstract: The as-obtained MoO{sub 2}@C nanoflowers deliver a reversible capacity of 172 mAh g{sup −1} at 0.1 A g{sup −1} and a capacity of 166 mA h g{sup −1} after 1000 cycles at 1.0 A g{sup −1}. - Highlights: • MoO{sub 2}@C nanoflowers are synthesized. • Irregular MoO{sub 2}@C nanoparticles are synthesized. • MoO{sub 2}@C nanoflowers deliver a reversible capacity of 172 mAh g{sup −1} at 0.1 A g{sup −1}. - Abstract: Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) have been considered to be the promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to the limited availability and uneven distribution of lithium resources. The exploration of anode materials for SIBs was still limited, and transition metal oxides (TMOs) have been widely studied for a long time. MoO{sub 2}@C nanoflowers were synthesized through a grinding method, followed by an annealing process. In addition, irregular MoO{sub 2}@C nanoparticles could be synthesized, when the amount of ammonium molybdate was increased by twice while other condition kept the same. With excellent dispersity and structural integrity, the as-obtained MoO{sub 2}@C nanoflowers deliver a reversible capacity of 172 mAh g{sup −1} at 0.1 A g{sup −1} and a capacity of 166 mA h g{sup −1} after 1000 cycles at 1.0 A g{sup −1}.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Horizons of modern molecular dynamics simulation in digitalized solid freeform fabrication with advanced materials

Our ability to shape and finish a component by combined methods of fabrication including (but not limited to) subtractive, additive and/or no theoretical mass-loss/addition during the fabrication is now popularly known as solid free form fabrication. Fabrication of a telescope mirror is a typical example where grinding and polishing processes are first applied to shape the mirror and thereafter an optical coating is usually applied to enhance its optical performance. The area of nanomanufacturing cannot grow without a deep knowledge of the fundamentals of materials and consequently, the use of computer simulations is becoming ubiquitous. This article is intended to introduce the most recent advances in the computation benefit specific to the area of solid free form fabrication as these systems are traversing through the journey of digitalisation and Industry-4.0. Specifically, this article demonstrates that the application of the latest materials modelling approaches, based on techniques such as molecular dynamics, are enabling breakthroughs in applied precision manufacturing techniques.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Initial examination of fuel compacts and TRISO particles from the US AGR-2 irradiation test

Post-irradiation examination was completed on two as-irradiated compacts from the US Advanced Gas Reactor Fuel Development and Qualification Program’s second irradiation test. These compacts were selected for examination because there were indications that they may have contained particles that released cesium through a failed or defective SiC layer. The coated particles were recovered from these compacts by electrolytic deconsolidation of the surrounding graphitic matrix in nitric acid. The leach-burn-leach (LBL) process was used to dissolve and analyze exposed metallic elements (actinides and fission products), and each particle was individually surveyed for relative cesium retention with the Irradiated Microsphere Gamma Analyzer (IMGA). Data from IMGA and LBL examinations provided information on fission product release during irradiation and whether any specific particles had below-average retention that could be related to coating layer defects or radiation-induced degradation. A few selected normal-retention particles and six with abnormally-low cesium inventory were analyzed using X-ray tomography to produce three-dimensional images of the internal coating structure. Four of the low-cesium particles had obviously damaged or degraded SiC, and X-ray imaging was able to guide subsequent grinding and polishing to expose the regions of interest for analysis by optical and electron microscopy. Additional particles from each compact were also sectioned and examined to study the overall radiation-induced microstructural changes in the kernel and coating layers.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Wind turbine blade material in the United States: Quantities, costs, and end-of-life options

Wind energy has experienced enormous growth in the past few decades; as a result, there are thousands of wind turbines around the world that will reach the end of their design lifetimes in the coming years. Much of the material in those turbines can be recycled using conventional processes, but the composite material that is the main component of the blades is more challenging to recycle. In the United States, turbine blades may be disposed of in landfills, adding a new solid waste stream to the material already being landfilled. This paper presents a spatially resolved estimate of the mass and volume of wind turbine blade waste in each state by 2050 and compares these amounts to estimates of the remaining landfill capacity by state. In this work, we estimate costs for each stage of the disposal process to indicate cost levels for alternatives. Assuming a 20-year turbine lifetime, the cumulative blade waste in 2050 is approximately 2.2 million tons. This value represents approximately 1% of remaining landfill capacity by volume, or 0.2% by mass. We also find that the current cost of disposing of blades in large segments or through grinding is relatively low in comparison to the overall life-cycle cost of energy. Based on these findings, landfill space constraints and disposal costs appear unlikely to motivate a change in waste handling strategies under current policy conditions. Instead, more profound shifts in recycling technologies, blade materials, or policy may be needed to move towards a circular economy for wind turbine blades.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Mechanical formation of micro- and nano-plastic materials for environmental studies in agricultural ecosystems

Release of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) into agricultural fields is of great concern due to their reported ecotoxicity to organisms that provide beneficial service to the soil such as earthworms, and the potential ability of MPs and NPs to enter the food chain. Most fundamental studies of the fate and transport of plastic particulates in terrestrial environments employ idealized MP materials as models, such as monodisperse polystyrene spheres. In contrast, plastics that reside in agricultural soils consist of polydisperse fragments resulting from degraded films employed in agriculture. There is a need for more representative materials in fundamental studies of the fate, transport, and ecotoxicity of MPs and NPs in soil ecosystems. The aim of this study was therefore to develop a procedure to produce MPs and NPs from agricultural plastics (a mulch film prepared biodegradable polymer polybutyrate adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) and low-density PE [LDPE]), and to characterize the resultant materials. Soaking of PBAT films under cryogenic conditions promoted embrittlement, similar to what occurs through environmental weathering. LDPE and cryogenically-treated PBAT underwent mechanical milling followed by sieve fractionation into MP fractions of 840 μm, 250 μm, 106 μm, and 45 μm. The 106 μm fraction was subjected to wet grinding to produce NPs of average particle size 366.0 nm and 389.4 nm for PBAT and LDPE, respectively. A two-parameter Weibull model described the MPs' particle size distributions, while NPs possessed bimodal distributions. Size reduction did not produce any changes in the chemical properties of the plastics, except for slight depolymerization and an increase of crystallinity resulting from cryogenic treatment. This study implies that MPs form from cutting and high-impact mechanical degradation as would occur during the tillage into soil, and that NPs form from the MP fragments in regions of relative weakness that possess lower molecular weight polymers and crystallinity.

33 nanoplastics↗
DOE OSTI2023

The inclusion of uncertainty in circularity transition modeling: A case study on wind turbine blade end-of-life management

The transition to a more circular economy (CE) is complex and hard to predict, including in sustainable energy technologies. Many sources of uncertainty make it challenging to model CE scenarios and their potential benefits. As an example, the high variability in costs and revenues of different recycling options makes future wind turbine blade recycling highly uncertain. To better understand this challenge, the circular economy, life cycle assessment and visualization (CELAVI) framework - a discrete event simulation and life cycle assessment framework - is modified to incorporate uncertainty analysis capabilities. Moreover, a 3-step procedure that covers different aspects of uncertainty in CE studies and includes a Monte-Carlo analysis is proposed. The procedure is tested in a case study on wind turbine blade recycling using CELAVI. Results highlight that grinding and landfilling costs are the most influential parameters for wind power circularity. The model's output coefficients of variation (when input parameter uncertainties are propagated) are between 92% and 384% depending on the indicator. The approach developed in this study may help researchers and decision-makers who study circularity prioritize their data collection effort. Finally, our method contributes to a mounting yet critical body of research: the measurement of uncertainty in circularity transitions.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Topographic and nanomechanical mapping of plutonium surfaces

Atomic force microscopy of gallium-stabilized δ-phase plutonium coupons has been used to map their topography and qualitative mechanical character, including Derjaguin-Muller-Toporov modulus, adhesion, deformation, and dissipation. Initial topographical results demonstrate that the plutonium surface is considerably rough and heterogeneous. Qualitative nanomechanical mapping revealed distinct striation patterns that are not observed in the topography images. Further investigation of the striations in the nanomechanical modes of imaging suggest that they are not measurement artifacts, or plutonium specific features. Similar investigations of stainless steel surfaces established a strong correlation between the mechanical working of the surface (i.e. cutting and grinding) and the appearance of the striations. Reimaging of the plutonium surface after moderate oxidation occurring within an inert Ar atmosphere (~1 ppm O 2 ) over the course of 13 months revealed a diminished striation pattern. It is suggested that surface stress/strain induced by the mechanical working of the metal surfaces results in the patterns of variable modulus, adhesion, deformation, and dissipation, and that these patterns are affected by the chemical changes and aging of the plutonium surface.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗