A1model for chemically reacting nitrogen- oxygen mixtures with application to nonequilibrium air flow
Model for chemically reacting nitrogen-oxygen mixtures - application to computation of chemical nonequilibrium in air flow field
FLOW FIELD↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Modeling of Flow Transition Using an Intermittency Transport Equation
A new transport equation for intermittency factor is proposed to model transitional flows. The intermittent behavior of the transitional flows is incorporated into the computations by modifying the eddy viscosity, mu(sub t), obtainable from a turbulence model, with the intermittency factor, gamma: mu(sub t, sup *) = gamma.mu(sub t). In this paper, Menter's SST model (Menter, 1994) is employed to compute mu(sub t) and other turbulent quantities. The proposed intermittency transport equation can be considered as a blending of two models - Steelant and Dick (1996) and Cho and Chung (1992). The former was proposed for near-wall flows and was designed to reproduce the streamwise variation of the intermittency factor in the transition zone following Dhawan and Narasimha correlation (Dhawan and Narasimha, 1958) and the latter was proposed for free shear flows and was used to provide a realistic cross-stream variation of the intermittency profile. The new model was used to predict the T3 series experiments assembled by Savill (1993a, 1993b) including flows with different freestream turbulence intensities and two pressure-gradient cases. For all test cases good agreements between the computed results and the experimental data are observed.
Suzen, Y. B.↗
Microgravity two-phase fluid flow pattern modeling
When gas and liquid mixtures flow in a pipe, the distribution of the two phases may take many forms. A flow pattern, or flow regime, is the characteristic spatial distribution of the phases of flow in a pipe. Because heat transfer and pressure drop are dependent on the characteristic distribution of phases, it is necessary to describe flow patterns in an appropriate manner so that a hydrodynamic or heat transfer theory applicable to that can be chosen. A theoretical two phase flow regime transition map under a microgravity environment was developed on physical concepts. These transitions use four basic flow patterns: dispersed flow, slug flow, stratified flow, and annular flow. The forces considered are body force, surface tension force, inertial force, friction, and the force from eddy turbulent fluctuation. Three dimensionless parameters were developed. Because these transition boundaries were developed based on physical concepts, they should be applicable to flow regimes occurring in various design conditions. Because the flow pattern data from KC-135 experiments are insufficient to verify these theoretical transition lines completely, an adiabatic experiment for flow regime analysis is recommended.
Lee, Doojeong↗
Euler Technology Assessment - SPLITFLOW Code Applications for Stability and Control Analysis on an Advanced Fighter Model Employing Innovative Control Concepts
This report documents results from the NASA-Langley sponsored Euler Technology Assessment Study conducted by Lockheed-Martin Tactical Aircraft Systems (LMTAS). The purpose of the study was to evaluate the ability of the SPLITFLOW code using viscous and inviscid flow models to predict aerodynamic stability and control of an advanced fighter model. The inviscid flow model was found to perform well at incidence angles below approximately 15 deg, but not as well at higher angles of attack. The results using a turbulent, viscous flow model matched the trends of the wind tunnel data, but did not show significant improvement over the Euler solutions. Overall, the predictions were found to be useful for stability and control design purposes.
Jordan, Keith J.↗
Numerical Modeling of Three-Dimensional Confined Flows
A three dimensional confined flow model is presented. The flow field is computed by calculating velocity and enthalpy along a set of streamlines. The finite difference equations are obtained by applying conservation principles to streamtubes constructed around the chosen streamlines. With appropriate substitutions for the body force terms, the approach computes three dimensional magnetohydrodynamic channel flows. A listing of a computer code, based on this approach is presented in FORTRAN IV language. The code computes three dimensional compressible viscous flow through a rectangular duct, with the duct cross section specified along the axis.
Greywall, M. S.↗
Human life support during interplanetary travel and domicile. II - Generic Modular Flow Schematic modeling
This paper describes the Generic Modular Flow Schematic (GMFS) architecture capable of encompassing all functional elements of a physical/chemical life support system (LSS). The GMFS can be implemented to synthesize, model, analyze, and quantitatively compare many configurations of LSSs, from a simple, completely open-loop to a very complex closed-loop. The GMFS model is coded in ASPEN, a state-of-the-art chemical process simulation program, to accurately compute the material, heat, and power flow quantities for every stream in each of the subsystem functional elements (SFEs) in the chosen configuration of a life support system. The GMFS approach integrates the various SFEs and subsystems in a hierarchical and modular fashion facilitating rapid substitutions and reconfiguration of a life support system. The comprehensive ASPEN material and energy balance output is transferred to a systems and technology assessment spreadsheet for rigorous system analysis and trade studies.
Farral, Joseph F.↗
On the interaction of surface heating anomalies with zonally symmetric and asymmetric atmospheric flows
Models of intermediate complexity have been used to study some aspects of the climatic effects of anomalous heating, but many aspects of the problem have yet to be explored thoroughly. The present study represents a preliminary investigated of the gaps in scientific understanding of the interaction of heating and atmospheric dynamics. The principle research tool is a model of intermediate complexity, including a time-dependent, nonlinear-two-layer quasi-geostrophic model of relatively high horizontal resolution which incorporates simple heating parameterizations. The model is used to examine systematically the interaction of heating arising from anomalies in surface temperature with zonally symmetric and zonally asymmetric flows characterized by different values of static stability and mean vertical wind shear.
Phillips, T. J.↗
Skin Friction and Transition Location Measurement on Supersonic Transport Models
Flow visualization techniques were used to obtain both qualitative and quantitative skin friction and transition location data in wind tunnel tests performed on two supersonic transport models at Mach 2.40. Oil-film interferometry was useful for verifying boundary layer transition, but careful monitoring of model surface temperatures and systematic examination of the effects of tunnel start-up and shutdown transients will be required to achieve high levels of accuracy for skin friction measurements. A more common technique, use of a subliming solid to reveal transition location, was employed to correct drag measurements to a standard condition of all-turbulent flow on the wing. These corrected data were then analyzed to determine the additional correction required to account for the effect of the boundary layer trip devices.
Kennelly, Robert A., Jr.↗
Accuracy optimized neural networks do not effectively model optic flow tuning in brain area MSTd
Accuracy-optimized convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have emerged as highly effective models at predicting neural responses in brain areas along the primate ventral stream, but it is largely unknown whether they effectively model neurons in the complementary primate dorsal stream. We explored how well CNNs model the optic flow tuning properties of neurons in dorsal area MSTd and we compared our results with the Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NNMF) model, which successfully models many tuning properties of MSTd neurons. To better understand the role of computational properties in the NNMF model that give rise to optic flow tuning that resembles that of MSTd neurons, we created additional CNN model variants that implement key NNMF constraints – non-negative weights and sparse coding of optic flow. While the CNNs and NNMF models both accurately estimate the observer's self-motion from purely translational or rotational optic flow, NNMF and the CNNs with nonnegative weights yield substantially less accurate estimates than the other CNNs when tested on more complex optic flow that combines observer translation and rotation. Despite its poor accuracy, NNMF gives rise to tuning properties that align more closely with those observed in primate MSTd than any of the accuracy-optimized CNNs. This work offers a step toward a deeper understanding of the computational properties and constraints that describe the optic flow tuning of primate area MSTd.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Braided Carbon Fiber Rope Flow Characteristics
I am submitting the following technical subject for consideration as a thesis topic for the master degree: The reusable solid rocket motor (RSRM) nozzle internal joints are being evaluated for the incorporation of a carbon fiber rope (CFR) as a thermal barrier. The CFR is approximately 0.260 in. diameter and is composed of approximately 12,000 carbon fibers, woven in ten sheaths or layers. The CFR is manufactured by a sub-tier vendor and subsequently several of its manufacturing details are proprietary to that vendor. The CFR design intent is to prevent hot motor combustion products and slag from intruding into the joint scaling area while still approaching a vented joint design to avoid the detriments of gas jet impingement. As a member of the Heat Transfer section at Thiokol Propulsion, two main goals exist as part of this NASA funded design effort: (1) development of flow model through the CFR and (2) development of a heat transfer model through the CFR. While both models are needed and most probably interrelated, the gas flow model is being targeted as the subject matter. Essentially, the topic would be "Modeling of Gas Flow through a Braided Carbon Fiber Rope". An AIAA journal or conference paper is being considered through Thiokol/NASA as well. A sub-scale CFR flow test fixture was designed to simulate the relative levels of CFR compression. The test fixture provides the means to measure gas mass flow rate upstream of the CFR and the pressure and temperature both upstream and downstream of the CFR. The test fixture was designed to eliminate the possibility of dynamic gapping at the CFR location and provide minimal flow resistance to ambient for gases exiting the rope. The data collected in the experiment will be evaluated to define a permeability/flow resistance model. Two possibilities exist for the flow characteristics through the CFR from choked flow to strictly friction driven. A test matrix for evaluating the CFR has been compiled, which addresses both of these characteristics. The range of pressures to be tested covers a relatively low delta pressure where non-choked flow is impossible, while the high pressure shown is dictated by the RSRM joint operating pressure where choking is possible. The test matrix, was also designed for a range of rope compressions or test fixture gaps ranging from 0.025" to 0.070". These gaps are controlled by the range of RSRM full-scale hardware joint gaps that will be expected by virtue of the joint design.
Heman, J. R. C.↗
Greenland Geothermal Heat Flow Database and Map (Version 1)
We compile and analyze all available geothermal heat flow measurements collected in and around Greenland into a new database of 419 sites and generate an accompanying spatial map. This database includes 290 sites previously reported by the International Heat Flow Commission (IHFC), for which we now standardize measurement and metadata quality. This database also includes 129 new sites, which have not been previously reported by the IHFC. These new sites consist of 88 offshore measurements and 41 onshore measurements, of which 24 are subglacial. We employ machine learning to synthesize these in situ measurements into a gridded geothermal heat flow model that is consistent across both continental and marine areas in and around Greenland. This model has a native horizontal resolution of 55 km. In comparison to five existing Greenland geothermal heat flow models, our model has the lowest mean geothermal heat flow for Greenland onshore areas. Our modeled heat flow in central North Greenland is highly sensitive to whether the NGRIP (North GReenland Ice core Project) elevated heat flow anomaly is included in the training dataset. Our model's most distinctive spatial feature is pronounced low geothermal heat flow (< 40 mW m−2) across the North Atlantic Craton of southern Greenland. Crucially, our model does not show an area of elevated heat flow that might be interpreted as remnant from the Icelandic plume track. Finally, we discuss the substantial influence of paleoclimatic and other corrections on geothermal heat flow measurements in Greenland. The in situ measurement database and gridded heat flow model, as well as other supporting materials, are freely available from the GEUS Dataverse (https://doi.org/10.22008/FK2/F9P03L; Colgan and Wansing, 2021).
William Colgan↗
Computational aeroelasticity
Recent large-scale studies of computational unsteady aerodynamics for aeroelastic applications are reviewed. The variety of fluid dynamic flow models available to address such computations are illustrated in two cases: (1) 2D Navier-Stokes (NS) equations illustrating the highest level of modeling usually employed and (2) the transonic small-disturbance potential equation representing the entry level for nonlinear flow modeling. Estimates of computer resources necessary to produce accurate converged results are given. Application of potential and NS equation codes for flows which are generally at lower angles and high speeds are addressed, including (1) the treatment of wings and configuration details using potential equation codes and (2) recent NS code calculations of complete vehicle configurations. Attention is given to high-angle conditions involving separated vortex-dominated flows. Accuracy requirements for vortex shedding over airfoils is discussed and the calculation of vorticity convected over significant distances is addressed. Steady CFD computations about delta wings at high angles are given, including a discussion of the required level of fluid dynamic flow modeling. Recent results on unsteady 'buffetlike flow' about complete vehicle models are reviewed.
Edwards, John W.↗
Progress and challenges in modeling turbulent aerodynamic flows
Progress in modeling external aerodynamic flows achieved by using computations and experiments designed to guide turbulence modeling is presented. The computational procedures emphasize utilization of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and various statistical modeling approaches. Developments for including the influence of compressibility are provided; they point up some of the complexities involved in modeling high-speed flows. Examples of complementary studies that provide the status, limitations, and future challenges of modeling for transonic, supersonic, and hypersonic flows are given.
Marvin, Joseph G.↗
On the flow-stress model of Preston, Tonks, and Wallace - Observations, parameter constraints, and implementations (Rev. 1)
A detailed discussion about the PTW flow-stress model has been presented, including theoretical considerations, model calibrations to experimental data, and model implementations in LANL ASC hydro-codes. The main findings are: In order to reproduce the intended behavior of the PTW model at high strain rates, the following conditions on the model parameters need to be valid: y 1 ≥ s 0 and y 2 ≥ β ; When the conditions above are not satisfied, PTW and PTW_Mod1 have slightly different behavior in the phonon-drag regime, and should be treated as different models. PTW exhibits a discontinuity above the critical strain rate. PTW_Mod1 does not show such a discontinuity but implies a different strain-rate dependence at high strain rates. Examples of this behavior include older calibrations for stainless steel and depleted uranium; In the thermal-activation regime, some flexibility was introduced in the original PTW model to allow for different rate-dependent behaviors at intermediate strain rates. Example: copper. However, many material calibrations do not require this extra flexibility, and the complexity and ambiguity of the intended behavior can be partially blamed for the inconsistent model implementations across ASC codes; The limit for the material constant p going to zero is well defined and leads to a simplified flow-stress equation, discontinuity free; Modern calibrations of the PTW parameters are done using Impala. Constraints on the PTW parameters are enforced; Implementation of the PTW model in LANL ASC hydro-codes suffered of several shortcom ings. At the time of writing, FLAG and xRAGE contain consistent and correct implemen tations of the PTW and PTW_Mod1 models. Corresponding changes to Pagosa have been suggested.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Comparison of PDF and Moment Closure Methods in the Modeling of Turbulent Reacting Flows
In modeling turbulent reactive flows, Probability Density Function (PDF) methods have an advantage over the more traditional moment closure schemes in that the PDF formulation treats the chemical reaction source terms exactly, while moment closure methods are required to model the mean reaction rate. The common model used is the laminar chemistry approximation, where the effects of turbulence on the reaction are assumed negligible. For flows with low turbulence levels and fast chemistry, the difference between the two methods can be expected to be small. However for flows with finite rate chemistry and high turbulence levels, significant errors can be expected in the moment closure method. In this paper, the ability of the PDF method and the moment closure scheme to accurately model a turbulent reacting flow is tested. To accomplish this, both schemes were used to model a CO/H2/N2- air piloted diffusion flame near extinction. Identical thermochemistry, turbulence models, initial conditions and boundary conditions are employed to ensure a consistent comparison can be made. The results of the two methods are compared to experimental data as well as to each other. The comparison reveals that the PDF method provides good agreement with the experimental data, while the moment closure scheme incorrectly shows a broad, laminar-like flame structure.
Norris, Andrew T.↗
Developments in Impeller/Seal Secondary Flow Path Modeling for Dynamic Force Coefficients and Leakage
This paper highlights bulk flow and CFD-based models prepared to calculate force and leakage properties for seals and shrouded impeller leakage paths. The bulk flow approach uses a Hir's based friction model and the CFD approach solves the Navier Stoke's (NS) equation with a finite whirl orbit or via analytical perturbation. The results show good agreement in most instances with available benchmarks.
Palazzolo, Alan↗
Highly-scalable GPU-accelerated compressible reacting flow solver for modeling high-speed flows
Emerging supercomputing systems utilize a combination of central processing units (CPUs) and graphics processing units (GPUs) in an effort to reach exascale capabilities while minimizing the energy footprint of operating such systems. Such heterogeneous machines introduce new challenges for fluids solvers because the hardware architecture and operation of a GPU are fundamentally different from conventional CPUs. In this work, a general approach for efficient implementation of finite-volume based reacting flow solvers on such heterogeneous systems is presented. Three main challenges, namely, data access pattern, thread divergence, and thread safety, are addressed. Since compressible reacting flows require special methods to deal with chemical reactions, hyperbolic and nonlinear convection terms, and the presence of turbulence, specific algorithms that ensure GPU-based efficiency are developed. The approach is demonstrated on the widely available OpenFOAM open source software by modifying core algorithms for GPU accessibility. The scalability of the resulting solver, is demonstrated using practical test cases, including flow through a scramjet engine and the dynamics of a rotating detonation engine. Here, the solver provides near-ideal scaleup on a large number of GPUs (>3000), and extremely efficient use of the GPUs, with throughput nearly a constant even when processing a large number of control volumes.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Operation Optimization using Reinforcement Learning with Integrated Artificial Reasoning Framework
In large and complex systems, operational decision-making requires a systematic analysis with a vast amount of data from both process parameters and component status monitoring. In this paper, we present an integrated artificial reasoning approach for system state transition models that can help operational decision-making with explainable and traceable reasoning. The integrated artificial reasoning framework is a physics-based approach of defining the system structure in a Bayesian network, so we leveraged it in a Markov decision process (MDP) for finding optimal operational solutions. In our proposed framework, the MDP is implemented on a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN), which represents causalities in a system. The multilevel flow modeling was utilized in order to extract these causalities in a more efficient and objective manner. Since multilevel flow modeling is based on the fundamental energy and mass conservation laws, the target system is decomposed into several mass, energy, and information structures, which serve as the basis for a DBN. The MDP consists of the processes of finding a solution for the Bellman equation, which can be derived from the conditional probability equations of the constructed DBN. System operators can capture stochastic system dynamics as multiple subsystem state transitions based on their physical relations and uncertainties coming from the component degradation process or random failures. We analyzed a simplified example system to illustrate finding an optimal operational policy with this approach.
99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗