Development, construction and qualification tests of the Mu2e electromagnetic calorimeter mechanical structures
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Atanov, N.↗
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Physical and mechanical properties study of CsI scintillation crystals and design of the mechanical structure for the Mu2e Electromagnetic Calorimeter at Fermilab
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Pasciuto, Daniele↗
Analysis of Electromagnetic Calorimeters and Application to the Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering Experiment at Hall C of Jefferson Lab.
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Hamdi, Wassim [Monastir University]↗
Strip-based Scintillation Detector for Dual-readout High-granularity Calorimetry
New calorimeter technology is being developed for future collider experiments. We are developing a calorimeter that integrates two technologies, a high-granularity calorimeter and a dual-readout calorimeter, and has high time resolution at a picosecond level. The proposed calorimeter is a sampling calorimeter based on scintillation and Cherenkov detectors with high-granularity readout. The Cherenkov detector has a picosecond level time resolution. For the high-granularity scintillation detector, scintillator strips of 300mm × 30mm ×3mm-thick are aligned horizontally and vertically to realize an effective 30mm-square-cell segmentation. Prototype strips with different designs and scintillator materials were tested to compare the performance.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Neutral Pion Electroproduction and development of a Neutral Particle Spectrometer
Protons and neutrons, i.e. nucleons, are the basic building blocks of the matter in the visible universe. The strong force binds the nucleons to form nuclei. The electromagnetic force forms the atoms by binding the electrons with the nuclei. The electromagnetic interaction is well understood by Quantum Electrodynamics (QED), which shows the most precise predictability amongst all the theories in physics. In QED, charges interact with each other by exchanging photons. The Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) describes the strong interaction. Its degrees of freedom are quarks and gluons, the fundamental constituents of the nucleons. The quarks interact with each other by exchanging gluons. However, unlike QED, the gluons interact amongst themselves. This feature of self bindings of the gluons confines the quarks and gluons in the nucleons/hadrons, never to be seen as free. In order to study some of the features of QCD, such as confinement or the structure of the nucleon, one usually needs to rely on experiments. Electromagnetic probes, governed by the well-understood QED, are excellent tools to probe the nucleon. In general, different scales, e.g. electron beam energies, probe different regions of the nucleon. At low energy, of the order of a few GeV, the electron probes the nucleon in the valence quark region. As its energy increases, the electron probes the sea quark and gluon regions. The study of the nucleon structure in all these regions is needed to fully understand QCD. Form factors and parton distribution functions measured from elastic scattering and deep inelastic scattering of leptons off nucleons have provided a partial view of the internal structure of the nucleon. In the mid-1990s, Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) were developed. These new objects are a generalization of the form factors and parton distribution functions, but contain richer information on the nucleon internal structure. GPDs are accessible experimentally by deep exclusive reactions. Deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) and deeply virtual meson production (DVMP) are some examples. The first dedicated DVCS/DVMP experiment took place in 2004 in Hall A at The Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, i.e. Jefferson Lab, in Virginia, U.S.A. A new DVCS/DVMP experiment, after the beam energy upgrade of Jefferson Lab, was carried out in Hall A in a wider kinematic range. Its data were taken from 2014 to 2016. In Hall C at Jefferson Lab, the next DVCS/DVMP experiment will take place. The Hall C experiment will further exploit the kinematic range with higher precision. A Neutral Particle Spectrometer (NPS) is in development to measure DVCS/DVMP events under high background conditions. Jefferson Lab will provide the highest precision data in the valence quark region for various exclusive reactions. The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) is a future experimental facility currently planned to start operations around 2030 in the U.S.A. Its high energy and high luminosity will probe the sea quark and gluon regions providing answers to the outstanding questions of QCD, in particular in the region where matter is dominated by gluons. First of all, this document describes the data analysis and results of the Hall A neutral pion electroproduction off the proton, from the data taken in 2014-2016. Later, some of the developments towards the construction of the electromagnetic calorimeter of the NPS for the upcoming DVCS/DVMP experiment in Hall C are presented. Finally, one of the candidate materials for the EIC calorimeter, a glass scintillator, will be briefly introduced. I have participated to all these projects, in collaboration with many colleagues. I present in this thesis my contributions to each of these projects. My contributions to the neutral pion data analysis were focused on background subtractions on the calorimeter, acceptance calculations, and the estimation of the systematic uncertainty associated to the event selection cuts. Some necessary information on calibrations of the detectors and data analysis methods are also described. In the NPS project, I performed background dose calculations and energy and position resolution studies of the calorimeter, all using Monte Carlo simulations, with realistic geometries of the experimental apparatus. Characterization of the crystals of the calorimeter was also done. Additionally, I measured the radiation hardness of some glass scintillator in its early stage of development. In order to have a future reference when the glass calorimeter prototype will be tested, I simulated the energy resolution of the prototype.
Ko, Ho-San↗
Construction and commissioning of CMS CE prototype silicon modules
As part of its HL-LHC upgrade program, the CMS collaboration is developing a High Granularity Calorimeter (CE) to replace the existing endcap calorimeters. The CE is a sampling calorimeter with unprecedented transverse and longitudinal readout for both electromagnetic (CEE) and hadronic (CE-H) compartments. The calorimeter will be built with ~30,000 hexagonal silicon modules. Prototype modules have been constructed with 6-inch hexagonal silicon sensors with cell areas of 1.1 cm 2 , and the SKIROC2-CMS readout ASIC. Beam tests of different sampling configurations were conducted with the prototype modules at DESY and CERN in 2017 and 2018. This paper describes the construction and commissioning of the CE calorimeter prototype, the silicon modules used in the construction, their basic performance, and the methods used for their calibration.
Calorimeters↗
Design and simulated performance of calorimetry systems for the ECCE detector at the electron ion collider
Here, we describe the design and performance the calorimeter systems used in the ECCE detector to achieve the overall performance specifications cost-effectively with careful consideration of appropriate technical and schedule risks. The calorimeter systems consist of three electromagnetic calorimeters, covering the combined pseudorapidity range from -3.7 to 3.8 and two hadronic calorimeters covering a combined range of -1.1<η<3.8. Key calorimeter performances which include energy and position resolutions, reconstruction efficiency, and particle identification will be presented.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Development of High-Granularity Dual-Readout Calorimetry with psec Timing
Dual-readout and particle flow algorithm (PFA) are technologies proposed for precise jet energy measurement in future colliders. While PFA requires highly granular calorimeters, dual-readout has mainly been used with fiber-based calorimeters that do not have highly segmented capabilities. It is still non-trivial to combine these two technologies in one calorimeter system because of the use of fibers in most of the dualreadout calorimeters, which is not compatible with the high granularity requirement of PFA technologies. The aim of this study is to develop a novel calorimetry that combines dual-readout and PFA by adopting a highly segmented tile-based configuration. This paper compares the improvement of energy resolution using dual-readout approach across several configurations of highly granular hadron calorimeters through simulation. Results indicate that setups with fine sampling and close placement of scintillators and Cherenkov detectors improve dual-readout performance.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Study of muons near shower cores at sea level using the E594 neutrino detector
The E594 neutrino detector has been used to study the lateral distribution of muons of energy 3 GeV near shower cores. The detector consists of a 340 ton fine grain calorimeter with 400,000 cells of flash chamber and dimensions of 3.7 m x 20 m x 3.7 m (height). The average density in the calorimeter is 1.4 gm/sq cm, and the average Z is 21. The detector was triggered by four 0.6 sq m scintillators placed immediately on the top of the calorimeter. The trigger required at least two of these four counters. The accompanying extensive air showers (EAS) was sampled by 14 scintillation counters located up to 15 m from the calorimeter. Several off line cuts have been applied to the data. Demanding five particles in at least two of the trigger detectors, a total of 20 particles in all of them together, and an arrival angle for the shower 450 deg reduced the data sample to 11053 events. Of these in 4869 cases, a computer algorithm found at least three muons in the calorimeter.
Goodman, J. A.↗
EXCLUSIVE NEUTRAL PION ELECTROPRODUCTION CROSS SECTION MEASUREMENTSWITHANEUTRALPARTICLE SPECTROMETER
Deep Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS), the exclusive electron-proton scattering process ep ¿e'p'¿, provides access to generalized parton distributions (GPDs), which correlate information about the longitudinal momentum and transverse spatial structure of quarks inside the nucleon. Experiment E12-13-010 in Hall C at Jefferson Lab was designed to take high-precision measurements of the DVCS cross section over an extended kinematic range using the newly commissioned Neutral Particle Spectrometer (NPS). The NPS features a high-resolution electromagnetic calorimeter and a streaming data acquisition system optimized for operation at high luminosities. This thesis presents the detector and analysis work carried out to support the NPS DVCS program. In particular, it focuses on the hardware design, calibration, and performance of the calorimeter. A development of a waveform reconstruction analysis of the calorimeter signals enabled improved extraction of pulse amplitudes and times. The waveform analysis was also extended to operate in a multithreaded environment, substantially reducing processing time for large datasets. Analysis of exclusive neutral pion electroproduction events in the calorimeter gives a strong validation of the calorimeter’s performance and resolution. Together these developments establish a foundation for future analyses and extraction of the DVCS cross section and its use in constraining the GPDs.
Kerver, Mitchell [Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA ↗
The Mu2e Digitizer ReAdout Controller (DiRAC): characterization and radiation hardness
The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will search for the neutrino-less coherent conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of a nucleus. Mu2e detectors comprise a straw tracker, an electromagnetic calorimeter and a veto for cosmic rays. The calorimeter employs 1348 Cesium Iodide crystals readout by silicon photo-multipliers and fast front-end, and digitization electronics. The digitization board is named DiRAC (Digitizer ReAdout Controller) and 140 cards are needed for the readout of the full calorimeter. The DiRACs are hosted in crates located on the external surface of calorimeter disks, inside the detector solenoid cryostat and must sustain very high radiation and magnetic field so it was necessary to fully qualify it. Several version of prototypes were validated for operation in a high-vacuum (10−4 Torr) and under a 1T magnetic field. An extensive radiation hardness qualification campaign, carried out with photons, 14 MeV neutron beams, and 200 MeV protons, certified the DiRAC design to sustain doses up to 12 Krad, neutron fluences up to ∼ 1011 1 MeV neq/cm2, and very low occurrences of single-event effects. The qualification campaigns and quality assurance procedures will be reviewed.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Characterization of nuclear breakup as a function of hard-scattering kinematics using dijets measured by ATLAS in p+Pb collisions
This Letter analyzes the sensitivity of event geometry estimators to the initial-state kinematics of hard scattering in proton–lead collisions. This analysis uses dijets as a proxy for the parton–parton scattering configuration, correlating it with event geometry estimators, namely the energy deposited in the Zero-Degree Calorimeter and the transverse energy recorded in the Forward Calorimeter in the Pb-going direction. The analysis uses data recorded by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider with a nucleon–nucleon center-of-mass energy of 8.16 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 56 nb − 1 . The jets are measured within the pseudorapidity interval −2.8 < η < 4.5, where positive η values correspond to the direction of the proton beam. Results are presented as a function of the Bjorken-x of the parton originating from the proton, xp . Both event geometry estimators are found to be dependent on xp , with the energy deposited in the Zero-Degree Calorimeter about six times less sensitive to xp compared with the transverse energy deposited in the Forward Calorimeter.
Aad, G↗
Calorimetry with deep learning: particle simulation and reconstruction for collider physics
Using detailed simulations of calorimeter showers as training data, we investigate the use of deep learning algorithms for the simulation and reconstruction of single isolated particles produced in high-energy physics collisions. We train neural networks on single-particle shower data at the calorimeter-cell level, and show significant improvements for simulation and reconstruction when using these networks compared to methods which rely on currently-used state-of-the-art algorithms. We define two models: an end-to-end reconstruction network which performs simultaneous particle identification and energy regression of particles when given calorimeter shower data, and a generative network which can provide reasonable modeling of calorimeter showers for different particle types at specified angles and energies. We investigate the optimization of our models with hyperparameter scans. Furthermore, we demonstrate the applicability of the reconstruction model to shower inputs from other detector geometries, specifically ATLAS-like and CMS-like geometries. These networks can serve as fast and computationally light methods for particle shower simulation and reconstruction for current and future experiments at particle colliders.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Experimental Results of 2-m Heptane, Bakken Crude Oil, and Dilbit Crude Oil Pool Fire Tests Performed for the National Research Council of Canada
This report provides results from a series of 2-m pool fire experiments performed in the Thermal Test Complex at Sandia National Laboratories testing heptane, Bakken crude oil, and dilbit crude oil. The effect of the presence and placement of a calorimeter, fuel supply temperature, and maintaining a constant fuel level were assessed. Measurements include burn rate, surface emissive power, flame height, heat flux to an engulfed calorimeter, heat flux to external instruments, thermocouple temperatures within the fuel and fire plume, and heat release rate. The results indicate that the presence and placement of the calorimeter has the most effect on the measured quantities for the Bakken crude oil and indicated no effect for the Dilbit crude oil. The fuel feed temperature had a slight effect for the heptane fuel, but not for the crude oils. Allowing the fuel to burn down did not have a significant effect on any of the fuels. The Bakken crude oil resulted in the highest average total heat flux to the calorimeter by a factor of about 1.5 and 1.3 higher compared to heptane and the dilbit crude oil, respectively.
02 PETROLEUM↗
Crystal Calorimetry for Charged Lepton Flavor Violation Searches
The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab aims to search for Charged Lepton Flavor Violation (CLFV) through the coherent conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus. This process, highly suppressed in the Standard Model, would clearly indicate new physics if observed. A crucial component of Mu2e is its electromagnetic calorimeter, which enhances the identification and measurement of conversion electrons. The calorimeter consists of two disks of undoped CsI crystals read out by custom-designed SiPMs and fast front-end electronics. This paper presents an overview of the calorimeter’s design, its custom SiPM technology, the readout and data acquisition system, and the results from commissioning tests.Building on the experience from Mu2e, the proposed Mu2e-II upgrade aims to enhance further the experiment’s sensitivity by an order of magnitude. This requires significant advancements in calorimeter technology, particularly in crystal materials and photodetector performance. Studies on BaF$_2$ and LYSO crystals, as well as the development of radiation-hard Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs), are currently underway. Test beam results demonstrate promising improvements in energy resolution and timing capabilities, ensuring the feasibility of next-generation calorimetry solutions for Mu2e-II.
Atanov, N. [Dubna, JINR]↗
The IDEA detector concept for FCC-ee
A detector concept, named IDEA, optimized for the physics and running conditions at the FCC-ee is presented. After discussing the expected running conditions and the main physics drivers, a detailed description of the individual sub-detectors is given. These include: a very light tracking system with a powerful vertex detector inside a large drift chamber surrounded by a silicon wrapper, a high resolution dual readout crystal electromagnetic calorimeter, an HTS based superconducting solenoid, a dual readout fiber calorimeter and three layers of muon chambers embedded in the magnet flux return yoke. Some examples of the expected detector performance, based on fast and full simulation, are also given.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
An instrument to measure the spectrum of cosmic ray iron and other nuclei to above 100 GeV-nucleon
A balloon-borne detector system for extending the study of cosmic ray composition to the energy region beyond 100 GeV/nucleon is described. The instrument incorporates an ionization calorimeter and a gas Cherenkov counter filled with freon for the determination of energies, and a charge module, consisting of scintillation and a lucite Cherenkov counter, for determining the charge of the incoming particle. The scintillators were utilized to determine the position of the incoming particle in addition to its charge. The characteristics of these detectors with respect to resolution, and the methods employed in laboratory calibration, cross-checks with flight data and actual performance in the flights are described in detail. Monte Carlo simulation of the ionization calorimeter and comparison of the response of the calorimeter and gas Cherenkov counter for complex nuclei was used to convert the observed calorimeter signal to absolute energy in a consistent manner.
Arens, J. F.↗
Development of a Broad High-Energy Gamma-Ray Telescope using Silicon Strip Detectors
The research effort has led to the development and demonstration of technology to enable the design and construction of a next-generation high-energy gamma-ray telescope that operates in the pair-production regime (E greater than 10 MeV). In particular, the technology approach developed is based on silicon-strip detector technology. A complete instrument concept based on this technology for the pair-conversion tracker and the use of CsI(T1) crystals for the calorimeter is now the baseline instrument concept for the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) mission. GLAST is NASA's proposed high-energy gamma-ray mission designed to operate in the energy range from 10 MeV to approximately 300 GeV. GLAST, with nearly 100 times the sensitivity of EGRET, operates through pair conversion of gamma-rays and measurement of the direction and energy of the resulting e (+) - e (-) shower. The baseline design, developed with support from NASA includes a charged particle anticoincidence shield, a tracker/converter made of thin sheets of high-Z material interspersed with Si strip detectors, a CsI calorimeter and a programmable data trigger and acquisition system. The telescope is assembled as an array of modules or towers. Each tower contains elements of the tracker, calorimeter, and anticoincidence system. As originally proposed, the telescope design had 49 modules. In the more optimized design that emerged at the end of the grant period the individual modules are larger and the total number in the GLAST array is 25. Also the calorimeter design was advanced substantially to the point that it has a self-contained imaging capability, albeit much cruder than the tracker.
Michelson, Peter F.↗