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At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Cs3Sn4Au by Materials Project

Cs3AuSn4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pmmn space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Cs sites. In the first Cs site, Cs is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to three Sn atoms. There are one shorter (3.76 Å) and two longer (3.88 Å) Cs–Sn bond lengths. In the second Cs site, Cs is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Au and four equivalent Sn atoms. Both Cs–Au bond lengths are 4.01 Å. There are two shorter (3.77 Å) and two longer (4.34 Å) Cs–Sn bond lengths. Au is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Cs and four Sn atoms. There are two shorter (2.81 Å) and two longer (2.82 Å) Au–Sn bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Sn sites. In the first Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to four Cs, one Au, and three Sn atoms. There are two shorter (3.00 Å) and one longer (3.07 Å) Sn–Sn bond lengths. In the second Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Cs, one Au, and two equivalent Sn atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Cs2UTa6(Cl5O)3 by Materials Project

Cs2UTa6(OCl5)3 crystallizes in the trigonal P-31c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Cs is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to twelve Cl atoms. There are a spread of Cs–Cl bond distances ranging from 3.52–4.02 Å. U is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three equivalent O and six equivalent Cl atoms. All U–O bond lengths are 2.33 Å. All U–Cl bond lengths are 3.18 Å. Ta is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to one O and four Cl atoms. The Ta–O bond length is 2.03 Å. There are a spread of Ta–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.48–2.61 Å. O is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one U and two equivalent Ta atoms. There are three inequivalent Cl sites. In the first Cl site, Cl is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Cs, one U, and one Ta atom. In the second Cl site, Cl is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Cs and two equivalent Ta atoms. In the third Cl site, Cl is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Cs and two equivalent Ta atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CsTmBr3 by Materials Project

CsTmBr3 is (Cubic) Perovskite-like structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal P4/mbm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Cs is bonded to twelve Br atoms to form CsBr12 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve equivalent CsBr12 cuboctahedra, faces with six equivalent CsBr12 cuboctahedra, and faces with eight equivalent TmBr6 octahedra. There are a spread of Cs–Br bond distances ranging from 3.81–4.13 Å. Tm is bonded to six Br atoms to form TmBr6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent TmBr6 octahedra and faces with eight equivalent CsBr12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–9°. All Tm–Br bond lengths are 2.81 Å. There are two inequivalent Br sites. In the first Br site, Br is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to four equivalent Cs and two equivalent Tm atoms. In the second Br site, Br is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Cs and two equivalent Tm atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CsDyBr3 by Materials Project

CsDyBr3 crystallizes in the tetragonal P4/mbm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Cs is bonded to twelve Br atoms to form distorted CsBr12 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve equivalent CsBr12 cuboctahedra, faces with six equivalent CsBr12 cuboctahedra, and faces with eight equivalent DyBr6 octahedra. There are a spread of Cs–Br bond distances ranging from 3.80–4.27 Å. Dy is bonded to six Br atoms to form DyBr6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent DyBr6 octahedra and faces with eight equivalent CsBr12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–13°. There are four shorter (2.85 Å) and two longer (2.86 Å) Dy–Br bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Br sites. In the first Br site, Br is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to four equivalent Cs and two equivalent Dy atoms. In the second Br site, Br is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Cs and two equivalent Dy atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CsFe3P3O14 by Materials Project

CsFe3P3O14 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Cs is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten O atoms. There are a spread of Cs–O bond distances ranging from 3.26–3.49 Å. There are two inequivalent Fe sites. In the first Fe site, Fe is bonded to six O atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent PO4 tetrahedra, corners with two equivalent FeO5 trigonal bipyramids, and an edgeedge with one PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.97–2.14 Å. In the second Fe site, Fe is bonded to five O atoms to form FeO5 trigonal bipyramids that share a cornercorner with one FeO6 octahedra and corners with five PO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 48°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.90–2.11 Å. There are two inequivalent P sites. In the first P site, P is bonded to four O atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent FeO5 trigonal bipyramids and an edgeedge with one FeO6 octahedra. There is two shorter (1.54 Å) and two longer (1.57 Å) P–O bond length. In the second P site, P is bonded to four O atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one FeO6 octahedra and corners with three equivalent FeO5 trigonal bipyramids. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 46°. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.54–1.56 Å. There are seven inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Cs, one Fe, and one P atom. In the second O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Cs, one Fe, and one P atom. In the third O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cs and one Fe atom. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Cs, one Fe, and one P atom. In the fifth O site, O is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Fe and one P atom. In the sixth O site, O is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Cs, one Fe, and one P atom. In the seventh O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Fe and one P atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

A novel methodology to integrate outcomes regarding perioperative pain experience into a composite score: Prediction model development and validation

Abstract Background An integrated score that globally assesses perioperative pain experience and rationally weights each component has not yet been developed. Methods A development dataset specific to adult Chinese patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery was obtained from PAIN OUT (1985 qualified patients of 2244). A more recent validation dataset obeying the same conditions was obtained from the Chinese Anaesthesia Shared‐database Platform (1004 qualified patients of 1032). Outcomes were assessed using the International Pain Outcomes Questionnaire (IPO‐Q), which comprises key patient‐level outcomes of perioperative pain management, including pain experience and perceptions of care. Using principal component analysis and regression models, a composite score (CS) was inferred to integrate pain experience. The discrimination of the CS for dissatisfaction and desire for more pain treatment was compared with that of the worst pain score. Results A CS was developed from the 12 items of the IPO‐Q regarding pain experience. The weight for calculating the CS was worst pain 11, least pain 17, time spent in severe pain 11, interference with activity in bed 9, interference with breathing deeply or coughing 10, interference with sleep 9, anxiety 12, helplessness 12, nausea 0, drowsiness 2, itch 5 and dizziness 2. In external validation, the CS indicated superior discrimination to the worst pain in predicting dissatisfaction ( p < 0.001) and desire for more pain treatment ( p < 0.001). Conclusions This study introduced a methodology to integrate outcomes regarding perioperative pain experience into a CS, which was based on the weight of each item. Significance This novel methodology sheds additional light on the riveting issue of carefully integrating several measures into a composite endpoint, which may be useful for quality improvement purposes when addressing the impact of a change in clinical practice.

Jiang, Bailin↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CsMg6Mo by Materials Project

CsMg6Mo crystallizes in the orthorhombic Amm2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Cs is bonded to ten Mg and two equivalent Mo atoms to form a mixture of distorted face and corner-sharing CsMg10Mo2 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Cs–Mg bond distances ranging from 3.27–3.42 Å. Both Cs–Mo bond lengths are 3.67 Å. There are four inequivalent Mg sites. In the first Mg site, Mg is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Cs, seven Mg, and two equivalent Mo atoms. There are a spread of Mg–Mg bond distances ranging from 2.87–3.38 Å. Both Mg–Mo bond lengths are 3.04 Å. In the second Mg site, Mg is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Cs and ten Mg atoms. There are four shorter (3.22 Å) and two longer (3.25 Å) Mg–Mg bond lengths. In the third Mg site, Mg is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Cs, six Mg, and one Mo atom. Both Mg–Mg bond lengths are 3.29 Å. The Mg–Mo bond length is 2.83 Å. In the fourth Mg site, Mg is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to ten Mg and two equivalent Mo atoms. Both Mg–Mo bond lengths are 3.41 Å. Mo is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Cs and eight Mg atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Cs2CeTa6(Br5O)3 by Materials Project

Cs2CeTa6(OBr5)3 crystallizes in the trigonal P-31c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Cs is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to twelve Br atoms. There are a spread of Cs–Br bond distances ranging from 3.72–4.25 Å. Ce is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three equivalent O and six equivalent Br atoms. All Ce–O bond lengths are 2.56 Å. All Ce–Br bond lengths are 3.31 Å. Ta is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one O and four Br atoms. The Ta–O bond length is 1.99 Å. There are a spread of Ta–Br bond distances ranging from 2.61–2.79 Å. O is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Ce and two equivalent Ta atoms. There are three inequivalent Br sites. In the first Br site, Br is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Cs, one Ce, and one Ta atom. In the second Br site, Br is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Cs and two equivalent Ta atoms. In the third Br site, Br is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Cs and two equivalent Ta atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Cs2Na6Al6Ge7O30 by Materials Project

Cs2Na6Al6Ge7O30 crystallizes in the trigonal P3 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Cs sites. In the first Cs site, Cs is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six equivalent O atoms. There are three shorter (3.19 Å) and three longer (3.64 Å) Cs–O bond lengths. In the second Cs site, Cs is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six equivalent O atoms. There are three shorter (3.19 Å) and three longer (3.65 Å) Cs–O bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Na sites. In the first Na site, Na is bonded to five O atoms to form distorted NaO5 square pyramids that share corners with three AlO4 tetrahedra, corners with three GeO4 tetrahedra, corners with two equivalent NaO5 trigonal bipyramids, and an edgeedge with one GeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.34–2.58 Å. In the second Na site, Na is bonded to five O atoms to form distorted NaO5 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with two equivalent GeO6 octahedra, corners with two equivalent NaO5 square pyramids, corners with three AlO4 tetrahedra, and corners with three GeO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 21–62°. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.38–2.49 Å. There are two inequivalent Al sites. In the first Al site, Al is bonded to four O atoms to form AlO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent NaO5 square pyramids, corners with four GeO4 tetrahedra, and a cornercorner with one NaO5 trigonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.76–1.78 Å. In the second Al site, Al is bonded to four O atoms to form AlO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one NaO5 square pyramid, corners with four GeO4 tetrahedra, and corners with two equivalent NaO5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.76–1.78 Å. There are three inequivalent Ge sites. In the first Ge site, Ge is bonded to four O atoms to form GeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent NaO5 square pyramids, corners with four AlO4 tetrahedra, and a cornercorner with one NaO5 trigonal bipyramid. There is two shorter (1.76 Å) and two longer (1.77 Å) Ge–O bond length. In the second Ge site, Ge is bonded to four O atoms to form GeO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one NaO5 square pyramid, corners with four AlO4 tetrahedra, and corners with two equivalent NaO5 trigonal bipyramids. There is one shorter (1.76 Å) and three longer (1.77 Å) Ge–O bond length. In the third Ge site, Ge is bonded to six O atoms to form GeO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent NaO5 trigonal bipyramids and edges with three equivalent NaO5 square pyramids. There is three shorter (1.86 Å) and three longer (1.88 Å) Ge–O bond length. There are ten inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Na, one Al, and one Ge atom. In the second O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Na, one Al, and one Ge atom. In the third O site, O is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to two Na and one Ge atom. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to two Na and one Ge atom. In the fifth O site, O is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Cs, one Al, and one Ge atom. In the sixth O site, O is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Cs, one Al, and one Ge atom. In the seventh O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Na, one Al, and one Ge atom. In the eighth O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Na, one Al, and one Ge atom. In the ninth O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Na, one Al, and one Ge atom. In the tenth O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Na, one Al, and one Ge atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Empirical evidence that mean soil contaminant concentration is not a conservative indicator of external exposure to wildlife

Adequate information on external exposure is often a limiting factor in ecological risk assessments because of a lack of exposure data for free-ranging animals as they interact with a heterogeneous distribution of contaminants. Instead, most wildlife exposure data are estimated from model simulations. However, empirical exposure data are rarely available to verify model results, or to test fundamental assumptions inherent in exposure assessments. We used novel, GPS-coupled radiation dosimeters on reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) to quantify their external exposure for five months in a Chernobyl fallout affected mountainous area of Norway. The exposure data were then used to test a fundamental assumption in screening-level risk assessments: Mean soil contaminant concentrations can be used to conservatively estimate chronic external exposures to representative animals. External exposure and GPS coordinates were obtained hourly and compared to model simulations of exposure based on airborne surveys of 137 Cs soil contamination. Our objectives were to determine 1) if modelled dose estimates based on mean 137 Cs soil concentrations were conservative, and 2) if modelled dose estimates could be improved by adjusting for spatial–temporal heterogeneity of contaminants using 137 Cs concentrations within reindeers’ GPS-defined home ranges and core areas. We found that external exposure modelled from mean soil contaminant concentrations underestimated exposure by 70% compared to empirical measurements from GPS-dosimeter collars worn on individual animals. Using area-weighted mean contaminant levels within the animals’ home range improved the model estimates, but still underestimated the field dosimeter data by 53%. The best estimate of external exposure was obtained when high-use areas within their home range, along with spatial heterogeneity of the contaminant, was accounted for by using area-weighted mean soil contaminant levels within GPS-derived core areas. Accounting for temporal use of core areas within animals’ home range provided a 24% improvement. Here, a comparison of our analyses to similar work performed on Chernobyl wolves found the two studies concur that risk assessors should be cautious in relying on the paradigm of using averaged soil contaminant levels to provide conservative estimates of external exposure to representative individuals. Results of modelled external exposure based on mean soil contaminant concentrations could misguide assessors and cause inappropriate management decisions.

63 RADIATION, THERMAL, AND OTHER ENVIRON. POLLUTAN↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Cs2In(IO3)6 by Materials Project

Cs2In(O3I)6 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Cs is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O atoms. There are a spread of Cs–O bond distances ranging from 3.09–3.32 Å. In is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six O atoms. There are four shorter (2.17 Å) and two longer (2.18 Å) In–O bond lengths. There are nine inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Cs, one In, and one I atom. The O–I bond length is 1.85 Å. In the second O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cs and one I atom. The O–I bond length is 1.83 Å. In the third O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cs and one I atom. The O–I bond length is 1.82 Å. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Cs, one In, and one I atom. The O–I bond length is 1.86 Å. In the fifth O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cs and one I atom. The O–I bond length is 1.83 Å. In the sixth O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cs and one I atom. The O–I bond length is 1.82 Å. In the seventh O site, O is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Cs, one In, and one I atom. The O–I bond length is 1.86 Å. In the eighth O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cs and one I atom. The O–I bond length is 1.82 Å. In the ninth O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cs and one I atom. The O–I bond length is 1.84 Å. There are three inequivalent I sites. In the first I site, I is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three O atoms. In the second I site, I is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three O atoms. In the third I site, I is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three O atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2021

Investigation of several proxies to estimate sulfuric acid concentration in volcanic plume conditions

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is commonly accepted as a key precursor for atmospheric new particle formation (NPF). However, direct measurements of [H2SO4] remain challenging, thus preventing the determination of this important quantity, and, consequently, a complete understanding of its contribution to the NPF process. Several proxies have been developed to bridge the gaps, but their ability to predict [H2SO4] in very specific conditions such as those encountered in volcanic plumes (including in particular high sulphur dioxide mixing ratios) has not been evaluated so far. In this context, the main objective of the present study was to develop new proxies for daytime [H2SO4] in volcanic plume conditions and compare their performance to that of the proxies available in the literature. In specific, the data collected at Maïdo during the OCTAVE 2018 campaign, in the volcanic eruption plume of the Piton de la Fournaise, were first used to derive seven proxies based on the knowledge of sulphur dioxide (SO2) mixing ratio, global radiation, condensation sink (CS) and relative humidity (RH). In three of the seven proxies (F1–F3), all variables were given equal weight in the prediction of [H2SO4], while adjusted powers were allowed for the different variables in the other four proxies (A1–A4). Proxies A1–A4 were overall found to perform better compared to F1–F3, with, in specific, improved predictive ability for [H2SO4] > 2 × 108 per cu.cm. The CS was observed to play an important role in regulating [H2SO4], while, in contrast, the inclusion of RH did not improve the predictions. A last expression accounting for an additional sink term related to cluster formation, S1, was also tested and showed a very good predictive ability over the whole range of measured [H2SO4]. The newly developed proxies were in a second step further evaluated using airborne measurements performed in the passive degassing plume of Etna during the STRAP 2016 campaign. Increased correlations between observed and predicted [H2SO4] were obtained when the dependence of predicted [H2SO4] over CS was the lowest, and when the dependence over [SO2] was concurrently the highest. The best predictions were finally retrieved by the simple formulation of F2 (in which [SO2] and radiation alone were assumed to explain the variations of [H2SO4] with equal contributions), with a pre factor adapted to the STRAP data. All in all, our results illustrate the fairly good capacity of the proxy available in the literature to describe [H2SO4] in volcanic plume conditions, but highlight at the same time the benefit of the newly developed proxies for the prediction of the highest concentrations ([H2SO4] > 2–3 × 108 per cu.cm). Also, the contrasting behaviours of the new proxies in the two investigated datasets indicate that in volcanic plumes like in other environments, the relevance of a proxy can be affected by changes in environmental conditions, and that location specific coefficients do logically improve the predictions.

new particle formation↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Cs3NaPb4 by Materials Project

Cs3NaPb4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmcm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Cs sites. In the first Cs site, Cs is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to seven Pb atoms. There are a spread of Cs–Pb bond distances ranging from 3.90–4.30 Å. In the second Cs site, Cs is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Pb atoms. There are a spread of Cs–Pb bond distances ranging from 4.28–4.40 Å. Na is bonded in a distorted hexagonal planar geometry to six Pb atoms. There are two shorter (3.33 Å) and four longer (3.40 Å) Na–Pb bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Pb sites. In the first Pb site, Pb is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to five Cs, two equivalent Na, and three Pb atoms. There are two shorter (3.17 Å) and one longer (3.33 Å) Pb–Pb bond lengths. In the second Pb site, Pb is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to six Cs, one Na, and three Pb atoms. The Pb–Pb bond length is 3.08 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Dark and Bright Excitons in Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets

Semiconductor nanoplatelets (NPLs), with their large exciton binding energy, narrow photoluminescence (PL), and absence of dielectric screening for photons emitted normal to the NPL surface, could be expected to become the fastest luminophores amongst all colloidal nanostructures. However, super-fast emission is suppressed by a dark (optically passive) exciton ground state, substantially split from a higher-lying bright (optically active) state. Here, the exciton fine structure in 2-8 monolayer (ML) thick Cs n - 1 Pb n Br 3n + 1 NPLs is revealed by merging temperature-resolved PL spectra and time-resolved PL decay with an effective mass model taking quantum confinement and dielectric confinement anisotropy into account. This approach exposes a thickness-dependent bright-dark exciton splitting reaching 32.3 meV for the 2 ML NPLs. The model also reveals a 5-16 meV splitting of the bright exciton states with transition dipoles polarized parallel and perpendicular to the NPL surfaces, the order of which is reversed for the thinnest NPLs, as confirmed by TR-PL measurements. Accordingly, the individual bright states must be taken into account, while the dark exciton state strongly affects the optical properties of the thinnest NPLs even at room temperature. Significantly, the derived model can be generalized for any isotropically or anisotropically confined nanostructure.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CsMg6BO7 by Materials Project

CsMg6BO7 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one CsMg6BO7 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. Cs is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O atoms. There are a spread of Cs–O bond distances ranging from 2.80–2.95 Å. There are six inequivalent Mg sites. In the first Mg site, Mg is bonded to five O atoms to form MgO5 square pyramids that share corners with four equivalent MgO5 square pyramids and edges with eight MgO6 octahedra. There are one shorter (1.96 Å) and four longer (2.14 Å) Mg–O bond lengths. In the second Mg site, Mg is bonded to six O atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent MgO6 octahedra, edges with four MgO6 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent MgO5 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 1°. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.13–2.33 Å. In the third Mg site, Mg is bonded in a T-shaped geometry to three O atoms. There are two shorter (2.13 Å) and one longer (2.14 Å) Mg–O bond lengths. In the fourth Mg site, Mg is bonded to six O atoms to form distorted MgO6 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent MgO6 octahedra, edges with six MgO6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent MgO5 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 2–13°. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.31 Å. In the fifth Mg site, Mg is bonded in a T-shaped geometry to three O atoms. There are two shorter (2.13 Å) and one longer (2.14 Å) Mg–O bond lengths. In the sixth Mg site, Mg is bonded to six O atoms to form distorted MgO6 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent MgO6 octahedra, edges with six MgO6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent MgO5 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 2–14°. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.32 Å. B is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O atoms. There is two shorter (1.33 Å) and one longer (1.59 Å) B–O bond length. There are seven inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded to five Mg atoms to form OMg5 square pyramids that share corners with four equivalent OMg5 square pyramids and edges with eight OMg5B octahedra. In the second O site, O is bonded to five Mg atoms to form OMg5 square pyramids that share a cornercorner with one OMg5B octahedra, corners with four equivalent OMg5 square pyramids, and edges with four OMg6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 1°. In the third O site, O is bonded to five Mg and one B atom to form distorted OMg5B octahedra that share corners with four equivalent OMg5B octahedra, a cornercorner with one OMg5 square pyramid, edges with four OMg6 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent OMg5 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 2°. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Cs, one Mg, and one B atom. In the fifth O site, O is bonded to six Mg atoms to form OMg6 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent OMg6 octahedra, edges with six OMg5B octahedra, and edges with four OMg5 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 1–6°. In the sixth O site, O is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Cs, one Mg, and one B atom. In the seventh O site, O is bonded to six Mg atoms to form OMg6 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent OMg6 octahedra, edges with six OMg5B octahedra, and edges with four OMg5 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 1–6°.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Cs3KZr2(Si3O10)2 by Materials Project

Cs3KZr2(Si3O10)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Cs sites. In the first Cs site, Cs is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten O atoms. There are a spread of Cs–O bond distances ranging from 3.07–3.63 Å. In the second Cs site, Cs is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O atoms. There are a spread of Cs–O bond distances ranging from 3.05–3.45 Å. In the third Cs site, Cs is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to nine O atoms. There are a spread of Cs–O bond distances ranging from 2.97–3.61 Å. K is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.73–3.31 Å. There are two inequivalent Zr sites. In the first Zr site, Zr is bonded to six O atoms to form ZrO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Zr–O bond distances ranging from 2.10–2.14 Å. In the second Zr site, Zr is bonded to six O atoms to form ZrO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Zr–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.18 Å. There are six inequivalent Si sites. In the first Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two ZrO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 41–42°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.66 Å. In the second Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two ZrO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 39–43°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.67 Å. In the third Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two ZrO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 25–53°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.61–1.66 Å. In the fourth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two ZrO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 29–57°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.61–1.67 Å. In the fifth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two ZrO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 42–43°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.66 Å. In the sixth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two ZrO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 40–42°. There is two shorter (1.63 Å) and two longer (1.66 Å) Si–O bond length. There are twenty inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Cs, one Zr, and one Si atom. In the second O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one K, one Zr, and one Si atom. In the third O site, O is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Cs, one K, one Zr, and one Si atom. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Cs, one Zr, and one Si atom. In the fifth O site, O is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one K, one Zr, and one Si atom. In the sixth O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Cs, one Zr, and one Si atom. In the seventh O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent Cs and two Si atoms. In the eighth O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent Cs and two Si atoms. In the ninth O site, O is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Cs, one Zr, and one Si atom. In the tenth O site, O is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Cs, one K, one Zr, and one Si atom. In the eleventh O site, O is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Cs, one Zr, and one Si atom. In the twelfth O site, O is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Cs, one Zr, and one Si atom. In the thirteenth O site, O is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Cs, one Zr, and one Si atom. In the fourteenth O site, O is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Cs, one Zr, and one Si atom. In the fifteenth O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent Cs and two Si atoms. In the sixteenth O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent Cs and two Si atoms. In the seventeenth O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two Cs and two Si atoms. In the eighteenth O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Cs and two Si atoms. In the nineteenth O site, O is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to two equivalent K atoms. In the twentieth O site, O is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Cs atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Evaluation of the Radioactive Material Release in the Harborview Research and Training Building and Implications for Emergency Response

On May 2, 2019, during the 137 Cs source recovery operation, a source capsule in a research irradiator containing approximately 77.1 TBq was breached. Based on a geometric reconstruction analysis of the damage to the capsule, approximately 46.3 GBq (0.04%) was impacted by the chop saw (grinder) inside a Mobile Hot Cell (MHC) on the loading dock at the University of Washington Harborview Research and Training (HRT) Building. A very small fraction of the material impacted, less than 1%) was released from the Mobile Hot Cell and then to the rest of the HRT Building. The objectives of this project were to assess the accidental release of 137 CsCl and its implications related to emergency response methods and the ramifications of 137 CsCl transport. The phenomenology of this event was also compared with past alkali halide dispersal events. The vast number of measurements and samples collected by the remediation contractors, the Department of Energy's Nuclear Emergency Support Team, and the small number of retrospective samples collected by the authors informed the analysis. The techniques included (1) autoradiography and electron microscopy of samples collected from the HRT Building and the irradiator, (2) 3D visualization of deposition on surfaces and within the ventilation system, and (3) a study of the damage to the source capsule to evaluate the Cs particle size and particle composition due to the grinding accident. Subsequently, the cesium contaminant transport through the numerous pathways in the building was reconstructed to assess the deposition on surfaces as a function of particle size. The implications for emergency response are relevant to data quality and management. A Data Quality Objective (DQO) guides data collection methods so that they have appropriate accuracy and precision for the intended application. Recommendations were made with respect to the sample collection protocols and sample archival.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗
NASA NTRS2018

The Utilization Profiles of the CCSDS Unified Space Link Protocol (USLP)

The purpose of this paper is to identify the utilization profiles for interfacing the Data Protocol Sublayer using the Unified Space Link Protocols (USLP) (reference 1) with the space link coding procedures as specified in the CCSDS Coding & Synchronization Blue Books (references 2 through 5), used in both telecommand and telemetry applications. This paper describes how the USLP Protocol utilizes the coding and synchronization sublayer to support: a. Direct to Earth (DTE) telemetry links for engineering and science data b. Direct to Earth (DTE) telemetry links for very high rate science data c. Direct from Earth (DFE) command, sequencing and flight software loads d. Space to Space Links (Proximity) utilized by orbiters for data exchange to/from surface bound assets. The CCSDS has divided the functions of the Data Link Layer into two sublayers: the Data Link Protocol Sublayer (DLP-SL) and the Coding and Synchronization Sublayer (CS-SL). The Data Link Protocol Sublayer (DLP-SL) interfaces to the users, accepting the data that is to be transported, on the sending side of the link, and delivering that data on the receiving end. The Transfer Frame is the data unit that is transferred across the Data Link Protocol Sublayer and the Coding and Synchronization Sublayer boundary. The Coding and Synchronization Sublayer (CS-SL) provides the encoding, randomization, and frame synchronization functions that prepares the USLP Transfer Frame for transport across the space link. The CS-SL is divided into 2 processes: 1) The Frame Interface Processes (FIP) performs the interface functions required to prepare the data for delivery to the Coding/Decoding Process (CDP). This process includes prepending a Frame Start Marker to the provided frame, when management has designated that the frame is not to be aligned to the codeblock or when there is no block code used. 2) The Coding/Decoding Process (CDP) performs the forward error correction processes that are used to optimize the performance of the link and minimize the error rate. The CDP creates the symbol stream that is delivered to the Physical Layer. The transfer of the USLP transfer frames across different types of space links is the focus of this paper. The Protocol Data Unit (PDU) that is passed in both directions between the Data Link Protocol Sublayer (DLP-SL) and Coding and Synchronization Sublayer (CS-SL) is the transfer frame. The USLP frame structure provides flexibility that can be constrained by the functions utilized within the CS-SL that prepare the transfer frame for transit. For example, the USLP transfer frame contains a length field that enables the frame to be of variable length but CS-SL under certain conditions may constrain the frame to be fixed in length. This paper describes 5 operational modes available for use by the Data Link Layer to provide data exchange across the USLP space link. These modes are different because different operational requirements apply to vastly different types of space links and thus the communications implementation requirements differ. The environmental issues include the power or energy available, the distance between the end points of the link, the complexity of the equipment available at those end points, the atmospheric conditions and radiometric frequency selection. The CS-SL utilizes different forward error correcting codes supported by specific operational modes to configure the data for transit. This paper describes all of the operational modes in a series of data models which decompose the functionality between the Data Link Protocol Sublayer and the Coding and Synchronization sublayer. The operational modes described are: 1. Uncoded Mode: has been used for short links that contain significant available power to provide an acceptable frame error rate. The frames in this mode can be variable in length and typically use an error detection algorithm (i.e., CRC) to determine if there are errors in the received frame. 2. Convolutional Only Mode: is currently the prime forward error correction coding used for the proximity links. The frames in this mode can be variable in length and typically use an error detection algorithm (i.e., CRC) to determine if there are errors in the received frame. 3. Variable Length Frame Aligned to Variable Length Codeblock (TC): is used for Direct from Earth links were power levels are high and the simple, least complex code i.e., the BCH code is used. This mode has been in use since the early 1970s. The BCH code is a short code and the decoder is easy to implement. 4. Fixed Length Frame Aligned to Fixed Length Codeblock (AOS/TM): was introduced when the concatenated Convolutional and Reed-Solomon Code was formulated to provide significant reduction in link data error rate and the ability to determine if there was an error in the decoded codeblock. The frame is aligned to the codeblock so that there is a one to one relationship of frame errors to codeblock errors without additional error detection coding being added. This mode requires the protocol frames to be the exact size of the message portion of the codeblock. 5. Frames Unaligned to Fixed Length Codeblocks (Currently used for very high rates and space to space links): This mode is currently used for missions that have a very high data rate that can be controlled adaptively as the environment changes and as the next generation operating mode for the proximity link. This mode from a coded data stream point of view is exactly like that described in 4. above, except that the frame need not be aligned to the codeblock. There is no requirement on frame length when using this mode. Thus when using USLP it can be used to support links that require short or long frames. There is also no mandatory requirement that frames cannot be separated by idle data reducing the tight data rate connection requirements between the data link protocol sublayer and the coding & synchronization sublayer. In conclusion, how these operational modes can be put to use in mission operational scenarios is described for Direct from Earth links (DFE), Direct to Earth links (DTE), and Proximity links.

Greenberg, E.↗