Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “ASPECT RATIO”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 343 records · Page 19

Erratum: “On virial analysis at low aspect ratio” [Phys. Plasmas 23, 072508 (2016)]

This article corrects an error in M.W. Bongard et al., 'On Virial Analysis at Low Aspect Ratio,' Phys. Plasmas 23, 072508 (2016) pertaining to a typographical error in its equation 21. Furthermore, all numerical calculations reported in this paper utilized the correct formulation described here. Accordingly, no changes to the conclusions of the original article are required.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Parallel Operation of Multiple Closely Spaced Small Aspect Ratio Rod Pinches

A series of simulations and experiments to resolve questions about the operation of arrays of closely spaced small aspect ratio rod pinches has been performed. Design and post-shot analysis of the experimental results are supported by 3D particle-in-cell simulations. Both simulations and experiments support these conclusions. Penetration of current to the interior of the array appears to be efficient, as the current on the center rods is essentially equal to the current on the outer rods. Current loss in the feed due to the formation of magnetic nulls was avoided in these experiments by design of the feed surface of the cathode and control of the gap to keep the electric fields on the cathode below the emission threshold. Some asymmetry in the electron flow to the rod was observed, but the flow appeared to symmetrize as it reached the end of the rod. Interaction between the rod pinches can be controlled to allow the stable and consistent operation of arrays of rod pinches.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Navier-Stokes computations of vortical flows over low aspect ratio wings

An upwind-biased finite-volume algorithm is applied to the low-speed flow over a low aspect ratio delta wing from zero to forty degrees angle of attack. The differencing is second-order accurate spatially, and a multigrid algorithm is used to promote convergence to the steady state. The results compare well with the detailed experiments of Hummel (1983) and others for a Re(L) of 0.95 x 10 to the 6th. The predicted maximum lift coefficient of 1.10 at thirty-five degrees angle of attack agrees closely with the measured maximum lift of 1.06 at thirty-three degrees. At forty degrees angle of attack, a bubble type of vortex breakdown is evident in the computations, extending from 0.6 of the root chord to just downstream of the trailing edge.

Thomas, J. L.↗

Aerodynamic Characteristics at Subsonic and Supersonic Mach Numbers of a Thin Triangular Wing of Aspect Ratio 2 II : Maximum Thickness at Midchord

The lift, drag, and pitching-moment characteristics of a triangular wing, having an aspect ratio of 2 and a symmetrical double-wedge profile of 5-percent-chord maximum thickness at midchord, have been evaluated from wind-tunnel tests at Mach numbers from 0.50 to 0.975 and from 1.09 to 1.49 and at Reynolds numbers ranging from 0.67 to 0.85 million. The lift, drag, and pitching-moment coefficients of the triangular wing with a leading-edge sweepback of approximately 63 degrees did not exhibit the irregular variations with Mach number at high subsonic and low supersonic Mach numbers that are characteristic of unswept wings. The lift-curve slope increased steadily with Mach number below unity and declined slowly beyond the Mach number of 1.13. A substantial rise in the minimum drag coefficient occurred between Mach numbers of 0.95 and 1.20 with an associated reduction in the maximum lift-drag ratio. The aerodynamic center shifted rearward toward the centroid of area of the wing with increasing Mach number below 0.975; whereas above 1.09 it coincided with the centroid.

Walker, Harold J↗

Aerodynamic characteristics of low-aspect-ratio wings at high supersonic Mach numbers

This paper presents some recently obtained data on the aerodynamic characteristics of low-aspect-ratio wings at supersonic Mach numbers of 4.04 and 6.9 and discusses some new methods of predicting the lift and drag of such wings. Data on lifting wings in the Mach number range above 2.5 are not plentiful and most of the available data may be found in NACA RM L51D17, NACA RM L51D30, NACA RM L52D15a, NACA RM L52K19, NACA RM L53D03, and NACA RM L53D30a

Ulmann, Edward F↗

Investigation of the Characteristics of a High-Aspect-Ratio Wing in the Langley 8-Foot High-Speed Tunnel

An investigation of the characteristics of a wing with an aspect ratio of 9.0 and an NACA 65-210 airfoil section has been made at Mach number up to 0.925. The wing tested has a taper ratio of 2.5:1.0, no twist, dihedral, or sweepback, and 20-percent - chord 37.5-percent-semispan plain ailerons. The results showed that serious changes in the normal-force characteristics occurred when the Mach number was increased above 0.74 at angles of attack between 4 deg. and 10 deg. and above 0.80 at 0 deg. angle of attack.Because of small outboard shifts in the lateral center of load, the bending moment at the root for conditions corresponding to a 3g pull-out at an altitude of 35,000 feet increased by approximately 5% when the Much number was increased beyond 0.83 the negative pitching moments for the high angles of attack increased, whereas those for the low angles of attack decreased with a resulting large increase in the negative slope of the pitching-moment curves. A large increase occurred in the values of the drag coefficients for the range of lift coefficients needed for level flight at an altitude of 35,000 feet when the Mach number was increased beyond a value of 0.80. The wakes at a station 2.82 root chords behind the wing quarter-chord line extended approximately a chord above the wing chord line for the angles of attack required to recover from high-speed dives at high Mach numbers.

Whitcomb, Richard T.↗

Initial electron cyclotron heating/current drive scoping study for the SMall Aspect Ratio Tokamak (SMART)

In this work an initial electron cyclotron heating/current drive (EC H&CD) scoping study is presented for the SMall Aspect Ratio Tokamak (SMART), constructed and operated by the Plasma Science and Fusion Technology (PSFT) Laboratory of the University of Seville. We consider two planned phases of operation with different magnitude of magnetic field (B 0.4, and 1 T). This EC H&CD scoping study is carried out by using the ray tracing code TRAVIS, which allows to quickly perform a series of scans on the main SMART plasma scenarios. A scan in the poloidal and toroidal launching angles is performed for the B 0.4 T plasma scenario assuming three launching locations (mid-plane, off-mid-plane, and top-launcher) and the extraordinary (X-) mode polarization. The absorption occurs at the second harmonic and, overall, the highest power absorption is obtained launching the EC beam from the top of the machine. A numerical analysis of the fundamental X-mode EC H&CD start-up regime for the B 1.0 T plasma scenario with two different wave frequencies (28 and 35 GHz) is presented showing a very high current drive efficiency.

Bertelli, Nicola [Princeton Plasma Physics Laborat↗

Lift due to thickness for low aspect ratio wings in incompressible flow

The problem under consideration is a numerical study of the effects of thickness on lift for low aspect ratio wings in steady incompressible inviscid flow at moderate angles of attack. At these angles of attack the flow separates along the leading edge giving rise to a lift substantially higher than that computed by classical attached flow potential theory. The problem is treated as a perturbation expansion in a small thickness parameter. The lifting elements of the flow are modeled using a nonlinear vortex lattice method which replaces the leading and trailing edge vortex sheets by segmented straight vortex filaments. The thickness elements of the flow are modeled with a mean plane source distribution and a modification to the wing boundary conditions. Results are obtained for wings with biconvex and NACA 0012 sections which compare well with available experimental data. The important observation that the effect of thickness is to decrease the lift is made.

Dodbele, S. S.↗

Aerodynamic tests of a low aspect ratio tapered wing with various flaps, for use on tailless airplanes

Wind tunnel tests were made of a model wing having an aspect ratio of 3 and a tapered plan form with a straight trailing edge. The model had the Clark Y airfoil section throughout it's entire span and had no washout, depending on a trailing-edge flap for longitudinal balance and control. The flap had a constant chord and was divided into four equal portions along the span. The tests were made with the entire flap deflected to obtain longitudinal control and balance, and also with the inner portions deflected alone, and with the outer portions deflected alone. It was found that the simple wing with no washout or change of basic section along the span has aerodynamic characteristics well suited for use on tailless airplanes. A higher lift coefficient was obtained with the full-span flap deflected as a unit to give longitudinal balance than was obtained with either the inner or the outer portions of the flap deflected.

Weick, Fred E↗

Validation of High Aspect Ratio Cooling in a 89 kN (20,000 lb(sub f)) Thrust Combustion Chamber

In order to validate the benefits of high aspect ratio cooling channels in a large scale rocket combustion chamber, a high pressure, 89 kN (20,000 lbf) thrust, contoured combustion chamber was tested in the NASA Lewis Research Center Rocket Engine Test Facility. The combustion chamber was tested at chamber pressures from 5.5 to 11.0 MPa (800-1600 psia). The propellants were gaseous hydrogen and liquid oxygen at a nominal mixture ratio of six, and liquid hydrogen was used as the coolant. The combustion chamber was extensively instrumented with 30 backside skin thermocouples, 9 coolant channel rib thermocouples, and 10 coolant channel pressure taps. A total of 29 thermal cycles, each with one second of steady state combustion, were completed on the chamber. For 25 thermal cycles, the coolant mass flow rate was equal to the fuel mass flow rate. During the remaining four thermal cycles, the coolant mass flow rate was progressively reduced by 5, 6, 11, and 20 percent. Computer analysis agreed with coolant channel rib thermocouples within an average of 9 percent and with coolant channel pressure drops within an average of 20 percent. Hot-gas-side wall temperatures of the chamber showed up to 25 percent reduction, in the throat region, over that of a conventionally cooled combustion chamber. Reducing coolant mass flow yielded a reduction of up to 27 percent of the coolant pressure drop from that of a full flow case, while still maintaining up to a 13 percent reduction in a hot-gas-side wall temperature from that of a conventionally cooled combustion chamber.

Wadel, Mary F.↗

A theoretical investigation of the aerodynamics of low-aspect-ratio wings with partial leading-edge separation

A numerical method is developed to predict distributed and total aerodynamic characteristics for low aspect-ratio wings with partial leading-edge separation. The flow is assumed to be steady and inviscid. The wing boundary condition is formulated by the quasi-vortex-lattice method. The leading-edge separated vortices are represented by discrete free vortex elements which are aligned with the local velocity vector at mid-points to satisfy the force free condition. The wake behind the trailing-edge is also force free. The flow tangency boundary condition is satisfied on the wing, including the leading- and trailing-edges. Comparison of the predicted results with complete leading-edge separation has shown reasonably good agreement. For cases with partial leading-edge separation, the lift is found to be highly nonlinear with angle of attack.

Mehrotra, S. C.↗

Detailed pressure distribution measurements obtained on several configurations of an aspect-ratio-7 variable twist wing

Detailed pressure distribution measurements were made for 11 twist configurations of a unique, multisegmented wing model having an aspect ratio of 7 and a taper ratio of 1. These configurations encompassed span loads ranging from that of an untwisted wing to simple flapped wings both with and without upper-surface spoilers attached. For each of the wing twist configurations, electronic scanning pressure transducers were used to obtain 580 surface pressure measurements over the wing in about 0.1 sec. Integrated pressure distribution measurements compared favorably with force-balance measurements of lift on the model when the model centerbody lift was included. Complete plots and tabulations of the pressure distribution data for each wing twist configuration are provided.

Holbrook, G. T.↗

Loss of lift due to thickness for low-aspect-ratio wings in incompressible flow

The problem under consideration is a numerical study of the effects of thickness on lift for low-aspect-ratio wings in steady incompressible inviscid flow at moderate angles of attack. At these angles of attack the flow separates along the leading edge giving rise to a lift substantially higher than that computed by classical attached-flow potential theory. The problem is treated as a perturbation expansion in a small thickness parameter. The lifting elements of the flow are modeled using a nonlinear vortex-lattice method which replaces the leading and trailing-edge vortex sheets by segmented straight vortex filaments. The thickness elements of the flow are modeled with a mean-plane source distribution and a modification to the wing boundary conditions. Results are obtained for wings with biconvex and NACA 0012 sections which compare well with available experimental data. The important observation that the effect of thickness is to decrease the lift is made.

Dodbele, S. S.↗

Some low-speed flutter characteristics of simple low-aspect-ratio delta wing models

Some results from a combined experimental and analytical study of the low-speed flutter characteristics of low-aspect-ratio delta wings are presented. Data are presented which show the effects of sweep angle on the flutter characteristics of some simple plate models of constant planform area. The range of sweep angles studied was from 30 to 72 degrees. In addition, flutter results are presented for two 30 deg-sweep clipped-delta wing models. Further, results are presented that show the effects of root clamping (percentage length of the root chord that is cantilevered) for a 45 deg-sweep delta wing. The experimental data are compared with analytical results obtained by using kernel function and doublet lattice subsonic unsteady lifting surface theories.

Doggett, Robert V., Jr.↗

Some low-speed flutter characteristics of simple low-aspect-ratio delta wing models

Some results from a combined experimental and analytical study of the low-speed flutter characteristics of low-aspect-ratio delta wings are presented. Data are presented which show the effects of sweep angle on the flutter characteristics of some simple plate models of constant planform area. The range of sweep angles studied was from 30 to 72 degrees. In addition, flutter results are presented for two 30 deg-sweep clipped-delta wing models. Further results are presented that show the effects of root clamping (percentage length of the root chord that is cantilevered) for a 45 deg-sweep delta wing. The experimental data are compared with analytical results obtained by using kernel function and doublet lattice subsonic unsteady lifting surface theories.

Doggett, Robert V., Jr.↗

Effect of aspect ratio on the air forces and moments of harmonically oscillating thin rectangular wings in supersonic potential flow

This report treats the effect of aspect ratio on the air forces and moments of an oscillating flat rectangular wing in supersonic potential flow. The linearized velocity potential for the wing undergoing sinusoidal torsional oscillations simultaneously with sinusoidal vertical translations is derived in the form of a power series in terms of a frequency parameter. The series development is such that the differential equation for the velocity potential is satisfied to the required power of the frequency parameter considered and the linear boundary conditions are satisfied exactly. The method of solution can be utilized for other plan forms, that is, plan forms for which certain steady-state solutions are known.

Watkins, Charles E↗

Low-Speed Investigation of a Full-Span Internal-Flow Jet-Augmented Flap on a High-Wing Model with a 35 deg Swept Wing of Aspect Ratio 7.0

An investigation of a full-span 17-percent-chord internal-flow jet-augmented flap on an aspect-ratio-7.0 wing with 35 deg of sweepback has been made in the Langley 300-MPH 7- by 10-foot tunnel. Blowing over the conventional elevator and blowing down from a nose jet were investigated as a means of trimming the large diving moments at the high momentum and high lift coefficients. The results of the investigation showed that the model with the horizontal tail 0.928 mean aerodynamic chord above the wing-chord plane was stable to the maximum lift coefficient. The large diving-moment coefficients could be trimmed either with a downward blowing nose jet or by blowing over the elevator. Neither the downward blowing nose jet nor blowing over the elevator greatly affected the static longitudinal stability of the model. Trimmed lift coefficients up to 8.8 with blowing over the elevator and up to 11.4 with blowing down at the nose were obtained when the flap was deflected 70 deg and the total momentum coefficients were 3.26 and 4.69.

Turner, Thomas R.↗