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At least 343 records · Page 19

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DOE OSTI2016

Polytope Sector-Based Synthesis and Analysis of Microstructural Architectures With Tunable Thermal Conductivity and Expansion

The aim of this work is to (1) introduce an approach, called polytope sector-based synthesis (PSS), for synthesizing 2D or 3D microstructural architectures that exhibit a desired bulk-property directionality (e.g., isotropic, cubic, orthotropic, etc.), and (2) provide general analytical methods that can be used to rapidly optimize the geometric parameters of these architectures such that they achieve a desired combination of bulk thermal conductivity and thermal expansion properties. Although the methods introduced can be applied to general beam-based microstructural architectures, we demonstrate their utility in the context of an architecture that can be tuned to achieve a large range of extreme thermal expansion coefficients—positive, zero, and negative. The material-property-combination region that can be achieved by this architecture is determined within an Ashby-material-property plot of thermal expansion versus thermal conductivity using the analytical methods introduced. These methods are verified using finite-element analysis (FEA) and both 2D and 3D versions of the design have been fabricated using projection microstereolithography.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2022

Automatic Differentiation of C++ Codes on Emerging Manycore Architectures with Sacado

Automatic differentiation (AD) is a well-known technique for evaluating analytic derivatives of calculations implemented on a computer, with numerous software tools available for incorporating AD technology into complex applications. However, a growing challenge for AD is the efficient differentiation of parallel computations implemented on emerging manycore computing architectures such as multicore CPUs, GPUs, and accelerators as these devices become more pervasive. In this work, we explore forward mode, operator overloading-based differentiation of C++ codes on these architectures using the widely available Sacado AD software package. In particular, we leverage Kokkos, a C++ tool providing APIs for implementing parallel computations that is portable to a wide variety of emerging architectures. Here we describe the challenges that arise when differentiating code for these architectures using Kokkos, and two approaches for overcoming them that ensure optimal memory access patterns as well as expose additional dimensions of fine-grained parallelism in the derivative calculation. We describe the results of several computational experiments that demonstrate the performance of the approach on a few contemporary CPU and GPU architectures. We then conclude with applications of these techniques to the simulation of discretized systems of partial differential equations.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2023

Analysis of a Runtime Data Sharing Architecture over LTE for a Heterogeneous CAV Fleet

This paper describes a lightweight runtime architecture for telemetry, communication, and control of cars deployed with advanced driver assistance systems where a human is in the loop with the car, via an LTE connection. The system architecture supports both local control decisions based on car sensors and safety algorithms as well as high-level input from external systems that may provide insight into traffic state ahead of sensor data. Implementation of the architecture is done in ROS and depends on open-source software packages for runtime decoding of information from the vehicle’s controller area network (CAN) and integration of GPS data from accompanying sensors. The contribution of the paper is to describe the overall architecture, the data it can communicate to other systems, performance of the system at runtime, and challenges faced when deploying the architecture across a heterogeneous fleet. Preliminary results from analysis of test data will provide insights into whether the use of high-latency communication can be effective for societal-scale intelligent transportation systems when applied in future scenarios

Richardson, Alex↗

DOE OSTI2025

From Edge to HPC: Investigating Cross-Facility Data Streaming Architectures

In this paper, we investigate three cross-facility data streaming architectures, Direct Streaming (DTS), Proxied Streaming (PRS), and Managed Service Streaming (MSS). We examine their architectural variations in data flow paths and deployment feasibility, and detail their implementation using the Data Streaming to HPC (DS2HPC) architectural framework and the SciStream memory-to-memory streaming toolkit on the production-grade Advanced Computing Ecosystem (ACE) infrastructure at Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF). We present a workflow-specific evaluation of these architectures using three synthetic workloads derived from the streaming characteristics of scientific workflows. Through simulated experiments, we measure streaming throughput, round-trip time, and overhead under work sharing, work sharing with feedback, and broadcast and gather messaging patterns commonly found in AI-HPC communication motifs. Our study shows that DTS offers a minimal-hop path, resulting in higher throughput and lower latency, whereas MSS provides greater deployment feasibility and scalability across multiple users but incurs significant overhead. PRS lies in between, offering a scalable architecture whose performance matches DTS in most cases.

George, Anjus [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000179737061)↗

DOE OSTI2014

Generalized Information Architecture for Managing Requirements in IBM's Rational DOORS® Application

When a requirements engineering effort fails to meet expectations, often times the requirements management tool is blamed. Working with numerous project teams at Sandia National Laboratories over the last fifteen years has shown us that the tool is rarely the culprit; usually it is the lack of a viable information architecture with well-designed processes to support requirements engineering. This document illustrates design concepts with rationale, as well as a proven information architecture to structure and manage information in support of requirements engineering activities for any size or type of project. This generalized information architecture is specific to IBM's Rational DOORS (Dynamic Object Oriented Requirements System) software application, which is the requirements management tool in Sandia's CEE (Common Engineering Environment). This generalized information architecture can be used as presented or as a foundation for designing a tailored information architecture for project-specific needs. It may also be tailored for another software tool.

Aragon, Kathryn Mary↗

DOE OSTI2013

Fundamental Studies of Hydroporphyrin Architectures for Solar-Energy Applications

The long-term objective of the Bocian/Holten&Kirmaier/Lindsey research program is to design, synthesize, and characterize tetrapyrrole-based molecular architectures that absorb sunlight, funnel energy, and separate charge with high efficiency and in a manner compatible with current and future solar-energy conversion schemes. The synthetic tetrapyrroles include porphyrins and hydroporphyrins; the latter classes of molecules encompass analogues of the naturally occurring chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls (e.g., chlorins, bacteriochlorins, and their derivatives). The attainment of the goals of the research program requires the close interplay of molecular design and synthesis (Lindsey group), static and time-resolved optical spectroscopic measurements (Holten&Kirmaier group), and electrochemical, electron paramagnetic resonance, resonance Raman, and infrared studies, as well as density functional theory calculations (Bocian Group). The proposed research encompasses four interrelated themes: (i) Gain a deeper understanding of the spectral and electronic properties of bacteriochlorins, with a subsidiary aim of learning how to shift the long-wavelength absorption band deeper into the NIR region. Bacteriochlorins bearing diverse substituents, including annulated rings, will be prepared and examined. A set of bacteriochlorins with site-specific isotopic (13C, 2H) substitution patterns about the macrocycle perimeter will be prepared for studies of vibrational and electronic properties. (ii) Examine the underlying electronic origin of panchromatic absorption and excited-state behavior of strongly coupled rylene–tetrapyrrole arrays. The rylene constituents include a perylene-monoimide and a terrylene-monoimide. The tetrapyrroles include porphyrins (meso- or β-linked) and bacteriochlorins (β-linked). The objective is to achieve panchromatic absorption while preserving a viable, long-lived excited singlet state. (iii) Determine the rates of ground-state hole/electron transfer between (hydro)porphyrins as a function of array size, distance between components, linker type, site of linker connection, and frontier molecular orbital composition. (iv) Build upon the results of the aforementioned studies to design, synthesize, and characterize integrated architectures that incorporate a panchromatic absorber and other molecular components that that afford efficient hole/electron migration and long-lived charge separation. Such architectures will be examined on solid substrates to explore the viability of the component parts and processes under application-oriented conditions. Such architectures or successors may prove directly useful for solar-energy conversion systems. An equally important attribute is to serve as a test-bed for successful integration of the requisite properties and processes, some of which require rather weak coupling between constituents, some of which require very strong electronic interactions to elicit the desired behavior, and all of which should be tunable under molecular design control to the extent possible. Collectively, the proposed studies will provide fundamental insights into molecular properties, interactions, and processes relevant to the design of molecular architectures for solar-energy conversion. The accomplishment of these goals is only possible through a highly synergistic program that encompasses molecular design, synthesis, and in-depth characterization.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2015

Neuromorphic Computing – From Materials Research to Systems Architecture Roundtable

Computation in its many forms is the engine that fuels our modern civilization. Modern computation—based on the von Neumann architecture—has allowed, until now, the development of continuous improvements, as predicted by Moore’s law. However, computation using current architectures and materials will inevitably—within the next 10 years—reach a limit because of fundamental scientific reasons. DOE convened a roundtable of experts in neuromorphic computing systems, materials science, and computer science in Washington on October 29-30, 2015 to address the following basic questions: Can brain-like (“neuromorphic”) computing devices based on new material concepts and systems be developed to dramatically outperform conventional CMOS based technology? If so, what are the basic research challenges for materials sicence and computing? The overarching answer that emerged was: The development of novel functional materials and devices incorporated into unique architectures will allow a revolutionary technological leap toward the implementation of a fully “neuromorphic” computer. To address this challenge, the following issues were considered: The main differences between neuromorphic and conventional computing as related to: signaling models, timing/clock, non-volatile memory, architecture, fault tolerance, integrated memory and compute, noise tolerance, analog vs. digital, and in situ learning New neuromorphic architectures needed to: produce lower energy consumption, potential novel nanostructured materials, and enhanced computation Device and materials properties needed to implement functions such as: hysteresis, stability, and fault tolerance Comparisons of different implementations: spin torque, memristors, resistive switching, phase change, and optical schemes for enhanced breakthroughs in performance, cost, fault tolerance, and/or manufacturability.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2023

INTERSECT Architecture Specification: Use Case Design Patterns (V.0.9)

Connecting scientific instruments and robot-controlled laboratories with computing and data resources at the edge, the Cloud or the high-performance computing (HPC) center enables autonomous experiments, self-driving laboratories, smart manufacturing, and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven design, discovery and evaluation. The Self-driven Experiments for Science / Interconnected Science Ecosystem (INTERSECT) Open Architecture enables science breakthroughs using intelligent networked systems, instruments and facilities with a federated hardware/software architecture for the laboratory of the future. It relies on a novel approach, consisting of (1) science use case design patterns, (2) a system of systems architecture, and (3) a microservice architecture. This document introduces the science use case design patterns of the INTERSECT Architecture. It describes the overall background, the involved terminology and concepts, and the pattern format and classification. It further details the 12 defined patterns and provides insight into building solutions from these patterns. The document also describes the application of these patterns in the context of several INTERSECT autonomous laboratories. The target audience are computer, computational, instrument and domain science experts working in the field of autonomous experiments.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2023

A Comparison of Power Take-Off Architectures for Wave-Powered Reverse Osmosis Desalination of Seawater with Co-Production of Electricity

Several power take-off (PTO) architectures for wave-powered reverse osmosis (RO) desalination of seawater are introduced and compared based on the annual average freshwater production and the size of the components, which strongly relate to the costs of the system. The set of architectures compared includes a novel series-type PTO architecture not previously considered. These seawater hydraulic PTO architectures are composed of a WEC-driven pump, an RO module, an intake charge pump driven by an electric motor, and a hydraulic motor driving an electric generator for electric power production. This study is performed using an efficient two-way coupled steady-state model for the average performance of the system in a given sea state, including freshwater permeate production, electric power production, and electric power consumption. A multi-objective design problem is formulated for the purposes of this comparative study, with the objectives of maximizing annual freshwater production, minimizing the displacement of the WEC-driven pump, and minimizing the installed RO membrane area. This establishes a framework for comparison in the absence of a mature techno-economic model. The requirement that the system produces enough electric power to meet its consumption is applied as a constraint on the operation of the system. The oscillating wave surge converter Oyster 1 is assumed as the WEC. Weights on performance of the system in a given sea state are based on historical data from Humboldt Bay, CA. This study finds that (1) architectures in a series configuration allow for a reduction in the WEC-driven pump size of 59–92% compared to prior work, (2) varying the displacement of the WEC-driven pump between sea conditions does not provide any significant advantage in performance, and (3) varying the active RO membrane area between sea condition offers improvements between 7% and 41% in each design objective.

Energy & Fuels↗

DOE OSTI2024

On a Simplified Approach to Achieve Parallel Performance and Portability Across CPU and GPU Architectures

This paper presents software advances to easily exploit computer architectures consisting of a multi-core CPU and CPU+GPU to accelerate diverse types of high-performance computing (HPC) applications using a single code implementation. The paper describes and demonstrates the performance of the open-source C++ matrix and array (MATAR) library that uniquely offers: (1) a straightforward syntax for programming productivity, (2) usable data structures for data-oriented programming (DOP) for performance, and (3) a simple interface to the open-source C++ Kokkos library for portability and memory management across CPUs and GPUs. The portability across architectures with a single code implementation is achieved by automatically switching between diverse fine-grained parallelism backends (e.g., CUDA, HIP, OpenMP, pthreads, etc.) at compile time. The MATAR library solves many longstanding challenges associated with easily writing software that can run in parallel on any computer architecture. This work benefits projects seeking to write new C++ codes while also addressing the challenges of quickly making existing Fortran codes performant and portable over modern computer architectures with minimal syntactical changes from Fortran to C++. We demonstrate the feasibility of readily writing new C++ codes and modernizing existing codes with MATAR to be performant, parallel, and portable across diverse computer architectures.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2020

Wild Isolates of Neurospora crassa Reveal Three Conidiophore Architectural Phenotypes

The vegetative life cycle in the model filamentous fungus, Neurospora crassa, relies on the development of conidiophores to produce new spores. Environmental, temporal, and genetic components of conidiophore development have been well characterized; however, little is known about their morphological variation. We explored conidiophore architectural variation in a natural population using a wild population collection of 21 strains from Louisiana, United States of America (USA). Our work reveals three novel architectural phenotypes, Wild Type, Bulky, and Wrap, and shows their maintenance throughout the duration of conidiophore development. Furthermore, we present a novel image-classifier using a convolutional neural network specifically developed to assign conidiophore architectural phenotypes in a high-throughput manner. To estimate an inheritance model for this discrete complex trait, crosses between strains of each phenotype were conducted, and conidiophores of subsequent progeny were characterized using the trained classifier. Our model suggests that conidiophore architecture is controlled by at least two genes and has a heritability of 0.23. Additionally, we quantified the number of conidia produced by each conidiophore type and their dispersion distance, suggesting that conidiophore architectural phenotype may impact N. crassa colonization capacity.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

Evaluating Image Classification Deep Convolutional Neural Network Architectures for Remaining Useful Life Estimation of Turbofan Engines

Accurate estimation of the remaining useful life (RUL) is a key component of condition-based maintenance (CBM) and prognosis and health management (PHM). Data-based models for the estimation of RUL are of particular interest because expert knowledge of systems is not always available, and physical modeling is often not feasible. Additionally, using data-based models, which make decisions based on raw sensor data, allow features to be learned instead of manually determined. In this work, deep convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures are investigated for their ability to estimate the RUL of turbofan engines. To improve the accuracy of the models, CNN architectures, which have proven successful in image classification, are implemented and tested. Specifically, the blocks used in the Visual Geometry Group (VGG) architecture, inception modules used in the GoogLeNet architecture, and residual blocks used in the ResNet architecture are incorporated. To account for varying flight lengths, the input to the models is a window of time series data collected from the engine under test. Window locations at the climb, cruise, and descent stages are considered. To further improve the RUL estimations, multiple overlapping windows at each location are used. This increases the amount of training data available and is found to increase the accuracy of the resulting RUL estimations by averaging the estimates from all overlapping segments. The model is trained and tested using the new Commercial Modular Aero-Propulsion System Simulation (N-CMAPSS) data set, and high prognosis accuracy was achieved. Furthermore, this work expands on the model developed and used in the 2021 PHM Society Data Challenge, which received second place.

convolutional neural networks↗

NASA NTRS1987

On-board processing satellite network architecture and control study

The market for telecommunications services needs to be segmented into user classes having similar transmission requirements and hence similar network architectures. Use of the following transmission architecture was considered: satellite switched TDMA; TDMA up, TDM down; scanning (hopping) beam TDMA; FDMA up, TDM down; satellite switched MF/TDMA; and switching Hub earth stations with double hop transmission. A candidate network architecture will be selected that: comprises multiple access subnetworks optimized for each user; interconnects the subnetworks by means of a baseband processor; and optimizes the marriage of interconnection and access techniques. An overall network control architecture will be provided that will serve the needs of the baseband and satellite switched RF interconnected subnetworks. The results of the studies shall be used to identify elements of network architecture and control that require the greatest degree of technology development to realize an operational system. This will be specified in terms of: requirements of the enabling technology; difference from the current available technology; and estimate of the development requirements needed to achieve an operational system. The results obtained for each of these tasks are presented.

Campanella, S. Joseph↗

NASA NTRS1987

The architecture of a video image processor for the space station

The architecture of a video image processor for space station applications is described. The architecture was derived from a study of the requirements of algorithms that are necessary to produce the desired functionality of many of these applications. Architectural options were selected based on a simulation of the execution of these algorithms on various architectural organizations. A great deal of emphasis was placed on the ability of the system to evolve and grow over the lifetime of the space station. The result is a hierarchical parallel architecture that is characterized by high level language programmability, modularity, extensibility and can meet the required performance goals.

Yalamanchili, S.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Parallel Architectures for Planetary Exploration Requirements (PAPER)

The Parallel Architectures for Planetary Exploration Requirements (PAPER) project is essentially research oriented towards technology insertion issues for NASA's unmanned planetary probes. It was initiated to complement and augment the long-term efforts for space exploration with particular reference to NASA/LaRC's (NASA Langley Research Center) research needs for planetary exploration missions of the mid and late 1990s. The requirements for space missions as given in the somewhat dated Advanced Information Processing Systems (AIPS) requirements document are contrasted with the new requirements from JPL/Caltech involving sensor data capture and scene analysis. It is shown that more stringent requirements have arisen as a result of technological advancements. Two possible architectures, the AIPS Proof of Concept (POC) configuration and the MAX Fault-tolerant dataflow multiprocessor, were evaluated. The main observation was that the AIPS design is biased towards fault tolerance and may not be an ideal architecture for planetary and deep space probes due to high cost and complexity. The MAX concepts appears to be a promising candidate, except that more detailed information is required. The feasibility for adding neural computation capability to this architecture needs to be studied. Key impact issues for architectural design of computing systems meant for planetary missions were also identified.

Cezzar, Ruknet↗

NASA NTRS1990

Architecture independent environment for developing engineering software on MIMD computers

Engineers are constantly faced with solving problems of increasing complexity and detail. Multiple Instruction stream Multiple Data stream (MIMD) computers have been developed to overcome the performance limitations of serial computers. The hardware architectures of MIMD computers vary considerably and are much more sophisticated than serial computers. Developing large scale software for a variety of MIMD computers is difficult and expensive. There is a need to provide tools that facilitate programming these machines. First, the issues that must be considered to develop those tools are examined. The two main areas of concern were architecture independence and data management. Architecture independent software facilitates software portability and improves the longevity and utility of the software product. It provides some form of insurance for the investment of time and effort that goes into developing the software. The management of data is a crucial aspect of solving large engineering problems. It must be considered in light of the new hardware organizations that are available. Second, the functional design and implementation of a software environment that facilitates developing architecture independent software for large engineering applications are described. The topics of discussion include: a description of the model that supports the development of architecture independent software; identifying and exploiting concurrency within the application program; data coherence; engineering data base and memory management.

Valimohamed, Karim A.↗

NASA NTRS1990

A CDMA architecture for a Ka-band Personal Access Satellite System

A Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) architecture is currently being studied for use in a Ka-band Personal Access Satellite System (PASS). The complete architecture consisting of block diagrams of the user terminal, the supplier station, the network management center, and the satellite is described along with the access methods and frequency/time plans. The complexity of developing this system using the CDMA architecture is compared to that of a Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) architecture. The inherent advantages and disadvantages of the two architectures are compared and their respective capacities are discussed.

Motamedi, Masoud↗

NASA NTRS1990

Advanced Information Processing System (AIPS)-based fault tolerant avionics architecture for launch vehicles

An avionics architecture for the advanced launch system (ALS) that uses validated hardware and software building blocks developed under the advanced information processing system program is presented. The AIPS for ALS architecture defined is preliminary, and reliability requirements can be met by the AIPS hardware and software building blocks that are built using the state-of-the-art technology available in the 1992-93 time frame. The level of detail in the architecture definition reflects the level of detail available in the ALS requirements. As the avionics requirements are refined, the architecture can also be refined and defined in greater detail with the help of analysis and simulation tools. A useful methodology is demonstrated for investigating the impact of the avionics suite to the recurring cost of the ALS. It is shown that allowing the vehicle to launch with selected detected failures can potentially reduce the recurring launch costs. A comparative analysis shows that validated fault-tolerant avionics built out of Class B parts can result in lower life-cycle-cost in comparison to simplex avionics built out of Class S parts or other redundant architectures.

Lala, Jaynarayan H.↗