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At least 325 records · Page 18
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Sputtering yields and surface chemical modification of tin-doped indium oxide in hydrocarbon-based plasma etching

Sputtering yields and surface chemical compositions of tin-doped indium oxide (or indium tin oxide, ITO) by CH{sup +}, CH{sub 3}{sup +}, and inert-gas ion (He{sup +}, Ne{sup +}, and Ar{sup +}) incidence have been obtained experimentally with the use of a mass-selected ion beam system and in-situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It has been found that etching of ITO is chemically enhanced by energetic incidence of hydrocarbon (CH{sub x}{sup +}) ions. At high incident energy incidence, it appears that carbon of incident ions predominantly reduce indium (In) of ITO and the ITO sputtering yields by CH{sup +} and CH{sub 3}{sup +} ions are found to be essentially equal. At lower incident energy (less than 500 eV or so), however, a hydrogen effect on ITO reduction is more pronounced and the ITO surface is more reduced by CH{sub 3}{sup +} ions than CH{sup +} ions. Although the surface is covered more with metallic In by low-energy incident CH{sub 3}{sup +} ions than CH{sup +} ions and metallic In is in general less resistant against physical sputtering than its oxide, the ITO sputtering yield by incident CH{sub 3}{sup +} ions is found to be lower than that by incident CH{sup +} ions in this energy range. A postulation to account for the relation between the observed sputtering yield and reduction of the ITO surface is also presented. The results presented here offer a better understanding of elementary surface reactions observed in reactive ion etching processes of ITO by hydrocarbon plasmas.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Synthesis and characterization of three-dimensional flower-like tin dioxide-based structures

Three-dimensional flower-like SnO{sub 2}-based structures have been produced by the alkaline hydrothermal treatment of t-SnO{sub 2} powder with no additive and in the presence of aminoterephthalic acid (ATPA). The synthesis products have been characterized by a variety of physicochemical techniques (scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman and IR spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction, and others). The results demonstrate that raising the ATPA concentration in the reaction mixture changes the morphology of the materials and leads to the SnO{sub 2} → SnO{sub 2}/Sn{sub 3}O{sub 4} → Sn{sub 3}O{sub 4} phase transformation in the structures through the formation of SnO{sub x} nonstoichiometric tin oxide phases with 1 < x < 2. Hydrothermal treatment of the starting reagents in the presence of ≤75 wt % ATPA leads to the formation of hierarchical structures dominated by a nonstoichiometric tin oxide, which is thermally unstable at t ≥ 500°C. The morphology and phase composition of the synthesized structures have been shown to have a significant effect on the electronic conductivity of the material.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Formation and annealing of radiation defects in tin-doped p-type germanium crystals

The effect of tin on the formation and annealing of radiation defects in p-type germanium crystals irradiated with 6-MeV electrons at a temperature of 80 K is studied. It is shown that acceptor complexes SnV with a hole ionization enthalpy of 0.16 eV are dominant in irradiated Ge:(Sn, Ga) crystals after their heating to a temperature of 300 K. These complexes disappeared as a result of the annealing of irradiated crystals in the temperature range 30-75 Degree-Sign C. Annealing of irradiated crystals at temperatures in the range 110-150 Degree-Sign C brings about the formation of deep-level centers with a donor level at E{sub v} + 0.29 eV; this center is presumably related to a complex consisting of a tin atom and an interstitial gallium atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Materials Data on TiN by Materials Project

TiN is Molybdenum Carbide MAX Phase-like structured and crystallizes in the trigonal R3m space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of three TiN sheets oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. there are twelve inequivalent Ti3+ sites. In the first Ti3+ site, Ti3+ is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three equivalent N3- atoms. All Ti–N bond lengths are 2.06 Å. In the second Ti3+ site, Ti3+ is bonded to six N3- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing TiN6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. There are three shorter (2.13 Å) and three longer (2.14 Å) Ti–N bond lengths. In the third Ti3+ site, Ti3+ is bonded to six N3- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing TiN6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. There are three shorter (2.11 Å) and three longer (2.14 Å) Ti–N bond lengths. In the fourth Ti3+ site, Ti3+ is bonded to six N3- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing TiN6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. There are three shorter (2.12 Å) and three longer (2.14 Å) Ti–N bond lengths. In the fifth Ti3+ site, Ti3+ is bonded to six N3- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing TiN6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. There are three shorter (2.12 Å) and three longer (2.13 Å) Ti–N bond lengths. In the sixth Ti3+ site, Ti3+ is bonded to six N3- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing TiN6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. There are three shorter (2.12 Å) and three longer (2.13 Å) Ti–N bond lengths. In the seventh Ti3+ site, Ti3+ is bonded to six N3- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing TiN6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. All Ti–N bond lengths are 2.13 Å. In the eighth Ti3+ site, Ti3+ is bonded to six N3- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing TiN6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. All Ti–N bond lengths are 2.13 Å. In the ninth Ti3+ site, Ti3+ is bonded to six N3- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing TiN6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. All Ti–N bond lengths are 2.13 Å. In the tenth Ti3+ site, Ti3+ is bonded to six N3- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing TiN6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. There are three shorter (2.12 Å) and three longer (2.13 Å) Ti–N bond lengths. In the eleventh Ti3+ site, Ti3+ is bonded to six N3- atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing TiN6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 8°. There are three shorter (1.91 Å) and three longer (2.32 Å) Ti–N bond lengths. In the twelfth Ti3+ site, Ti3+ is bonded to six N3- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing TiN6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–8°. There are three shorter (2.08 Å) and three longer (2.13 Å) Ti–N bond lengths. There are fifteen inequivalent N3- sites. In the first N3- site, N3- is bonded to six Ti3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing NTi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. In the second N3- site, N3- is bonded to six Ti3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing NTi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–1°. In the third N3- site, N3- is bonded to six Ti3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing NTi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–1°. In the fourth N3- site, N3- is bonded to six Ti3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing NTi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. In the fifth N3- site, N3- is bonded to six Ti3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing NTi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. In the sixth N3- site, N3- is bonded to six equivalent Ti3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing NTi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. In the seventh N3- site, N3- is bonded to six equivalent Ti3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing NTi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. All N–Ti bond lengths are 2.12 Å. In the eighth N3- site, N3- is bonded to six Ti3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing NTi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. All N–Ti bond lengths are 2.13 Å. In the ninth N3- site, N3- is bonded to six equivalent Ti3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing NTi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. All N–Ti bond lengths are 2.13 Å. In the tenth N3- site, N3- is bonded to six Ti3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing NTi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. All N–Ti bond lengths are 2.13 Å. In the eleventh N3- site, N3- is bonded to six Ti3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing NTi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. All N–Ti bond lengths are 2.12 Å. In the twelfth N3- site, N3- is bonded to six Ti3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing NTi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. In the thirteenth N3- site, N3- is bonded to six Ti3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing NTi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–2°. In the fourteenth N3- site, N3- is bonded to six Ti3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing NTi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 2°. In the fifteenth N3- site, N3- is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three equivalent Ti3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Mg(TiN)2 by Materials Project

Mg(TiN)2 crystallizes in the tetragonal P-4m2 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one Mg(TiN)2 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. Mg2+ is bonded to four equivalent N3- atoms to form corner-sharing MgN4 tetrahedra. All Mg–N bond lengths are 2.08 Å. Ti2+ is bonded in a water-like geometry to two equivalent N3- atoms. Both Ti–N bond lengths are 1.90 Å. N3- is bonded to two equivalent Mg2+ and two equivalent Ti2+ atoms to form corner-sharing NMg2Ti2 tetrahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Novel Low-Cost Method of Manufacturing Nb 3 Sn Multifilamentary Superconductors with Multiple-Tin-Sources

In this project, we have successfully demonstrated a potentially economical Nb 3 Sn conductor manufacturing process for future fusion devices. This has been accomplished by replacing subelements having a tin core with subelements having a tin coating. In this Phase II program, we have successfully fabricated strand utilizing a novel conductor design approach and demonstrated a 50 meter cable that may be utilized for future fusion applications. Conductor critical current evaluation was performed of this strand and suggest that this approach may be a technically competitive approach for high field magnet applications such as future fusion devices.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2012

Reduction And Stabilization (Immobilization) Of Pertechnetate To An Immobile Reduced Technetium Species Using Tin(II) Apatite

Synthetic tin(II)apatite reduces pertechnetate from the mobile +7 to a non-mobile oxidation state and sequesters the technetium, preventing re-oxidization to mobile +7 state under acidic or oxygenated conditions. Previous work indicated technetium reacted Sn(II)apatite can achieve an ANSI leachability index of 12.8 in Cast Stone. An effect by pH is observed on the distribution coefficient, the highest distribution coefficient being l70,900 observed at pH levels of 2.5 to 10.2. The tin apatite was resistant to releasing technetium under test conditions.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2017

An Equation of State and Compendium of Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Tin, a Prospective Plasma-Facing Material

In this work we collect and summarize a variety of thermophysical properties of liquid tin, which is a prospecive plasma-facing material in fusion reactors. These include the thermodynamic properties density, specific heat, sound spead, and vapor pressure; transport properties such as thermal con- ductivity, viscosity, and surface tension; and hydrogen isotope solubility and diffusivity. The thermodyamic property data are used to fit an equation of state that accurately describes these, and which has been implemented in MELCOR for fusion in order to model systems featuring liquid tin PFCs and coolant loops. Few data on hydrogen solubility could be found, and these differ by some orders of magnitude; diffusivity appears not to have been measured precisely and for subsequent analyses theoretical estimates will have to be relied upon.

Divertors↗
DOE OSTI2016

Tin(II)apatite: Synthesis, Characterization, and Challenge with Pertechnetate - 16194

We will report on the synthesis of stannous apatite and the subsequent reductive capacity attained, using a cerium (IV) titration method. Also reported will be the distribution coefficients derived using a Hanford tank supernatant simulant of 7.8 M sodium with chrome (VI) as a contaminant of concern, as a potential non-isotopic oxy-anion and technetium surrogate for reductive capacity determinations. Pertechnetate will be subjected to reduction using hydroxylamine, glucose and threose. The purpose is to take the first step in laboratory analyses to determine the amount of non-pertechnetate species in Hanford tank waste. A proposed sequestration mechanism will be presented as to why the reacted tin(II)apatite does not release technetium once reacted. SEM and EDS spectra will be presented on the crystalline apatite. Areas of incorporation of the tin(II)apatite will be presented for the Hanford tank waste process. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2012

Interaction of {sup 12}C ions with nuclei of enriched tin isotopes at an energy of 2.2 GeV per nucleon

The formation cross sections for about 110 products of interaction between a {sup 12}C ion beam of energy 2.2 GeV per nucleon and tin targets from the isotopes {sup 112,118,120,124}Sn were calculated. Massyield and charge distributions were obtained for {sup 112,118,124}Sn targets. An analysis of these charge distributions reveals that the positions of their maxima, Z{sub p}, are different for targets having different nucleon compositions. The formation cross sections for neutron-rich products originating from neutron-rich targets are found to increase in all product-mass regions considered in our study. Mass distributions are compared for proton-, deuteron- and ion-nucleus reactions.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Comparative analysis of cross sections of residual nuclei on separated tin isotopes at a beam energy of protons and deuterons 3.65 GeV/nucleon

The cross sections of residual nuclei in the separated tin isotopes ({sup 112}Sn, {sup 118}Sn, {sup 120}Sn, and {sup 124}Sn), irradiated with proton and deuteron beams with energy 3.65 GeV/nucleon, are investigated. Parametrization by ten parametric semi-empirical formula was conducted with the aim of determining the total cross sections and analyzing the measurement results. The dependence of total inelastic cross sections on the mass number of the target and the structure of the incoming particle was investigated via the comparison of the obtained data.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Self-Assembled Ag–TiN Hybrid Plasmonic Metamaterial: Tailorable Tilted Nanopillar and Optical Properties

Key challenges limiting the adoption of metallic plasmonic nanostructures for practical devices include structural stability and the ease of large-scale fabrication. Overcoming these issues may require novel metamaterial fabrication with potentials for improved durability under extreme conditions. Here, in this paper, a self-assembled growth of a hybrid plasmonic metamaterial in thin-film form is reported, with epitaxial Ag nanopillars embedded in TiN, a mechanically strong and chemically inert matrix. One of the key achievements lies in the successful control of the tilt angle of the Ag nanopillars (from 0° to 50°), which is attributed to the interplay between the growth kinetics and thermodynamics during deposition. Such an anisotropic nature offered by the tilted Ag nanopillars in TiN matrix is crucial for achieving broadband, asymmetric optical selectivity. Optical spectra coupled with numerical simulations demonstrate strong plasmonic resonance, as well as angular selectivity in a broad UV–vis to near-infrared regime. The nanostructured metamaterials in this work, which consist of highly conductive metallic nanopillars in a durable nitride matrix, have the potential to serve as a novel hybrid material platform for highly tailorable nanoscale metamaterial designs, suitable for high temperature optical applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

High‐Performance Zinc Tin Oxide TFTs with Active Layers Deposited by Atomic Layer Deposition

Abstract New deposition techniques for amorphous oxide semiconductors compatible with silicon back end of line manufacturing are needed for 3D monolithic integration of thin‐film electronics. Here, three atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes are compared for the fabrication of amorphous zinc tin oxide (ZTO) channels in bottom‐gate, top‐contact n‐channel transistors. As‐deposited ZTO films, made by ALD at 150–200 °C, exhibit semiconducting, enhancement‐mode behavior with electron mobility as high as 13 cm 2 V −1 s −1 , due to a low density of oxygen‐related defects. ZTO deposited at 200 °C using a hybrid thermal‐plasma ALD process with an optimal tin composition of 21%, post‐annealed at 400 °C, shows excellent performance with a record high mobility of 22.1 cm 2 V –1 s –1 and a subthreshold slope of 0.29 V dec –1 . Increasing the deposition temperature and performing post‐deposition anneals at 300–500 °C lead to an increased density of the X‐ray amorphous ZTO film, improving its electrical properties. By optimizing the ZTO active layer thickness and using a high‐ k gate insulator (ALD Al 2 O 3 ), the transistor switching voltage is lowered, enabling electrical compatibility with silicon integrated circuits. This work opens the possibility of monolithic integration of ALD ZTO‐based thin‐film electronics with silicon integrated circuits or onto large‐area flexible substrates.

Allemang, Christopher R.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Incorporating Potassium Citrate to Improve the Performance of Tin‐Lead Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract Easy‐to‐form tin vacancies at the buried interface of tin‐lead perovskites hinder the performance of low‐bandgap perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, a synergistic strategy by incorporating potassium citrate (PC) into the poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) hole‐transport layer to passivate the buried interface of Sn‐Pb PSCs is reported. PC neutralizes the acidity of PEDOT:PSS and stabilizes the perovskite front surface, enhancing device stability. Citrate moieties coordinate with Sn 2+ on the buried perovskite surface, preventing Sn 2+ oxidation and suppressing defect formation. Additionally, potassium cations incorporate into Sn‐Pb perovskites, enhancing crystallinity and passivating halide defects. The combined benefits enable efficient low‐bandgap Sn‐Pb PSCs with a power conversion efficiency of 22.7% and a high open‐circuit voltage of 0.894 V. Using this method, 26.1% efficiency for all‐perovskite tandem solar cells is demonstrated. These results emphasize the significance of buried interface passivation in developing efficient and stable Sn‐Pb PSCs and all‐perovskite tandem solar cells.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Oriented, One‐Dimensional Tin Dioxide–Titanium Dioxide Composites as Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Abstract Highly oriented columnar nanostructures of tin dioxide (SnO 2 ) and a composite tin dioxide material with a thin titanium dioxide coating (SnO 2 –TiO 2 ) are fabricated using aerosol chemical vapor deposition (ACVD) and are utilized as high‐capacity anode materials in lithium‐ion batteries. The SnO 2 nanostructures exhibit a specific capacity of 445 mAh g −1 after 100 cycles at a rate of 1 C, but experience substantial capacity fade at a charge rate of 2 C, and a capacity of 251 mAh g −1 after 100 cycles. To enhance the capacity retention a coating of TiO 2 is applied to the electrodes. Comparatively, the SnO 2 –TiO 2 electrode exhibits a capacity of 497 mAh g −1 after 100 cycles at a charge rate of 2 C. Diffusion measurements indicate that no inhibition of lithium diffusion occurs due to a thin TiO 2 coating. The superior capacity retention of the composite electrode may be attributed to the protection of SnO 2 from irreversible reactions using a TiO 2 coating.

Kacica, Clayton T.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Investigation of tin as a fuel additive to control FCCI

Tin is being investigated as a potential additive to metallic fuel to control fuel-cladding chemical interaction (FCCI). A primary cause of FCCI is the lanthanide fission products moving to the fuel periphery and interacting with the cladding. This interaction will lead to wastage of the cladding and eventually to a cladding breach. The current study investigates the microstructure of as-cast and annealed U-10Zr-4.3Sn and U-10Zr-4.3Sn-4.7Ln (where Ln=53Nd-25Ce-16Pr-6La) using SEM, TEM, and XRD. Diffusion couple results, between U-10Zr-4.3Sn and lanthanides, and between U-10Zr-4.3Sn-4.7Ln and Fe, will also be presented. This investigation shows that tin preferentially binds the lanthanides, which will prevent lanthanide migration and interaction with the cladding.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Evolution of TiS and TiN in Fe-40 MassPctNi Austenitic Alloy During Heating at 1273 K (1000 °C)

Evolution of TiS in composition and morphology as well as the change in size distribution of TiS and TiN in Fe-40 masspctNi austenitic alloy during heating at 1273 K (1000 °C) was investigated using manual/automatic scanning electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Two types of TiS morphologies, spindle and spherical, were maintained during heating. The molar ratio of Ti/S of TiS increased while the aspect ratio of TiS was maintained in both alloys during heating. The number density of TiN inclusions was low compared with TiS in each alloy during heating. The pinning effect of TiS during heating was confirmed, and was stronger in alloy with a larger volume fraction of TiS. The results contribute to the establishment of optimum heat treatment processes for austenitic stainless steel to obtain better pitting corrosion resistance.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Anelasticity and Phase Transition During Ramp-Release in Tin

This study examines the qualitative features of an anelasticity model associated with the bowing of dislocations in the presence of phase transition. A simple physically plausible mechanism is introduced to describe the interaction of anelasticity and the transformation. Varying the anelastic parameters results in strong differences in the deviatoric stress response. The model is applied to study the behavior of tin (Sn) and compared to data from ramp driven compression-release experiments. Tin exhibits a complex phase diagram within a relatively accessible range of temperature and pressures and the characterization of its phases is considered an open problem with significant scientific merit. The coupling between anelasticity, plasticity, and phase transformation contributes to release wave features traditionally associated with the phase transition effect alone suggesting the importance of accounting for the effects jointly. Posterior distributions of the plastic and anelastic parameters are computed using Bayesian-inference-based methods, further highlighting the importance of anelasticity in this regime.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗