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DOE OSTI2022

Sorbent-based oxygen separation with YBC114 for energy storage systems

In our report we aimed to design, build, and evaluate an oxygen separation system to provide an inert sweep gas with low oxygen partial pressure (pO2) to redox-active thermochemical energy conversion reactors for a range of applications, including two-step redox cycles for thermochemical energy storage, water splitting, and carbon-dioxide splitting. The separation is based on an oxygen-selective sorbent, YBaCo4O7+δ (YBC114), which has excellent oxygen sorption and desorption properties demonstrated in our previous work. The oxygen separation performance of YBC114 was comprehensively studied by thermogravimetric analysis, sorption breakthrough experiments, and temperature swing sorption - desorption cycles. The results reveal that YBC114 can produce inert sweep gas with an oxygen concentration of less than 100 ppmv for at least 20 min during the thermal swing adsorption (TSA) cycle with the current sorption bed configuration, and the performance is consistent from cycle to cycle. The optimal sorption and desorption temperatures for the TSA process with YBC114 are determined to be 300 °C and 500 °C, respectively. Although challenges remain for the current separation system (e.g., high sorption temperature and slow kinetics), this study demonstrates the potential to use the oxygen-selective sorbent to produce an inert sweep gas, the feasibility of the oxygen separation concept, and guides new sorbent material development to make this application economically practical. A simple procedure is described for designing the YBC114 oxygen separation process.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2023

Metal–Organic Frameworks for C6 Alkane Separation

The separation of alkane isomers is an important yet challenging process in the petrochemical industry. Being a crucial step to produce premium gasoline components as well as optimum ethylene feed, the current industrial separation by distillation is extremely energy intensive. Adsorptive separation based on zeolite is limited by insufficient adsorption capacity. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) hold enormous promise as alternative adsorbents due to their diverse structural tunability and exceptional porosity. Precise control of their pore geometry/dimensions has led to superior performance. In this minireview, we highlight the recent progresses in developing MOFs for the separation of C6 alkane isomers. Representative MOFs are reviewed based on their separation mechanisms. Emphasis is put on the material design rationale for achieving optimal separation capability. Lastly, we briefly discuss the existing challenges, possible solutions, and future directions of this important field.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2020

Retrospective on Recent DOE-Funded Studies Concerning the Extraction of Rare Earth Elements & Lithium from Geothermal Brines (Final Report)

Rare earth elements (REE) and lithium are non-toxic metals that are considered critical materials due to their use in electronics, magnets, batteries, and a wide variety of industrial processes important for the economy and military preparedness. Demand for REE and lithium is increasing and these critical materials are imported, so identifying and exploiting domestic sources of REE and lithium is a national priority. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Geothermal Technologies Office (GTO) has been in the forefront of sponsoring research investigating the potential recovery of REE, lithium, and other critical minerals from geothermal brines. It has been proposed that the future of geothermal energy should include “hybrid systems” that combine electricity generation with other revenue-generating activities, such as recovery of valuable and critical minerals, including REE and lithium. Two recent GTO funding opportunities have focused on the recovery of REE and other valuable minerals from geothermal brines. The research supported by the GTO’s mineral recovery program is focused on three areas: resource characterization, technology for the extraction of REE, and technology for the extraction of lithium (Tables 1 and 2). This report is a retrospective study examining the outcome of GTO’s two recent mineral recovery programs (DE-FOA-0001016 in FY 2014 and DE-FOA-0001376 in FY 2016). In this report, the knowledge, technology, and techniques that were developed by researchers funded by GTO are summarized and discussed. Four projects were funded to assess the concentrations and amounts of REE found in geothermal brines and oil field produced waters. The GTO-funded studies compiled publically available data on REE concentrations from brines and produced water from all over the USA. In addition, new samples were collected and characterized from major geothermal and hydrocarbon basins in the Western USA. The studies examined the relationship between lithology and REE concentrations and developed models examining the influence of geology on REE concentrations in produced brines. It was determined that REE are frequently found at higher concentrations in oil field produced water than geothermal brines, but that some geothermal areas had significant REE resources. Significant reservoirs of REE were identified in the Western USA. In some cases, concentrations of REE were more than 1000 times the concentrations found in seawater. Collectively, these studies represent a comprehensive picture of REE resources associated with geothermal and hydrocarbon systems in the USA. The studies did not examine lithium resources, but in some cases, lithium concentration data was collected. Data from these studies are housed in the Geothermal Data Repository (GDR) and represent a significant information resource and it is recommended that these data be further analyzed in a future study. Eight projects were funded to develop new technology for REE extraction from geothermal fluids. These projects investigated sorption as an approach for removal and recovery of REE from geothermal brines. The projects investigated cutting-edge technology for selective sorption of ions from complex solutions, including the application of metal-organic frameworks and biosorbent proteins. The REE sorption studies tested different combinations of metal-binding ligands and solid supports. The most promising metal-binding ligands for REE included phosphonic acid, thiol, and carboxylic acid functional groups. Ligands were attached or incorporated into a wide variety of solid supports. In most cases, attachment was via covalent bonding to organic resins, polymers, or silica-based supports. Most of the REE projects were conducted at a low technology readiness level (TRL) and showed promise, but direct comparison between technologies was not possible based on the available information. It is recommended that testing and reporting be standardized to the extent possible to facilitate comparisons between technologies. Two projects were directed at novel lithium extraction technology. Both projects investigated the use of inorganic sorbents, including manganese oxides. One study also examined the use of metal- ion imprinted polymers as selective ion-exchange resins for the separation of lithium and manganese from brines. Both approaches showed promise for the selective extraction of lithium from brines, including potentially geothermal brines. Results from these GTO studies indicated that selective REE and lithium extraction is possible, but interference from co-occurring solutes, such as calcium, magnesium, or heavy metals, will interfere with process efficiency and negatively impact process economics. Techno-economic analysis conducted as part of the resource and technology studies suggest extraction of REE from geothermal brines is unlikely to be economically viable, especially since non-geothermal produced waters frequently have higher REE concentrations. It is recommended that benchmarks for techno-economic analysis be established to the extent possible for future studies, to facilitate direct comparison of various technologies. Based on the collective results of this program, it appears that hybrid geothermal power would benefit more from recovery of lithium and other metals, rather than REE. It is recommended that future studies be conducted at a higher- TRL and that sorbents be tested against actual geothermal fluid samples. Prior higher-TRL efforts to extract metals from geothermal brines should be further evaluated for lessons learned.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2021

Separation of cobalt, nickel, and manganese in leach solutions of waste lithium-ion batteries using Dowex M4195 ion exchange resin

Current methods to separate and recover critical metals from waste lithium-ion battery (LIB) scrap require multiple unit operations that involve selective leaching and a combination of separation methods. These methods include impurity removal, solvent extraction, ion exchange, and precipitation, to achieve high purity Co and Ni products. In this paper an efficient extraction strategy was developed to individually separate Ni and Co from a LIB leachate that was generated from an electrochemical leaching process. By using Dowex M4195 resin, as the only method of separation, additional impurity removal operations were not needed. After loading and eluting, three different fractions were obtained: 99.0% Ni concentrate, 98.5% Co concentrate, and a Li/Mn rich concentrate allowing the separation of Ni, Co and Mn. Here, the developed process is then presented as an alternative for metal recovery from leachates from scrap LIBs with minimum chemical addition and pH adjustment.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2024

Kinetic Separation of Siloxanes in Metal–Organic Frameworks

We present an in silico assessment of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for the kinetic separation of linear and cyclic siloxanes. We employed molecular dynamics simulations investigating both rigid and flexible 1D MOF frameworks to identify a specific range of pore parameters that enables the diffusion of linear siloxanes but leads to slow diffusion of cyclic siloxanes. We then extended our analysis to flexible 3D MOFs to select adsorbents for the kinetic separation of cyclic and linear siloxanes. Based on synthesizability metrics we identified four 3D MOFs capable of discriminating between cyclic and linear siloxanes. One of the MOFs with structure code WIYFAM stood out with the ability to distinguish between cyclic and linear siloxanes and facilitate the diffusion of all linear siloxanes investigated in this study. One of the other MOFs, IRMOF-6, is found to be capable of not only discriminating between cyclic and linear siloxanes, but even between shorter and longer linear siloxanes.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2021

Pore Distortion in a Metal–Organic Framework for Regulated Separation of Propane and Propylene

The development of porous solids for adsorptive separation of propylene and propane remains an important and challenging line of research. State-of-the-art sorbent materials often suffer from the trade-off between adsorption capacity and selectivity. Here, we report the regulated separation of propylene and propane in a metal–organic framework via designed pore distortion. Here, the distorted pore structure of HIAM-301 successfully excludes propane and thus achieved simultaneously high selectivity (>150) and large capacity (~3.2 mmol/g) of propylene at 298 K and 1 bar. Dynamic breakthrough measurements validated the excellent separation of propane and propylene. In situ neutron powder diffraction and inelastic neutron scattering revealed the binding domains of adsorbed propylene molecules in HIAM-301 as well as host–guest interaction dynamics. This study presents a new benchmark for the adsorptive separation of propylene and propane.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2025

Isoreticular Tolerance and Phase Selection in the Synthesis of Multi‐Module Metal–Organic Frameworks for Gas Separation and Electrocatalytic OER

Abstract Although metal–organic frameworks are coordination‐driven assemblies, the structural prediction and design using metal‐ligand interactions can be unreliable due to other competing interactions. Leveraging non‐coordination interactions to develop porous assemblies could enable new materials and applications. Here, we use a multi‐module MOF system to explore important and pervasive impact of ligand‐ligand interactions on metal‐ligand as well as ligand‐ligand co‐assembly process. It is found that ligand‐ligand interactions play critical roles on the scope or breakdown of isoreticular chemistry. With cooperative di‐ and tri‐topic ligands, a family of Ni‐MOFs has been synthesized in various structure types including partitioned MIL‐88‐acs ( pacs ), interrupted pacs (i‐ pacs ), and UMCM‐1‐muo. A new type of isoreticular chemistry on the muo platform is established between two drastically different chemical systems. The gas sorption and electrocatalytic studies were performed that reveal excellent performance such as high C 2 H 2 /CO 2 selectivity of 21.8 and high C 2 H 2 uptake capacity of 114.5 cm 3 /g at 298 K and 1 bar.

Xiao, Yuchen [Department of Chemistry University o↗

DOE OSTI2025

Isoreticular Tolerance and Phase Selection in the Synthesis of Multi‐Module Metal–Organic Frameworks for Gas Separation and Electrocatalytic OER

Xiao, Yuchen [Department of Chemistry University o↗

DOE OSTI2023

Ultrathin electron and proton-conducting membranes for nanoscale integrated artificial photosystems

Reducing the thickness of separation membranes without compromising their selectivity and robustness is the most effective way of maximizing the areal conductivity. This is especially important for the integration of visible light-driven water oxidation and carbon dioxide (or proton) reduction into a complete artificial photosystem on the shortest possible length scale – the nanoscale – because of the efficiency advantages over macroscale photosystems. In addition to their excellent separation property, ultrathin membranes of 10 nm thickness or less need to exhibit sufficient electrical and proton conductivity in order for the photocatalytic rates to keep up with the photon flux at maximum solar intensity. Furher, two materials, graphene and amorphous silica with embedded molecular wires, have emerged as promising ultrathin membranes for the development of nanoscale integrated solar-fuel systems. Moreover, electrically conducting metal–organic or covalent–organic frameworks can be used to fabricate high surface area-supports that enable the use of molecular catalysts and/or light absorbers at an adequate areal density for nanoscale integration with graphene membranes. Following an overview of the electron and proton conductivity of these ultrathin materials and recent examples of photoelectrocatalytic applications that take advantage of some but not all the properties that constitute a complete functional membrane, the status and future opportunities for complete nanoscale integrated photosystems featuring an ultrathin membrane are discussed.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

Hydrocarbon ladder polymers with ultrahigh permselectivity for membrane gas separations

Membranes have the potential to substantially reduce energy consumption of industrial chemical separations, but their implementation has been limited owing to a performance upper bound—the trade-off between permeability and selectivity. Although recent developments of highly permeable polymer membranes have advanced the upper bounds for various gas pairs, these polymers typically exhibit limited selectivity. We report a class of hydrocarbon ladder polymers that can achieve both high selectivity and high permeability in membrane separations for many industrially relevant gas mixtures. Additionally, their corresponding films exhibit desirable mechanical and thermal properties. Tuning of the ladder polymer backbone configuration was found to have a profound effect on separation performance and aging behavior.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗

DOE OSTI2024

In-house synthesized poly(ether ether ketone) ionenes. I. ToF-SIMS spectra in the positive ion mode

Static time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was performed for acquiring the high-resolution surface spectra of four types of synthesized imidazolium ionene membranes. These novel membranes have aromatic ether–ketone–ether linkages inspired by poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK). The PEEK-ionenes synthesized for this study have imidazolium cations placed in the polymeric backbone with bistriflimide [Tf 2 N]- counterions. The attention given to synthetically modified PEEK derivatives, such as PEEK-ionenes, is considerable due to their ability to selectively capture CO 2 molecules and other light gases. Therefore, it is important to characterize the surface of these synthesized novel PEEK-ionenes. In this work, characteristic and unique peaks were identified in the positive spectra of each sample. The differences in mass spectra among the samples provide insights for optimizing or fine-tuning the PEEK-ionenes synthesis to achieve a high-performance CO 2 separation membrane with enhanced permeability, selectivity, and mechanical stability. The SIMS spectra and identified characteristic peaks of these synthesized ionenes will serve as a reference in the positive mode, complementing the corresponding spectra reported in the negative ion mode (Paper II).

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2026

Hazard and risk analysis framework for nuclear power plant–based integrated energy systems

Employing integrated energy systems (IESs) with nuclear power plants (NPPs) can improve NPP utilization by leveraging dedicated thermal and electric power delivery, but it may also increase operational safety risks. This paper presents a framework to identify and quantify hazards and risks for such IESs. The framework combines accidentology to review past industrial accidents with failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) to identify potential future incidents. Hydrogen explosion and toxic chemical release hazards are of particular concern. Explosion consequences are quantified using the Bauwens-Dorofeev (Bauwens) and trinitrotoluene equivalent mass (TNT-EM) methods, while chemical release consequences are computed using the Gaussian atmospheric dispersion method. Operational disturbances from direct electrical and thermal integration that may affect NPP safety are modeled using probabilistic risk analysis (PRA). Hazards and risks are then evaluated for regulatory compliance. The framework is applied to IESs comprising pressurized or boiling water reactors supplying three levels of thermal and electrical power to industrial customers. Case studies include high-temperature steam electrolysis hydrogen plants of varying capacities and a synthetic fuel production plant. Sensitivity analysis examines piping component failures in the PRA model as a precursor to cost estimation for thermal extraction line design. Additionally, Fussel-Vessely (FV) and risk increase importance (RII) measures identify risk-informed design improvements for the thermal extraction system. FMEA highlights hazards such as loss of offsite power, prompt loss of electrical load, loss of thermal output, and immediate steam diversion, in addition to hydrogen explosions and toxic chemical releases. Both Bauwens and TNT-EM methods suggest maintaining several hundred meters of separation between the NPP and hydrogen facility to mitigate explosion risks. PRA results show a maximum initiating event frequency increase of 1.15% and an overall risk increase of 0.28%. Importance measure analysis identifies upstream pipe leak isolation components as critical. Evaluating the results against safety regulations, it is concluded that hazards and risks can be managed to comply with regulations through risk-informed thermal and electrical connection designs, component selection, maintenance programs, and safe separation distances between NPPs and integrated industrial facilities.

08 - HYDROGEN↗

DOE OSTI2023

RECLAIM: Electrochemical Lithium and Nickel Extraction with Concurrent Carbon Dioxide Mineralization

This project aims to develop technologies toward the production of Li and Ni from CO 2 -reactive minerals and rocks that contain Ca and Mg, while sequestering CO 2 . The technologies include acoustic stimulation and electrolytic proton production, which use electricity to liberate valuable metal ions from the surrounding mineral matrix at sub-boiling temperatures (~20-80°C). Feedstocks include Li/Ni/Ca/Mg-rich igneous and sedimentary rocks and minerals such as holmquistite, hectorite, lateritic Ni ores enriched in Mg-rich serpentine. Other examples of feedstocks that could be used include coarse grained orthocumulate, mine tailings, etc. In the first step, the electrolytic breakdown of water to H + and OH – (as well as O 2 and H 2 ) will be induced by applying an electric potential to simultaneously produce acidity and alkalinity. The solid feedstocks will be dissolved in the acidic anolyte under acoustic stimulation. Solubilized species will then undergo separation using our unique Li + -selective membranes driven by electrodialysis, leading to concentration of Li as soluble lithium silicate, from which Li 2 CO 3 can be derived by reaction with CO 2(g) while supplying cathode alkalinity. Also at the cathode, stepwise electrolytic precipitation of metal hydroxides, including Ni(OH) 2 , Ca(OH) 2 , and Mg(OH) 2 is performed along a cascade reactor in which both the applied potential and pH increase downstream, thereby simultaneously extracting and separating the metals. Finally, exposure of Ca(OH) 2 and Mg(OH) 2 to dilute CO 2 will result in CO 2 uptake in the form of Ca and Mg carbonates. The primary accomplishments include sample procurement and characterization. Progress has been made on precursor identification and mapping, establishing protocols for assessing metal extractability under sonication, and preliminary technoeconomic analysis (TEA) and life cycle analysis (LCA).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Facile Size-Selective Defect Sealing in Large-Area Atomically Thin Graphene Membranes for Sub-Nanometer Scale Separations

Atomically thin graphene with a high-density of precise subnanometer pores represents the ideal membrane for ionic and molecular separations. However, a single large-nanopore can severely compromise membrane performance and differential etching between pre-existing defects/grain boundaries in graphene and pristine regions presents fundamental limitations. Here, we show for the first time that size-selective interfacial polymerization after high-density nanopore formation in graphene not only seals larger defects (>0.5 nm) and macroscopic tears but also successfully preserves the smaller subnanometer pores. Low-temperature growth followed by mild UV/ozone oxidation allows for facile and scalable formation of high-density (4–5.5 $\times$ 10 12 cm –2 ) useful subnanometer pores in the graphene lattice. We demonstrate scalable synthesis of fully functional centimeter-scale nanoporous atomically thin membranes (NATMs) with water (~0.28 nm) permeance ~23$\times$ higher than commercially available membranes and excellent rejection to salt ions (~0.66 nm, >97% rejection) as well as small organic molecules (~0.7–1.5 nm, ~100% rejection) under forward osmosis. $\times$

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2025

Reinforced AEM Separators Based on Triblock Copolymers for Electrode-decoupled RFBs

Washington University in St. Louis (WUSTL), in collaboration with The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) and Giner Inc. developed highly selective anion exchange membranes (AEMs) and a novel electrode-decoupled redox flow battery (RFB) for grid scale energy storage as part of the ARPA-E IONICS program (with connections to the DAYS program in the later part of the project). RFBs exhibit the crucial characteristic of system-level decoupled scaling of energy and power which makes them cost effective for the multi-GWh scales envisioned for grid-scale energy storage solutions. This has led to extensive (and deserved) research interest and attention. This project aimed to enhance the design space available for redox-flow batteries (RFBs) by enabling the long-term separation of disparate cationic (elemental) actives using a highly selective membrane separator, while concurrently permitting the transport of anions to balance charge. The approach proposed was to design and develop a highly selective anion-exchange membrane (AEM), which would in turn permit the design and development of electrode-decoupled RFBs. Pairs of (different element) cationic species with redox reactions exhibiting a large difference in their standard electrode potentials were identified to develop high voltage, high power RFBs while disrupting the existing paradigm of using a single element which can ionize to more than two soluble oxidation states (e.g.: Vanadium).

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2025

Characterization of Gas-Phase Native(-like) Proteins Using Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations

High-resolution mobility-based ion separations in Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations (SLIM) have been useful for ion mobility separations for a variety of molecular classes in the gas phase. Here, in this study, we present multipass SLIM separations for gas-phase proteins in their near-native state exhibiting charge-state-dependent arrival time distributions using carbonic anhydrase (29 kDa), alcohol dehydrogenase (148 kDa), and apo-transferrin (79 kDa). The experimental CCS values were obtained from calibration curves for the arrival times of Agilent Tune Mix ions. For multipass separations, the ATDs were converted to CCS values by deconvoluting the multipass arrival times into accurate single-pass values amenable to the single-pass calibration curves. Mass spectra of carbonic anhydrase (CA) showed three different charge states (z = 9+ to 11+). Their corresponding mobility peaks were baseline-separated by using 8-m single-pass separations. When compared to the corresponding drift tube ion mobility (DTIMS) measurements, the CCS values obtained from DTIMS and SLIM were in agreement within experimental error. Single-pass analysis of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) exhibits three predominant charge states (z = 23+ to 25+) with mobility overlap between adjacent charge states. The mobility peak resolution for ADH improved with multipass separations (up to 24-m path length). In addition, CCS distributions obtained for charge states z = 16+ to 18+ of apo-transferrin reveal a transition from a compact unimodal form (z = 18+ and 19+) to broader multimodal CCS distributions for z = 16+. For apo-transferrin, 40-m multipass separations were performed allowing for complete isolation of the selected mobility range corresponding to z = 17+, leading to selective isolation of a narrow arrival time window. The extended mobility separations provided minimal alterations to the structure of the proteins, and the experimentally derived CCS values showed minimal change as a function of the separation time or number of passes. Mobility-based ion separations for native-like proteins, using SLIM, open opportunities for native-IMS applications as well as other manipulations enabled by SLIM-like mobility-selective isolation and collection.

charge state distribution↗

DOE OSTI2022

The solution structures and relative stability constants of lanthanide–EDTA complexes predicted from computation

Ligand selectivity to specific lanthanide (Ln) ions is key to the separation of rare earth elements from each other. Ligand selectivity can be quantified with relative stability constants (measured experimentally) or relative binding energies (calculated computationally). The relative stability constants of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) with La 3+ , Eu 3+ , Gd 3+ , and Lu 3+ were predicted from relative binding energies, which were quantified using electronic structure calculations with relativistic effects and based on the molecular structures of Ln–EDTA complexes in solution from density functional theory molecular dynamics simulations. The protonation state of an EDTA amine group was varied to study pH ~7 and ~11 conditions. Further, simulations at 25 °C and 90 °C were performed to elucidate how structures of Ln–EDTA complexes varying with temperature are related to complex stabilities at different pH conditions. Relative stability trends are predicted from computation for varying Ln 3+ ions (La, Eu, Gd, Lu) with a single ligand (EDTA at pH ~11), as well as for a single Ln 3+ ion (La) with varying ligands (EDTA at pH ~7 and ~11). Changing the protonation state of an EDTA amine site significantly changes the solution structure of the Ln–EDTA complex resulting in a reduction of the complex stability. As a result, increased Ln–ligand complex stability is correlated to reduced structural variations in solution upon an increase in temperature.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2021

Ion-capture electrodialysis using multifunctional adsorptive membranes

Technologies that can efficiently purify nontraditional water sources are needed to meet rising global demand for clean water. Water treatment plants typically require a series of costly separation units to achieve desalination and the removal of toxic trace contaminants such as heavy metals and boron. We report a series of robust, selective, and tunable adsorptive membranes that feature porous aromatic framework nanoparticles embedded within ion exchange polymers and demonstrate their use in an efficient, one-step separation strategy termed ion-capture electrodialysis. This process uses electrodialysis configurations with adsorptive membranes to simultaneously desalinate complex water sources and capture diverse target solutes with negligible capture of competing ions. Our methods are applicable to the development of efficient and selective multifunctional separations that use adsorptive membranes.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗