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At least 325 records · Page 18
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2017

The Integrated Impact of Diet On Human Immune Response, the Gut Microbiota, and Nutritional Status During Adaptation to a Spaceflight Analog

Spaceflight impacts human physiology, including well documented immune system dysregulation. Diet, immune function, and the microbiome are interlinked, but diet is the only one of these factors that we have the ability to easily, and significantly, alter on Earth or during flight. As we understand dietary impacts on physiology more thoroughly, we may then improve the spaceflight diet to improve crew health and potentially reduce flight-associated physiological alterations. It is expected that increasing the consumption of fruits and vegetables and bioactive compounds (e.g.,omega-3 fatty acids, lycopene, flavonoids) and therefore enhancing overall nutritional intake from the nominal shelf-stable, fully-processed space food system could serve as a countermeasure to improve human immunological profiles, the taxonomic profile of the gut microbiota, and nutritional status, especially where currently dysregulated during spaceflight. This interdisciplinary study will determine the effect of the current shelf-stable spaceflight diet compared to an "enhanced" shelf-stable spaceflight diet (25% more foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, lycopene, flavonoids, fruits, and vegetables). The NASA Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA) 2017 missions, consisting of closed chamber confinement, realistic mission simulation, in a high-fidelity mock space vehicle, will serve as a platform to replicate mission stressors and the dysregulated physiology observed in astronauts. Biosampling of crew members will occur at selected intervals, with complete dietary tracking. Outcome measures will include immune markers (e.g., peripheral leukocyte distribution, inflammatory cytokine profiles, T cell function), the taxonomic and metatranscriptomic profile of the gut microbiome, and nutritional status biomarkers and metabolites. Data collection will also include complete dietary tracking. Statistical evaluations will determine physiological and biochemical shifts in relation to nutrient in take and study phase. Beneficial improvements will provide evidence of the impact of diet on crew health and adaptation to this spaceflight analog, and will aid in the design and development of more-efficient targeted dietary interventions.

Douglas, G. L.↗
NASA NTRS2016

Review of NASA's Evidence Reports on Human Health Risks

NASA has requested a study from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to provide an independent review of more than 30 evidence reports on human health risks for long duration and exploration spaceflight. The evidence reports, which are publicly available, are categorized into five broad categories: (1) behavioral health and performance; (2) human health countermeasures (with a focus on bone metabolism and orthopedics, nutrition, immunology, and cardiac and pulmonary physiology); (3) radiation; (4) human factors issues; and (5) exploration medical capabilities. The reports are revised on an ongoing basis to incorporate new scientific information. In conducting this study, an IOM ad hoc committee will build on the 2008 IOM report Review of NASA's Human Research Program Evidence Books. That report provided an assessment of the process used for developing the evidence reports and provided an initial review of the evidence reports that had been completed at that time. Each year, NASA staff will identify a set of evidence reports for committee review. Over the course of the study all evidence reports will be reviewed. The committee will hold an annual scientific workshop to receive input on the evidence reports it is reviewing that year and an update on the recent literature. The committee will issue an annual letter report that addresses the following questions relevant to each evidence report: 1. Does the evidence report provide sufficient evidence, as well as sufficient risk context, that the risk is of concern for long-term space missions? 2. Does the evidence report make the case for the research gaps presented? 3. Are there any additional gaps in knowledge or areas of fundamental research that should be considered to enhance the basic understanding of this specific risk? 4. Does the evidence report address relevant interactions among risks? 5. Is input from additional disciplines needed? 6. Is the breadth of the cited literature sufficient? 7. What is the overall readability and quality? 8. Is the expertise of the authors sufficient to fully cover the scope of the given risk? 9. Has the evidence report addressed previous recommendations made by the IOM in the 2008 letter report?

Scott-Conner, Carol E. H.↗
NASA NTRS2018

Heat Shock Protein 40 and Immune Function in Altered Gravity

In space, astronauts are more susceptible to pathogens, viral reactivation and immunosuppression, which poses limits to their health and the mission. Interestingly, during space flight, stress-inducible heat shock proteins (HSP) are robustly induced, and the overexpression of HSPs have been implicated in immune dysregulation, therefore HSPs may be critically involved in regulating immune homeostasis. HSP40/DNAJ1 plays a major role in proper protein translation and folding. Its loss of function has been implicated in susceptibility to microbial infection, while its overexpression has been implicated in autoimmunity, collectively suggesting its complicated, but necessary, role in maintaining immunological function. To determine the role of HSP40 during stress-induced altered gravity conditions, wild-type and Hsp40 mutant Drosophila melanogaster were exposed to ground-based chronic hypergravity conditions, followed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of immune gene expression. In addition, larval hemocytes were collected to determine the functional output in response to E. coli bioparticle phagocytosis. Preliminary data indicates a required role for Hsp40 in strengthening immune function during stress-induced spaceflight in flies. In short, a critical need to evaluate the relationship between HSPs and immune suppression during space flight is necessary. Since space travel may become available to the general public in the not too distant future, and for the possibility of long-term space missions, a more comprehensive evaluation of the molecules responsible for immune dysfunction observed during space flight is required.

hypergravity↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Sweating the Small Stuff: A Sensor for Real-Time Neuro-Immune Axis Monitoring

Although manageable with certain precautions, circadian rhythm misalignment and sleep disturbances pose a potential threat to astronaut health. It is well-known that sleep is essential for proper immunological and neurological functioning, while impairments in these functions result in risks for spaceflight success. Neuropeptides and hormones are involved in regulating the circadian clock and are used as biomarkers for circadian alignment. However, in-flight monitoring of these biomarkers is limited due to the lack of real-time sensor systems and sample collection/processing confines. Therefore, real-time measurements of biomarkers in-flight are necessary for mission success and crew health. For this, a robust biomarker involved in the neuro-immune axis of circadian rhythm cycling, physiological stress responses, and inflammation would be well-received as a viable biomarker for assessing physiological health for crew during long-duration missions, as these are currently NASA Human Research Program defined risks. Therefore, this paper describes the development of a wearables we at biosensor to measure the biological clock neuropeptide, orexin/hypocretin. Additionally, potential for implementation of a user-friendly sensor of orexin/hypocretin to be telemetrically reported in real-time, is proposed. In brief, the proposed system has the possibility to be used as a biomarker monitor to support preventive and personalized medicine.

Amber M Paul↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Pilot Assessment of Immune Dysregulation, Stress and Latent Herpesvirus Reactivation at Palmer, Antarctica - Platform for validation of Immune Countermeasures?

Recent studieshave characterized adverse health events potentially relatedto immune system dysregulation, latent herpesvirus reactivation, and clinical incidence for crewmembers onboard ISS. Both areview article describing potential spaceflight countermeasures related to immunityand a specific countermeasures protocol for deep space missions were recently published. An appropriate ground analogto enable spaceflight countermeasures has yet to be validated, although winterover in Antarctica (AWO) seems a highly relevant mission parallel to spaceflight. AWO consists of prolonged deployment, extreme environment, circadian misalignment, personal isolation, station lifestyle (varies by base), and personal risk. Through several studies, AWO at several European bases has beencharacterized, and to date the data has revealed that (immunologically) deployment to interior bases at elevation and with persistent hypobaric hypoxia possesses certaindissimilarities to spaceflight. This proposal seeks to collect low cost pilot data assessing stress, immunity and viral reactivation during AWOat thecoastalU.S. Palmer Station. Even among coastal bases, lifestyle, available crew time/workload and logistical access can vary considerably. Considering all factors, if validated, Palmer may be the most feasible location to evaluate NASA countermeasures. The goal of this pilot study is to ascertain if Palmer may serve as a spaceflight analog option for ground validation of immune countermeasures.The study initiatedwith the crew deployed for winterover at Palmer in 2020.A second crew participated in the recently concluded WO2021 season.All participatingcrew havecollectedand preservedsaliva, plasma and hair samples. On location, the crewmembers alsoperformeda fingerstick blood collection for immediate analysis of basic peripheral leukocyte subsets. Preserved biosamples have beenreturned for analysis, with the WO2020 samples received, and the WO2021 samples currently en-route to Houston. It should be noted that COVID-19 had significant impacts on operations, including training and the collection of pre-mission baseline samples. Preliminary data from the 2020 crewmembers indicate that a relatively mild but detectable immune dysregulation persists at Palmer Station, including alterations in concentration of some plasma cytokines and consistent increases in the incidence of EBV reactivation. Final study data will be tabulated upon receipt of the 2021 crew samples.

Stephanie Krieger↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

HemoCue ISS Tech Demo - Results and Lessons Learned

During long duration space missions, astronauts experience immune system dysregulation [1], and white blood cell (WBC) count can give vital information about the body’s immune response. The ability to measure WBC count is currently an unmet need on the International Space Station (ISS) and for future exploration missions. To address this need, the Human Research Program’s (HRP) Exploration Medical Capability (ExMC) Element, along with the Research Operations and Integration (ROI) Element and the NASA Johnson Space Center Immunology Lab, flew HemoCue®, a commercial-off-the-shelf analyzer with the ability to measure whole blood WBC count with 5-part differential to ISS in December 2020.

Exploration Medical Capability↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Conditions of the Toll-Like Receptors System of the Human Innate Immunity Cells During the Long-Term Isolation

During long duration missions onboard the International Space Station (ISS), alterations in T cell function and plasma cytokine profiles have been observed. Recent studies involving pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have established that adaptation of innate immunity to long duration space flight occurs through changes in signal PRRs, Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Despite the fact that fundamental research of PRR molecular biology is far from complete, there are an increasing number of arguments confirming the important role of this system in regulating the initial stages of the adaptive immune response, as well as in the formation of autoimmune and allergic diseases. Long duration isolation is widely used by NASA as an analog for space flight with previous missions including several Antarctic bases, an undersea research station (NEEMO), and other isolation chambers. ‘SIRIUS’ is a multi-compartment pressurized facility at the IMBP in Moscow, Russia, in which subjects will spend 8 months executing tasks similar to those performed by astronauts in space. Prolonged isolation studies like SIRIUS replicate many of the influences expected to occur during long duration spaceflight missions including isolation, stress, confinement, and living in remote conditions. The immune study to be performed on the upcoming SIRIUS mission is being led by Dr. Sergey Ponomarev at the Institute of Biomedical Problems in Moscow, Russia. The NASA JSC Immunology lab will provide analysis of immune cell function, serum cytokines and stress hormones, and salivary cortisol, cytokines, and viruses. This study will be conducted with SIRIUS subjects under the auspices of the parent program. The goal of the study is to evaluate the effect of the 8-month isolation mission on components of human innate immunity at the molecular and cellular level. Successful implementation and completion of this project will provide a unique assortment of new data, significantly expanding the current understanding of the molecular and cellular changes in TLRs during long-term isolation. We hypothesize that mission-like isolation in the Russian NEK facility, consisting of circadian misalignment, isolation, stress, and ‘station lifestyle’, will result in a pattern of immune dysregulation similar to that observed in astronauts onboard ISS. This pattern of alterations can be summarized as phenotypic changes (altered distribution of peripheral cytotoxic, central memory, CD8+ T cell subsets), reductions in T cell function, alterations in plasma cytokine profiles (increased inflammatory and certain chemokines), and reductions in mitogen stimulated cytokine profiles (spans Th1, Th2, Th17). We further hypothesize that these immune changes will correlate with the reactivation of latent herpesviruses (which persists during orbital flight), to be used as measurable adverse clinical manifestation or with other observed symptomology. The SIRIUS-21 mission began in November of 2021 and successfully concluded with the crew emerging in July of 2022. Currently, the logistics of shipping the samples from Russia to the United States is being organized.

Cody L Gutierrez↗
DOE OSTI2026

Identification of potent inhibitors of JUN N-terminal kinases for treatment of endometriosis and associated pain

Endometriosis, defined as the ectopic growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterine cavity, is an inflammatory and hormone-dependent disease that causes excruciating pelvic pain, infertility, and significantly decreases quality of life in affected patients. The JUN N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are a leading class of nonhormonal therapeutic targets that have been validated in preclinical models of endometriosis and in a Phase 1/2 clinical trial. Despite their therapeutic potential, JNK inhibitors with increased potency and specificity are needed to address the inflammatory pathology of endometriosis and to prevent disease progression. Leveraging a DNA-encoded chemical library collection of ~4 billion compounds, we identified lead inhibitor CDD-2428 and optimized derivatives, CDD-2728 and CDD-3013, with excellent binding affinity to JNK1-3 (K d = 0.12 to 3.7 nM), enhanced selectivity, metabolic stability, and cellular permeability. Crystallographic and biochemical studies confirmed that CDD-3013 exhibited superior kinase selectivity with improved efficacy compared to existing JNK inhibitors. In primary endometriosis cell models, CDD-2728 and CDD-3013 suppressed JNK-dependent inflammatory signaling, dampening pathways linked to pain, invasion, angiogenesis, and macrophage recruitment. In an endometriosis mouse model, both CDD-2728 and CDD-3013 reduced endometriotic lesion size, macrophage infiltration, and cellular proliferation, showing in vivo efficacy. When tested in a lipopolysaccharide-induced hyperalgesia model, CDD-2728 and CDD-3013 decreased markers of induced pain, as measured by changes in a dynamic weight bearing test and Grimace scores. These findings nominate CDD-2728 and CDD-3013 as potent, nonhormonal therapeutic candidates for endometriosis with broad anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, addressing a critical unmet clinical need.

Madasu, Chandrashekhar [Department of Pathology an↗
DOE OSTI2025

Torsional twist of the SARS ‐ CoV and SARS ‐ CoV ‐2 SUD ‐N and SUD ‐M domains

Abstract Coronavirus non‐structural protein 3 (nsp3) forms hexameric crowns of pores in the double membrane vesicle that houses the replication–transcription complex. Nsp3 in SARS‐like viruses has three unique domains absent in other coronavirus nsp3 proteins. Two of these, SUD‐N (Macrodomain 2) and SUD‐M (Macrodomain 3), form two lobes connected by a peptide linker and an interdomain disulfide bridge. We resolve the first complete x‐ray structure of SARS‐CoV SUD‐N/M as well as a mutant variant of SARS‐CoV‐2 SUD‐N/M modified to restore cysteines for interdomain disulfide bond naturally lost by evolution. Comparative analysis of all structures revealed SUD‐N and SUD‐M are not rigidly associated but rather have significant rotational flexibility. Phylogenetic analysis supports that the potential to form the disulfide bond is common across betacoronavirus isolates from many bat species and civets, but also one or both of the cysteines that form the disulfide bond are absent across isolates from bats and pangolins. The absence of these cysteines does not impact viral replication or protein translation.

Rosas‐Lemus, Monica [Department of Microbiology‐Im↗
DOE OSTI2025

CpoS-Inc interactions facilitate host cell modulation during Chlamydia trachomatis infection

ABSTRACT Chlamydia trachomatis ( C.t .), the leading bacterial cause of sexually transmitted infections, replicates within a unique intracellular compartment called the inclusion, which is modified by secreted proteins known as inclusion membrane (Inc) proteins. Here, we further characterize CpoS, an Inc protein previously shown to be critical for bacterial replication and inclusion development. We demonstrate that CpoS directly binds multiple coiled-coil region-containing Incs and engages Rab GTPases at a separate site. Notably, CpoS-InaC interactions facilitate the recruitment of select Arf GTPases to the inclusion membrane, while Rab recruitment occurs independently of these interactions. Biochemical and biophysical analyses revealed that Incs self-oligomerize to form higher-ordered structures, with CpoS adopting a tetrameric conformation resembling that of eukaryotic SNARE proteins. We propose that these assemblies serve as scaffolds to orchestrate vesicle docking, tethering, and fusion. Our findings highlight the intricate interplay between bacterial and host factors, revealing how C.t . leverages both Inc-Inc interactions and host protein engagement to manipulate vesicular trafficking and sustain infection.

Tijerina, Xavier [Department of Microbiology and I↗
DOE OSTI2025

A periplasmic zinc capture protein enhances the resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to nutritional immunity

During microbial infection, mammalian hosts reduce the availability of free metals such as zinc in a process known as nutritional immunity. Pathogens counteract nutritional immunity by expressing gene products that enhance growth in metal-limited conditions. One of the most transcriptionally induced genes in zinc-limited Neisseria gonorrhoeae , ngo1049, encodes a DUF4198 family protein we have named Zcp. This family of proteins is widely distributed in Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we provide the first structural, biochemical, and functional characterization of a DUF4198 protein. Zcp is a periplasmic, homodimeric substrate-binding protein (SBP), which binds one zinc ion per subunit with submicromolar affinity. We identified a zinc binding pocket in each subunit, composed of three histidine residues. Zcp enables maximal growth of N. gonorrhoeae in zinc-limited conditions but is dispensable for zinc uptake, in contrast to the cluster A-I SBP ZnuA, which is required for zinc import. The growth defect of zcp mutant N. gonorrhoeae is rescued by zinc supplementation. Zcp associates with proteins with roles in maintaining cell envelope integrity, and N. gonorrhoeae lacking zcp is more sensitive to envelope-targeting antimicrobials. Zcp enables infectivity of human epithelial cells and neutrophils by zinc-limited N. gonorrhoeae . We conclude that N. gonorrhoeae produces Zcp to buffer periplasmic zinc, which enables ZnuA to balance import of different metals and ensures the bioavailability of zinc for extracytoplasmic zinc-requiring proteins, as part of the coordinated response to host-imposed nutritional immunity.

Liyayi, Ian K. [Department of Microbiology, Immuno↗
DOE OSTI2026

Exploration of Nirmatrelvir Derivatives as Optimized SARS‐CoV‐2 Antivirals

Nirmatrelvir (NMV) is a SARS‐CoV‐2 antiviral component of the approved COVID‐19 therapeutic Paxlovid. It is a reversible covalent inhibitor of SARS‐CoV‐2 main protease (M Pro ) that is effluxed from human cells by P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp). To identify NMV analogs with improved potency and reduced P‐gp efflux, a structure–activity relationship campaign was conducted. Warheads alternative to nitrile for engaging the active site cysteine were tested showing aldehyde and dichloroacetamide with better enzyme inhibition potency. Crystal structure of MPI‐136−M Pro shows its aldehyde warhead forming a thiohemiacetal with active Cys145 of M Pro . Several S4 binders were explored revealing that an O‐to‐S shift at the N ‐terminal amide leads to better enzyme inhibition. By exploring different combinations of S2, S3, and S4 binders, two inhibitors with better enzyme inhibition potency than NMV were found. Crystal structure of MPI‐148, with ( S )‐2‐azaspiro[4,5]decane‐3‐carboxylate as an alternative S2 binder, shows extensive hydrogen‐bond networks for locking the inhibitor in active site, explaining high affinity of NMV analogs. Further characterization of cellular M Pro engagement and antiviral potency against SARS‐CoV‐2 revealed four inhibitors with greater potency than NMV in P‐gp‐expressing cells. Studies with the P‐gp inhibitor CP‐100356 showed that these compounds were less sensitive to P‐gp inhibition than NMV, consistent with reduced P‐gp‐mediated efflux.

Alugubelli, Yugendar R. [Texas A&M Drug Discovery ↗
DOE OSTI2025

Cohort-based pan-cancer analysis and experimental studies reveal ISG15 gene as a novel biomarker for prognosis and immunotherapy efficacy prediction

Abstract ISG15, an interferon-stimulated ubiquitin-like protein, plays a multifaceted role in tumorigenesis and immune regulation. This study comprehensively evaluates ISG15 as a prognostic biomarker and predictor of immunotherapy response through pan-cancer bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation. By integrating multiomics data from TCGA, GEO, and clinical cohorts, we found that ISG15 is significantly overexpressed in multiple cancers and generally correlates with poor prognosis. Elevated ISG15 expression is associated with increased immune checkpoint gene expression, particularly PD-L1, and immune infiltration, notably M2-like tumor-associated macrophages. Immunohistochemistry and multiplexed immunofluorescence confirmed a strong positive correlation between ISG15, PD-L1, and M2-TAM infiltration in lung and gastric cancer samples. Functional analysis at the single-cell level revealed significant associations between ISG15 and tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, and immune suppression. Immunotherapy cohort analysis demonstrated that tumors with high ISG15 expression responded favorably to PD-L1 inhibitors but exhibited resistance to CTLA-4 blockade, findings further validated in lung cancer patients receiving anti-PD-1 therapy. These results suggest that ISG15 is a promising biomarker for prognosis and immunotherapy response prediction across cancers. Its integration into clinical decision-making may enhance personalized treatment strategies, improve immunotherapy outcomes, and provide new insights into the tumor immune microenvironment, cancer progression, and potential therapeutic targets for future drug development.

Immunology↗
DOE OSTI2021

Structural basis for IL-12 and IL-23 receptor sharing reveals a gateway for shaping actions on T versus NK cells

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-23 are heterodimeric cytokines that are produced by antigen-presenting cells to regulate the activation and differentiation of lymphocytes, and they share IL-12Rβ1 as a receptor signaling subunit. In this paper, we present a crystal structure of the quaternary IL-23 (IL-23p19/p40)/IL-23R/IL-12Rβ1 complex, together with cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) maps of the complete IL-12 (IL-12p35/p40)/IL-12Rβ2/IL-12Rβ1 and IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) complexes, which reveal “non-canonical” topologies where IL-12Rβ1 directly engages the common p40 subunit. We targeted the shared IL-12Rβ1/p40 interface to design a panel of IL-12 partial agonists that preserved interferon gamma (IFNγ) induction by CD8+ T cells but impaired cytokine production from natural killer (NK) cells in vitro. These cell-biased properties were recapitulated in vivo, where IL-12 partial agonists elicited anti-tumor immunity to MC-38 murine adenocarcinoma absent the NK-cell-mediated toxicity seen with wild-type IL-12. Thus, the structural mechanism of receptor sharing used by IL-12 family cytokines provides a protein interface blueprint for tuning this cytokine axis for therapeutics.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Modular adjuvant-free pan-HLA-DR-immunotargeting subunit vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 elicits broad sarbecovirus-neutralizing antibody responses

Subunit vaccines typically require co-administration with an adjuvant to elicit protective immunity, adding development hurdles that can impede rapid pandemic responses. To circumvent the need for adjuvant in a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) subunit vaccine, we engineer a thermostable immunotargeting vaccine (ITV) that leverages the pan-HLA-DR monoclonal antibody 44H10 to deliver the viral spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) to antigen-presenting cells. X-ray crystallography shows that 44H10 binds to a conserved epitope on HLA-DR, providing the basis for its broad HLA-DR reactivity. Adjuvant-free ITV immunization in rabbits and ferrets induces robust anti-RBD antibody responses that neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and protect recipients from SARS-CoV-2 challenge. We demonstrate that the modular nature of the ITV scaffold with respect to helper T cell epitopes and diverse RBD antigens facilitates broad sarbecovirus neutralization. Our findings support anti-HLA-DR immunotargeting as an effective means to induce strong antibody responses to subunit antigens without requiring an adjuvant.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Epstein-Barr virus gH/gL has multiple sites of vulnerability for virus neutralization and fusion inhibition

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is nearly ubiquitous in adults. EBV causes infectious mononucleosis and is associated with B cell lymphomas, epithelial cell malignancies, and multiple sclerosis. The EBV gH/gL glycoprotein complex facilitates fusion of virus membrane with host cells and is a target of neutralizing antibodies. Here, in this study, we examined the sites of vulnerability for virus neutralization and fusion inhibition within EBV gH/gL. We developed a panel of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that targeted five distinct antigenic sites on EBV gH/gL and prevented infection of epithelial and B cells. Structural analyses using X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy revealed multiple sites of vulnerability and defined the antigenic landscape of EBV gH/gL. One mAb provided near-complete protection against viremia and lymphoma in a humanized mouse EBV challenge model. Our findings provide structural and antigenic knowledge of the viral fusion machinery, yield a potential therapeutic antibody to prevent EBV disease, and emphasize gH/gL as a target for herpesvirus vaccines and therapeutics.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗