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NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Measurement Techniques for the High-Contrast and in-Field Stray-Light Performance of OCI

Scheduled for launch in January 2024, the PACE mission represents NASA’s next investment in ocean biology, clouds, and aerosol data records [1]. A key feature of PACE is the inclusion of an advanced satellite radiometer known as the Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), a global mapping radiometer that combines multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing. A critical requirement for OCI is the high-contrast or spatial cross-talk specification (also referred to as in-field stray-light response). The requirement states that for global top-of-atmosphere radiances based on measured MODIS radiances, the global average residual contamination shall be less than 0.15% for any multispectral band. Accurate resolution of high contrast in TOA radiance images is important to estimate stray light contamination due to clouds, for studying small scale features like ocean fronts and for working in coastal and estuarine areas where the scales are 1km. This occurs in all wavelengths in the spatial direction. Knowledge of high contrast resolution makes up part of the artifact budget. Accurate measurement of the high-contrast performance of OCI requires laboratory Ground Support Equipment (GSE) that projects a scene of sufficient quality that the unwanted stray light of the GSE itself is not confused with the stray light response of the telescope. This paper concerns the development, analyses and test of the GSE to ensure the quality of the projected image is sufficient to verify the OCI requirements. Optical models were developed for both the instrument as well as the GSE and laboratory environment. Simulation of various non-ideal parameters were critical to accurately predict performance. Measurements using COTS cameras and lenses were also made of the projected GSE image to reasonably verify the optical model predictions. Measured and modelled results from OCI are discussed.

OCI, PACE, LSF, PSF, Stray-light, Contrast, Cross-↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Pre-Launch Characterization of the Hyperspectral Ocean Color Instrument on NASA’s Pace Mission

Launched in February 2024, the Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, and ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission represents NASA’s next investment in ocean biology, clouds, and aerosol data records. A key feature of PACE is the inclusion of an advanced satellite radiometer known as the Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), a global mapping radiometer that combines multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing. Like its predecessors, OCI provides two day global coverage of top-of-atmosphere radiances. Unlike its predecessors, OCI covers a spectral range from 340 nm to 2260 nm. Below 900 nm, OCI provides hyperspectral radiances sampled every 2.5 nm or 1.25nm, with a bandwidth of 5 nm for each channel. Its spatial resolution is about 1.2km. The high radiometric accuracy of OCI was made possible by a thorough and extensive prelaunch characterization campaign, conducted at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. This presentation describes the prelaunch radiometric characterization (approach and results) of OCI, such as e.g. the linearity correction, signal to noise ratio, polarization, IFOV, relative spectral response, radiometric gain, temperature sensitivity, optical crosstalk, and response versus scan angle.

Gerhard Meister↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

OCI Geolocation Evaluation and Refinement Using Landsat Control Points

The Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, and ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission is NASA’s next investment in ocean biology, clouds, and aerosol data records. A key feature of PACE is the inclusion of an advanced satellite radiometer, Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), a global mapping radiometer that combines multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing. The geolocation processing is performed for OCI using spacecraft navigation data and an instrument geometry model. To evaluate the geolocation accuracy for OCI and develop refinements to the processing methods, control point matching using Landsat data has been implemented as a step in the operational processing of OCI data at the Science Data Segment. This processing provides between 200 and 300 high-quality matchups per day with good global and geometric distribution, allowing rapid evaluation of the OCI geolocation accuracy. The results provided an early indication of the overall quality of the geolocation processing and of specific aspects needing improvement. A standard set of granules was identified to support rapid implementation and testing of geolocation refinements, and this approach has been highly successful in improving the geolocation processing accuracy to meet the science requirements. The evaluation will continue throughout the mission to ensure the ongoing accuracy of geolocation. This paper describes the control point matching methodology, the approach to development of the geolocation processing refinements, and the recent results.

PACE↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

OCI Geolocation Evaluation and Refinement Using Landsat Control Points

PACE↗

NASA NTRS1973

Comparative evaluation of ERTS-A imagery for resource inventory in land use planning

There are no author-identified significant results in this report. Evaluation has begun on ERTS-1 imagery of Crook County for use in landform interpretation and geologic mapping and interpretation. Outside of Crook County the geology team has been impressed by the display of fault patterns in southeastern Oregon and has begun preliminary analyses of these. Using the color combiner a complete timber type map of (1) all the forest land within Crook County, and (2) all the Ochoco National Forest has been completed. The timber types consist of five density classes which are correlated with different species compositions as the first step in the multistage forest inventory. Using the ERTS magnetic tape data the computer center has produced a 12 by 25 mile strip printout of bands 5, 6, and 7. The computer printouts are to be analyzed for different timber types and possible insect damage. Other results are: (1) limited number of clearcuts in eastern Oregon and in Cascades evident; (2) positive transparencies of band 5 appear to be too dark for maximum information of forested areas; and (3) much more information in the computer printouts of bands 6 and 7, than 5, when analyzing forest conditions.

Simonson, G. H.↗

NASA NTRS1977

The application of remote sensing technology to the solution of problems in the management of resources in Indiana

The author has identified the following significant results. The Lydich quadrangle area was successfully classified into seven cover types: (1) trees, (2) poorly drained soil and water, (3) pasture land, (4) well drained brown soil, (5) moderately well drained dark brown soil, (6) moderately drained soil, and (7) medium to poorly drained soil. Measurements of the percent of mapping unit represented by a named soil series range from 44 to 55 percent. If the class identified as vegetation is combined with the named unit, the range increases from 54 to 64 percent. The Xenia mapping unit was the only unit represented by less than 50 percent of the named unit. Results from the intensive tent moth study in Owensburg and Williams were interpreted from 70 mm color infrared and visually transferred to maps. A correction factor was necessary, because the date the sample photography was taken was a month later than the intensive site data (CF x acres defoliated in each level = expanded defoliated acres).

Weismiller, R. A.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Optics for future solar system exploration

The optics technology necessary for future solar system exploration is discussed. To satisfy the various mission objectives, optical components need to be of low weight, provide adequate spatial resolution and mapping coverage, provide necessary spectral resolution, provide means to perform adaptable mapping spectrometry, operate under low light levels, provide color images of high fidelity and operate under high temperatures. Future near-infrared mapping spectrometers are examined, and the use of focal-plane detectors to improve their sensitivity is discussed.

Norris, D. D.↗

NASA NTRS2020

Satellite and airborne remote sensing of gross primary productivity in boreal Alaskan lakes

In terrestrial and marine ecosystems, remote sensing has been used to estimate gross primary productivity (GPP) for decades, but few applications exist for shallow freshwater ecosystems.Here we show field-based GPP correlates with satellite and airborne lake color across a range of optically and limnologically diverse lakes in interior Alaska. A strong relationship between in situ GPP derived from stable oxygen isotopes (δ18O) and space-based lake color from satellites (e.g. Landsat-8, Sentinel-2 and CubeSats) and airborne imagery (AVIRIS-NG) demonstrates the potential power of this technique for improving spatial and temporal monitoring of lake GPP when coupled with additional field validation measurements across different systems. In shallow waters clear enough for sunlight to reach lake bottoms, both submerged vegetation (macrophytes and algae) and phytoplankton likely contribute to GPP. The stable isotopes and remotely sensed shallow lake color used here integrate both components. These results demonstrate the utility of lake color as a feasible means for mapping lake GPP from remote sensing. This novel methodology estimates GPP from remote sensing in shallow lakes by combining field measurements of oxygen isotopes with airborne, satellite and CubeSat imagery. This use of lake color for providing insight into ecological processes of shallow lakes is recommended, especially for remote arctic and boreal landscapes.

airborne remote sensing↗

NASA NTRS1996

Colors Of Liquid Crystals Used To Measure Surface Shear Stresses

Developmental method of mapping shear stresses on aerodynamic surfaces involves observation, at multiple viewing angles, of colors of liquid-crystal surface coats illuminated by white light. Report describing method referenced in "Liquid Crystals Indicate Directions Of Surface Shear Stresses" (ARC-13379). Resulting maps of surface shear stresses contain valuable data on magnitudes and directions of skin friction forces associated with surface flows; data used to refine mathematical models of aerodynamics for research and design purposes.

Reda, D. C.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Aircraft geometry verification with enhanced computer-generated displays

A method for visual verification of aerodynamic geometries using computer-generated, color-shaded images is described. The mathematical models representing aircraft geometries are created for use in theoretical aerodynamic analyses and in computer-aided manufacturing. The aerodynamic shapes are defined using parametric bi-cubic splined patches. This mathematical representation is then used as input to an algorithm that generates a color-shaded image of the geometry. A discussion of the techniques used in the mathematical representation of the geometry and in the rendering of the color-shaded display is presented. The results include examples of color-shaded displays, which are contrasted with wire-frame-type displays. The examples also show the use of mapped surface pressures in terms of color-shaded images of V/STOL fighter/attack aircraft and advanced turboprop aircraft.

Cozzolongo, J. V.↗

NASA NTRS2007

Cartographic Mapping of Mars Landing Sites: A Historical Perspective

Initial mapping of Mars began with the early Mariner 4, 6 and 7 flybys in the 1960's. Mariner 9 obtained the first global coverage of Mars in 1971. Viking Orbiters 1 and 2 added new and higher resolution global coverage. The US Geological Survey produced the first digital global cartographic map products in black and white and in color, the mosaicked digital image models (MDIMs). In 1989, the Phobos 88 mission added imaging as well as multispectral mapping of Mars in the equatorial region. The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) added to the black and white and color global coverage. The most important development for Mars cartography occurred on MGS with its global coverage of Mars using the Mars Observer Laser Altimeter (MOL A) producing precision ground control in latitude, longitude and radius. The next version of the MDIM was produced at 230 m spatial resolution using MOLA precision cartographic control. The Mars Odyssey mission THEMIS instrument has completed its global infrared mapping of Mars at 100 m spatial resolution. The Mars Express mission is completing its global coverage of Mars in stereo at 100 m spatial resolution or better. MGS, Odyssey and Mars Express continue to provide limited surface coverage at the 1 to 20 m resolution. Currently the new Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is producing images at the 10's of cm level. All of these datasets provide a rich and historic perspective of Mars covering nearly five decades and allow global cartographic map products to be produced in visual and infrared at the 100 m level with specialized cartographic maps being produced for landing sites at the meter or sub-meter spatial resolution level. This work was produced at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NAS 7-7120.5d, within the NASA Mars Data Analysis Program and the MGS, Odyssey, Mars Express and MRO Participating Scientist Programs.

MOLA↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Organic-rich fluids in Plutoâ€™s interiorâ€”A source of cryovolcanic activity

The highly variegated surface of Pluto revealed by the New Horizons spacecraft is composed of both volatile ices (N2, CH4, CO) and H2O ice, all of which are intrinsically colorless. The colors on Pluto reveal a non-ice component generally acknowledged to be a refractory complex organic material (tholins) produced by photolysis in the planet’s atmosphere [1], and by photolysis and radiolysis of the surface ices [2-4]. These processes have produced a range of colors from pale yellow to red to brown, and result in a variation of a factor of 10in albedo across the surface. Tholins are disordered polymer-like materials made of repeating chains of linked subunits and complex combinations of functional groups containing carbon. Nitrogen, oxygen, and other elements can be substituted in both the aliphatic and aromatic subunits. The detection of the spectral absorption of an ammoniated compound associated with surface exposures of red-colored H2O ice (herein, RAW) in the LEISA spectral mapping data from New Horizons suggests that a third source of a colored material is ejected from Pluto’s interior as a water-rich fluid(cryomagma) that rapidly freezes at the low temperature (~40K) of the surface [5,6]. The ammoniated compound is thought to be an ammonia hydrate or an ammoniated salt; the spectral data cover a limited wavelength range, resulting in ambiguity in the identification of the form of the ammonia. The distribution of RAW in the vicinity of tectonically stressed and deformed geological structures, particularly graben (fossae), is seen as the result of both fluid effusion and fountaining ejection of cryoclastic materials in Pluto’s Virgil Fossae region [5,6]. RAW is seen elsewhere on Pluto, both in association with graben complexes and on broad expanses of old surface, but primarily in zones of tectonic stress. The nature of the putative subsurface fluid is unknown, but it must have existed at relatively shallow depths such that the graben faulting could reach it. Geochemical modeling of fluids in the interiors of small planetary bodies in the outer Solar System[7] shows that ammonia-bearing H2O in contact with rock and metal components produce a rich chemical soup, including gases that can, in principle, help propel the fluid from shallow reservoirs through crustal fractures to reach the surface. An organic component of the fluid cryomagma is predicted to originate from thermal processing of the components [ref] and may be an example of one-pot synthesis of such complexes as amino acid precursors [ref].

Dale P Cruikshank↗

NASA NTRS1987

Preliminary investigation of Large Format Camera photography utility in soil mapping and related agricultural applications

The use of Space Shuttle Large Format Camera (LFC) color, IR/color, and B&W images in large-scale soil mapping is discussed and illustrated with sample photographs from STS 41-6 (October 1984). Consideration is given to the characteristics of the film types used; the photographic scales available; geometric and stereoscopic factors; and image interpretation and classification for soil-type mapping (detecting both sharp and gradual boundaries), soil parent material topographic and hydrologic assessment, natural-resources inventory, crop-type identification, and stress analysis. It is suggested that LFC photography can play an important role, filling the gap between aerial and satellite remote sensing.

Pelletier, R. E.↗

NASA NTRS2003

Thermophysical Properties of Mars' North Polar Layered Deposits and Related Materials from Mars Odyssey THEMIS

The presence of a thick sequence of horizontal layers of ice-rich material at Mars north pole, dissected by troughs and eroding at its margins, is undoubtedly telling us something about the evolution of Mars climate [1,2] we just don t know what yet. The North Polar Layered Deposits (NPLD) most likely formed as astronomically driven climate variations led to the deposition of conformable, areally extensive layers of ice and dust over the polar region. More recently, the balance seems to have fundamentally shifted to net erosion, as evidenced by the many troughs within the NPLD and the steep, arcuate scarps present near its margins, both of which expose layering. We defined a number of Regions of Interest ROI) for THEMIS to target as part of the Mars Odyssey Participating Scientist program. We use these THEMIS data in order to understand the morphology and color/thermal properties of the NPLD and related materials over relevant (i.e., m to km) spatial scales. We have assembled color mosaics of our ROIs in order to map the distribution of ices, the different layered units, dark material, and underlying basement. The color information from THEMIS is crucial for distinguishing these different units which are less distinct on Mars Orbiter Camera images. We wish to understand the nature of the marginal scarps and their relationship to the dark material. Our next, more ambitious goal is to derive the thermophysical properties of the different geologic materials using THEMIS and Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer TES) data.

Vasavada, A. R.↗

NASA NTRS2020

Inversion of multiangular polarimetric measurements from the ACEPOL campaign: an application of improving aerosol property and hyperspectral ocean color retrievals

NASA's Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission, scheduled for launch in the time frame of late 2022 to early 2023, will carry the Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), a hyperspectral scanning radiometer, and two multiangle polarimeters (MAPs), the UMBC Hyper-Angular Rainbow Polarimeter 2 (HARP2) and the SRON Spectro-Polarimeter for Planetary EXploration one (SPEXone). One purpose of the PACE MAPs is to better characterize aerosol properties, which can then be used to improve atmospheric correction for the retrieval of ocean color in coastal waters. Though this is theoretically promising, the use of MAP data in the atmospheric correction of colocated hyperspectral ocean color measurements have not yet been well demonstrated. In this work, we performed aerosol retrievals using the MAP measurements from the Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) and demonstrate its application to the atmospheric correction of hyperspectral radiometric measurements from SPEX airborne. Both measurements were collected on the same aircraft from the Aerosol Characterization from Polarimeter and Lidar (ACEPOL) field campaign in 2017. Two cases over ocean with small aerosol loading (aerosol optical depth ∼0.04) are identified including colocated RSP and SPEX airborne measurements and Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) ground-based observations. The aerosol retrievals are performed and compared with two options: one uses reflectance measurement only and the other uses both reflectance and polarization. It is demonstrated that polarization information helps reduce the uncertainties of aerosol microphysical and optical properties. The retrieved aerosol properties are then used to compute the contribution of atmosphere and ocean surface for atmospheric correction over the discrete bands from RSP measurements and the hyperspectral SPEX airborne measurements. The water-leaving signals determined this way are compared with both AERONET and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) ocean color products for performance analysis. The results and lessons learned from this work will provide a basis to fully exploit the information from the unique combination of sensors on PACE for aerosol characterization and ocean ecosystem research.

Meng Gao↗

NASA NTRS1973

Analysis of ERTS-1 imagery of Wyoming and its application to evaluation of Wyoming's natural resources

The author has identified the following significant results. Significant results of the Wyoming investigation during the first six months include: (1) successful segregation of Precambrian metasedimentary/metavolcanic rocks from igneous rocks; (2) discovery of iron formation within the metasedimentary sequence; (3) mapping of previously unreported tectonic elements of major significance; (4) successful mapping of large scale fractures of the Wind River Mountains; (5) sucessful distinction of some metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary lithologies by color-additive viewing of ERTS images; (6) mapping and interpretation of glacial features in western Wyoming; and (7) development of techniques for mapping small urban areas.

Marrs, R. W.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Use of remote sensing technology for inventorying and planning utilization of land resources in South Dakota

A comprehensive land use planning process model is being developed in Meade County, South Dakota, using remote sensing technology. The proper role of remote sensing in the land use planning process is being determined by interaction of remote sensing specialists with local land use planners. The data that were collected by remote sensing techniques are as follows: (1) level I land use data interpreted at a scale of 1:250,000 from false color enlargement prints of ERTS-1 color composite transparencies; (2) detailed land use data interpreted at a scale of 1:24,000 from enlargement color prints of high altitude RB-57 photography; and (3) general soils map interpreted at a scale of 1:250,000 from false color enlargement prints of ERTS-1 color composite transparencies. In addition to use of imagery as an interpretation aid, the utility of using photographs as base maps was demonstrated.

Source record↗

DOE OSTI2021

Elucidating the Onset of Plasticity in Sliding Contacts Using Differential Computational Orientation Tomography

Abstract Depending on the mechanical and thermal energy introduced to a dry sliding interface, the near-surface regions of the mated bodies may undergo plastic deformation. In this work, we use large-scale molecular dynamics simulations to generate “differential computational orientation tomographs” (dCOT) and thus highlight changes to the microstructure near tribological FCC alloy surfaces, allowing us to detect subtle differences in lattice orientation and small distances in grain boundary migration. The analysis approach compares computationally generated orientation tomographs with their undeformed counterparts via a simple image analysis filter. We use our visualization method to discuss the acting microstructural mechanisms in a load- and time-resolved fashion, focusing on sliding conditions that lead to twinning, partial lattice rotation, and grain boundary-dominated processes. Extracting and laterally averaging the color saturation value of the generated tomographs allows us to produce quantitative time- and depth-resolved maps that give a good overview of the progress and severity of near-surface deformation. Corresponding maps of the lateral standard deviation in the color saturation show evidence of homogenization processes occurring in the tribologically loaded microstructure, frequently leading to the formation of a well-defined separation between deformed and undeformed regions. When integrated into a computational materials engineering framework, our approach could help optimize material design for tribological and other deformation problems. Graphic Abstract .

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗