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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

Comparisons of dosimetric accuracy and calculation time of ARCHER and MCNP5 codes for the Ir-192 brachytherapy case - Paper 1

In the last decade, the graphics processing unit (GPU) technology has emerged as a viable player in high-performance computing. A GPU card is designed to carry out thousands of single instructions simultaneously, showing unprecedented computing power when compared with the traditional CPU technology. It has been proved that some computationally intensive programs can be accelerated drastically on the GPUs including Monte Carlo simulations. Unfortunately, existing production Monte Carlo codes cannot be easily ported to the GPU environment. To address the needs, a new Monte Carlo code ARCHER (Accelerated Radiation-transport Computations in Heterogeneous Environment) is being developed at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, employing the latest GPU and the Intel Xeon Phi coprocessor technologies. We can execute the code which was written using C and C++ on both CPU and GPU platforms. The ARCHER GPU code was written in CUDA C 5.0 and was tested on the Tesla M2090. There have been a few studies testing the ARCHER GPU code on several different platforms. In particular, Su et al has tested the ARCHER for external-beam radiation treatment 20 MeV monoenergetic monodirectional parallel electron beam. The comparison of the calculation results between EGSnrc and ARCHERGPU was impressive. A remarkable 224- fold speed-up factor was obtained using a NVIDIA Tesla M2090 GPU compared to a CPU. In this study, we applied the ARCHER code to dose calculation for a relatively new procedure, called accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) brachytherapy. The APBI brachytherapy dose calculation was based on RPI-AF phantom which is a 3D heterogeneous patient model. We then compared the dosimetric accuracy and calculation times of ARCHER and MCNP5 to gain insight into the accuracy and speedup of the GPU-based ARCHER code. (authors)

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Magic State Distillation using Asymptotically Good Codes on Qudits

Qudits offer the potential for low-overhead magic state distillation, although previous results for asymptotically good codes have required qudit dimension $q\gg 100$ or code length $\mathcal{N}\gg 100$. These parameters far exceed experimental demonstrations of qudit platforms, and thus motivate the search for better codes. Using a novel lifting procedure, we construct the first family of good triorthogonal codes on the $\mathbb{F}_{2^{2m}}$ alphabet with $m \geq 3$ that lies above the Tsfasman-Vladut-Zink bound. These codes yield a family of asymptotically good quantum codes with transversal CCZ gates, enabling constant space overhead magic state distillation with qudit dimension as small as $q=64$. Further, we identify a promising code with parameters $[[42,14,6]]_{64}$. Finally, we show that a distilled $|{CCZ}\rangle_{2^{2m}}$ can be reduced to a $|{CCZ}\rangle_{2^n}$ state for arbitrary $n$ with a constant-depth Clifford circuit of at most 9 computational basis measurements, 12 single-qudit and 9 two-qudit Clifford gates.

Cervia, Michael J. [Washington U., Seattle] (ORCID↗
DOE OSTI2026

Efficient Routing of Quantum LDPC Codes on Programmable 2D Toric Architectures

Quantum low-density parity-check codes are promising candidates towards scalable fault-tolerant quantum computation. Among these, bivariate bicycle (BB) codes offer superior encoding rates and large code distance compared to surface codes. However, their requirement on long-range stabilizer measurements poses significant challenges for implementation on realistic hardware with limited connectivity, such as superconducting circuit platforms. In this work, we introduce a novel hardware-software co-design that leverages a programmable communication network architecture to address these limitations. Our approach utilizes a 2D toric network of oscillators as a flexible communication fabric linking qubits at each site. Such architecture significantly reduces the number of long-range couplers required from O ( n ) to O (√ n ). Dual-rail qubits, along with native gates including Swap-Wait-Swap gates and beamsplitter SWAPs, ensure that long-range two-qubit gates can be executed with high fidelity and low latency. To further enhance performance, our qubit layout and routing algorithm utilize symmetries of the codes and enable maximum parallelism for long-range two-qubit gates, maintaining a low syndrome extraction cycle duration and scalability over the code length. We perform circuit-level simulation with realistic noise modeling based on experimental hardware parameters, observing an logical error rate per logical qubit per cycle of 3.06% for [[18,4,4]] BB code, 2.6× less than the existing experimental result. These findings provide a practical roadmap and identify key technological advancements needed to achieve low-overhead fault-tolerant quantum computing at scale.

Liu, Kun [Yale Univ., New Haven, CT (United States↗
DOE OSTI2018

The international implications of national and local coordination on building energy codes: Case studies in six cities

Building energy efficiency is an important strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions globally. In fact, 55 countries have included building energy efficiency in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. This research uses building energy code implementation in six cities across different continents as case studies to assess what it may take for countries to implement the ambitions of their energy efficiency goals. Specifically, we look at the cases of Bogota, Colombia; Da Nang, Vietnam; Eskisehir, Turkey; Mexico City, Mexico; Rajkot, India; and Tshwane, South Africa, all of which are “deep dive” cities under the Sustainable Energy for All's Building Efficiency Accelerator. The research focuses on understanding the baseline with existing gaps in implementation and coordination. The methodology used a combination of surveys on code status and interviews with stakeholders at the local and national level, as well as review of published documents. We looked at code development, implementation, and evaluation. The cities are all working to improve implementation, however, the challenges they currently face include gaps in resources, capacity, tools, and institutions to check for compliance. Better coordination between national and local governments could help improve implementation, but that coordination is not yet well established. For example, all six of the cities reported that there was little to no involvement of local stakeholders in development of the national code; only one city reported that it had access to national funding to support code implementation. More robust coordination could better link cities with capacity building and funding for compliance, and ensure that the code reflects local priorities. By understanding gaps in implementation, it can also help in designing more targeted interventions to scale up energy savings.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2017

A Spherical Active Coded Aperture for 4π Gamma-ray Imaging

Gamma-ray imaging facilitates the efficient detection, characterization, and localization of compact radioactive sources in cluttered environments. Fieldable detector systems employing active planar coded apertures have demonstrated broad energy sensitivity via both coded aperture and Compton imaging modalities. But, planar configurations suffer from a limited field-of-view, especially in the coded aperture mode. In order to improve upon this limitation, we introduce a novel design by rearranging the detectors into an active coded spherical configuration, resulting in a 4pi isotropic field-of-view for both coded aperture and Compton imaging. This work focuses on the low- energy coded aperture modality and the optimization techniques used to determine the optimal number and configuration of 1 cm 3 CdZnTe coplanar grid detectors on a 14 cm diameter sphere with 192 available detector locations.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2018

Group Ring Ideals Related to Reed–Muller Codes

Reed–Muller codes are one of the most well-studied families of codes; however, there are till open problems regarding their structure. Recently a new ring-theoretic approach has emerged that provides a rather intuitive construction of these codes. This approach is centered around the notion of basic Reed–Muller codes. It is known that basic Reed–Muller codes ℳ{sub π}(m, k) over a prime field are powers of the radical RS of a corresponding group algebra and over a nonprime field there are no such equalities, except for trivial ones. In this paper, we consider the ideals ℜ{sub S}ℳ{sub π}(m, k) that arise while studying the inclusions of the basic codes and radical powers.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Comparison of thermionic filament and carbon nanotube field emitter-based electron ionization sources in cycloidal coded aperture mass analyzers

This report compares the coded aperture imaging performance of thermionic filament and carbon nanotube (CNT) field emitter-based electron sources in cycloidal-coded aperture mass spectrometers. The use of spatially coded apertures in mass spectrometry enables miniaturization by improving throughput without sacrificing resolution. CNT-based electron ionization sources for mass spectrometers provide several potential benefits over conventional thermionic emitters, including low voltage and low power consumption, room temperature operation, long lifetime, and ability to emit electrons in a pulsed mode. However, spatiotemporal variation in electron emission from CNTs is a major disadvantage. In this study, electron emission stability and spatiotemporal stability of the coded aperture image were compared for coded aperture cycloidal mass analyzers with either a CNT-based ion source or a thermionic filament-based ion source. We found that the thermionic filament-based ion source produced a significantly more stable coded aperture image than the CNT based ion source. The aperture image fluctuations in the CNT-based source are likely a result of adsorption and desorption of molecules on the CNT surface that cause local work function changes and induce spatiotemporal variation in electron emission and subsequent ion generation.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2020

Code-verification techniques for hypersonic reacting flows in thermochemical nonequilibrium

The study of hypersonic flows and their underlying aerothermochemical reactions is particularly important in the design and analysis of vehicles exiting and reentering Earth's atmosphere. Computational physics codes can be employed to simulate these phenomena; however, code verification of these codes is necessary to certify their credibility. To date, few approaches have been presented for verifying codes that simulate hypersonic flows, especially flows reacting in thermochemical nonequilibrium. In this work, we present our code-verification techniques for verifying the spatial accuracy and thermochemical source term in hypersonic reacting flows in thermochemical nonequilibrium. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of these techniques on the Sandia Parallel Aerodynamics and Reentry Code (SPARC).

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

The CCONE Code System and its Application to Nuclear Data Evaluation for Fission and Other Reactions

A computer code system, CCONE, was developed for nuclear data evaluation within the JENDL project. The CCONE code system integrates various nuclear reaction models needed to describe nucleon, light charged nuclei up to alpha-particle and photon induced reactions. The code is written in the C++ programming language using an object-oriented technology. At first, it was applied to neutron-induced reaction data on actinides, which were compiled into JENDL Actinide File 2008 and JENDL-4.0. It has been extensively used in various nuclear data evaluations for both actinide and non-actinide nuclei. The CCONE code has been upgraded to nuclear data evaluation at higher incident energies for neutron-, proton-, and photon-induced reactions. It was also used for estimating β-delayed neutron emission. This paper describes the CCONE code system indicating the concept and design of coding and inputs. Details of the formulation for modelings of the direct, pre-equilibrium and compound reactions are presented. Applications to the nuclear data evaluations such as neutron-induced reactions on actinides and medium-heavy nuclei, high-energy nucleon-induced reactions, photonuclear reaction and β-delayed neutron emission are mentioned.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Tools and Incentives for Implementing Codes of Ethics to Help Prevent the Reemergence of Chemical Weapons

Since the entry into force of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the establishment of the Organisation for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) in 1997, 96% of the world’s declared stockpile, comprising 72,305 metric tons of chemical warfare agents have been destroyed. Despite this notable progress, the convergence of chemistry and biology brings new challenges to preventing chemical weapons production, as the technical capability to manipulate the chemistry of microorganisms has diffused beyond the chemical industry and academic research communities. The development and voluntary adoption by chemical practitioners around the world of ethical codes or guidelines, such as The Hague Ethical Guidelines and the Global Chemists’ Code of Ethics (GCCE) , are important steps in strengthening international nonproliferation efforts through their potential to impact the intent of the individual by normalizing ethical behavior. However, the simple act of adopting a code does not guarantee ethical behavior. Care must be taken to ensure those adopting the code understand specifically the behavior being asked of them, and they must be given ample opportunities to practice exercising those behaviors in low-risk situations and encouragement to keep trying when they fail. Furthermore, in small-to-medium chemical companies, concerns that adopting such measures could negatively impact profit margins may dissuade some business owners from voluntarily adopting ethical codes, while a country’s decision makers may not prioritize establishment of new regulatory mechanisms that could address some of these concerns. In this paper, factors that may positively influence a chemical company’s decision to adopt ethical guidelines, such as integration of social sustainability elements into frameworks and approaches to maintain social legitimacy in the eyes of the broader community, are explored. Voluntary adoption of ethical codes gives teeth to arms control regimes. By encouraging chemical companies to become engaged in the community around them and providing easy-to-use tools like scenario-based E-learning to enable remote engagement and facilitate understanding of the principles undergirding the GCCE, they actively participate in making the world a better place and minimizing the potential for reemergence of chemical weapons.

Small Chemical Companies, Codes of Ethics, E-learn↗
DOE OSTI2014

Quantum error correcting codes and 4-dimensional arithmetic hyperbolic manifolds

Using 4-dimensional arithmetic hyperbolic manifolds, we construct some new homological quantum error correcting codes. They are low density parity check codes with linear rate and distance n{sup ε}. Their rate is evaluated via Euler characteristic arguments and their distance using Z{sub 2}-systolic geometry. This construction answers a question of Zémor [“On Cayley graphs, surface codes, and the limits of homological coding for quantum error correction,” in Proceedings of Second International Workshop on Coding and Cryptology (IWCC), Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 5557 (2009), pp. 259–273], who asked whether homological codes with such parameters could exist at all.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Recent improvements of reactor physics codes in MHI

This paper introduces recent improvements for reactor physics codes in Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd(MHI). MHI has developed a new neutronics design code system Galaxy/Cosmo-S(GCS) for PWR core analysis. After TEPCO’s Fukushima Daiichi accident, it is required to consider design extended condition which has not been covered explicitly by the former safety licensing analyses. Under these circumstances, MHI made some improvements for GCS code system. A new resonance calculation model of lattice physics code and homogeneous cross section representative model for core simulator have been developed to apply more wide range core conditions corresponding to severe accident status such like anticipated transient without scram (ATWS) analysis and criticality evaluation of dried-up spent fuel pit. As a result of these improvements, GCS code system has very wide calculation applicability with good accuracy for any core conditions as far as fuel is not damaged. In this paper, the outline of GCS code system is described briefly and recent relevant development activities are presented.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Path Forward: Materials Data Modernization for ASME Codes and Standards in the Artificial Intelligence Era

Development of the ASME Materials Properties Database was initiated in the early 2010s to support the ASME Codes and Standards. As information technologies advance at an accelerated pace with the artificial intelligence era on the horizon, the ASME Materials Properties Database must be further modernized from a database to a knowledgebase to ride the wave of digital information revolution and effectively support the ASME Codes and Standards in the new era. This paper is intended to provide an overview of the ASME Materials Properties Database and discuss a roadmap for its future development to facilitate understanding of and participation from different sectors of the Codes and Standards community. Further, it first reviews the basic concepts of data, information, knowledge, database, and database system as well as the pros and cons in different types of data management and then discusses the path forward for a desired evolution of the database into a self-explanatory and machine-readable knowledgebase that is consistent with human cognitive processes for the Codes and Standards development and, furthermore, provides resources for data processing and analysis to reach an eventual goal of streamlining the Codes and Standards development from the initial inquiry, throughout data submission, analysis, …, to Codes and Standards rule establishment for final publication.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

TU-AB-BRC-10: Modeling of Radiotherapy Linac Source Terms Using ARCHER Monte Carlo Code: Performance Comparison of GPU and MIC Computing Accelerators

Purpose: (1) To perform phase space (PS) based source modeling for Tomotherapy and Varian TrueBeam 6 MV Linacs, (2) to examine the accuracy and performance of the ARCHER Monte Carlo code on a heterogeneous computing platform with Many Integrated Core coprocessors (MIC, aka Xeon Phi) and GPUs, and (3) to explore the software micro-optimization methods. Methods: The patient-specific source of Tomotherapy and Varian TrueBeam Linacs was modeled using the PS approach. For the helical Tomotherapy case, the PS data were calculated in our previous study (Su et al. 2014 41(7) Medical Physics). For the single-view Varian TrueBeam case, we analytically derived them from the raw patient-independent PS data in IAEA’s database, partial geometry information of the jaw and MLC as well as the fluence map. The phantom was generated from DICOM images. The Monte Carlo simulation was performed by ARCHER-MIC and GPU codes, which were benchmarked against a modified parallel DPM code. Software micro-optimization was systematically conducted, and was focused on SIMD vectorization of tight for-loops and data prefetch, with the ultimate goal of increasing 512-bit register utilization and reducing memory access latency. Results: Dose calculation was performed for two clinical cases, a Tomotherapy-based prostate cancer treatment and a TrueBeam-based left breast treatment. ARCHER was verified against the DPM code. The statistical uncertainty of the dose to the PTV was less than 1%. Using double-precision, the total wall time of the multithreaded CPU code on a X5650 CPU was 339 seconds for the Tomotherapy case and 131 seconds for the TrueBeam, while on 3 5110P MICs it was reduced to 79 and 59 seconds, respectively. The single-precision GPU code on a K40 GPU took 45 seconds for the Tomotherapy dose calculation. Conclusion: We have extended ARCHER, the MIC and GPU-based Monte Carlo dose engine to Tomotherapy and Truebeam dose calculations.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Methodology for Evaluating Cost-Effectiveness of Residential Energy Code Changes

DOE's Building Energy Codes Program has developed and established a methodology for evaluating the energy and economic performance of residential energy codes. This methodology serves two primary purposes. First, as DOE participates in the consensus processes of the International Code Council, the methodology described herein will be used by DOE to ensure that its proposals are both energy efficient and cost-effective. Second, when a new version of the International Energy Conservation Code is published, DOE will evaluate the new code as a whole to establish expected energy savings and cost-effectiveness, which will help states and local jurisdictions interested in adopting the new codes. DOE's measure of cost-effectiveness balances longer-term energy savings against additions to initial costs through a life-cycle cost perspective.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2023

Resilience Issues in Building Energy Codes

This report, prepared for the International Energy Agency’s Building Energy Codes Working Group (BECWG, part of the IEA Energy in Buildings and Communities Technical Collaboration Programme, or IEA EBC), focuses on the application of building energy codes to improve the ability of buildings to provide a minimum healthy level of thermal comfort and function during extreme events. It reviews the relationship of building energy codes to the other building resilience policies and strategies, such as other building life/safety codes, community planning or zoning to discourage rebuilding in areas most prone to climate disasters, and other resilience planning strategies. The report provides an overview of how different jurisdictions address resilience issues in building energy codes in countries that are part of the IEA EBC Building Energy Codes Working Group.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2016

RELAP-7 Code Assessment Plan and Requirement Traceability Matrix

The RELAP-7, a safety analysis code for nuclear reactor system, is under development at Idaho National Laboratory (INL). Overall, the code development is directed towards leveraging the advancements in computer science technology, numerical solution methods and physical models over the last decades. Recently, INL has also been putting an effort to establish the code assessment plan, which aims to ensure an improved final product quality through the RELAP-7 development process. The ultimate goal of this plan is to propose a suitable way to systematically assess the wide range of software requirements for RELAP-7, including the software design, user interface, and technical requirements, etc. To this end, we first survey the literature (i.e., international/domestic reports, research articles) addressing the desirable features generally required for advanced nuclear system safety analysis codes. In addition, the V&V (verification and validation) efforts as well as the legacy issues of several recently-developed codes (e.g., RELAP5-3D, TRACE V5.0) are investigated. Lastly, this paper outlines the Requirement Traceability Matrix (RTM) for RELAP-7 which can be used to systematically evaluate and identify the code development process and its present capability.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Paving the Way for Net Zero Energy Codes through Performance Based Approaches

The prescriptive path is the most widely used approach for commercial code compliance in the United States. However, to achieve near-term net zero energy performance that many stakeholders in the buildings industry desire, it is clear that energy codes will need to transition from prescriptive to performance-based approaches. However, that transition is not without potential pitfalls. Among the concerns expressed by stakeholders are added complexity and cost, lack of confidence in energy modeling results, gamesmanship on the part of applicants, lack or qualified reviewers, challenges in promoting de-carbonization, and the inequity of trading long lived envelope efficiency for short lived measures such as building controls. This paper will discuss multiple approaches being evaluated and implemented by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory to improve the usability of the performance-based approach for both code compliance and beyond code programs to meet aggressive energy savings targets. A 'system performance' approach provides a simpler approach compared to whole building performance, while keeping tradeoffs limited to specific building systems. A simplified whole-building performance-based approach for small commercial buildings can cost effectively achieve deeper savings for buildings that typically follow the prescriptive compliance approach. Improved reporting and verification processes applied to the traditional performance path can provide greater confidence in simulation results and facilitate adoption of performance-based approaches. Prescriptive packages provide prescriptive solutions while targeting specific performance thresholds. This paper discusses the progress being made with each of these approaches and provides examples of their implementation in energy codes and beyond code programs.

Performance Based Codes, Appendix G, PRM, TSPR, Sy↗