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NASA NTRS1979

Collimation of high-speed flow with thermal spread losses

The operation of the neutral beam collimator designed for the mass spectrometer inlet system of the Space Shuttle Induced Environment Contamination Monitor system is discussed. The collimator will allow selective views of a 10 deg half-angle conical volume of space so that backscattered molecules from within this volume can be measured and related to the column densities of outgassing species. Gas molecules which enter the collimator but do not have a view from the entrance orifice to the exit are directed to a gas getter and eliminated. The loss of properly directed molecules in the collimator due to their thermal distribution is calculated for the case of a directed flow, which would occur when the collimator is pointed in the direction of motion of the spacecraft. Inlet to outlet flux ratios are also computed as a function of angle of attack.

Taeusch, D. R.↗

DOE OSTI2023

Comparative assessment of different aluminum alloys for neutron beam window applications

The choice of an aluminum alloy window along a neutron beam requires careful consideration depending on the requirements of the instrument end station. The windows should generally be thin to minimize loss of neutrons from the beam due to scattering and absorption but still thick enough to be structurally sound for safety requirements. Further, the microstructure of the material is dependent on the alloy and the preparation method and may introduce scattering artifacts or smearing of the instrument resolution that are not desirable. In this manuscript, SANS and total cross section measurements of several different aluminum alloys will be presented and compared in order to provide some useful insight to engineers working on future neutron instrument design.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

NASA NTRS1994

An integrated optical CO2 sensor. Phase 0: Design and fabrication of critical elements

Significant progress has been made toward all of the goals for the first phase of the project short of actual fabrication of a light path. Two alternative approaches to fabricating gold mirrors using the basic LIGA process were developed, one using electroplated solid gold mirrors and the second using gold plated over a nickel base. A new method of fabrication, the transfer mask process, was developed and demonstrated. Analysis of the projected surface roughness and beam divergence effects was completed. With gold surface with low surface roughness scattering losses are expected to be insignificant. Beam divergence due to diffraction will require a modification of the original design, but should be eliminated by fabricating mirrors 1000 mu m in height by 1000 mu m in width and using a source with an initial beam radius greater than 300 mu m. This may eliminate any need for focusing optics. Since the modified design does not affect the mask layout, ordering of the mask and fabrication of the test structures can begin immediately at the start of Phase 1.

Murphy, Michael C.↗

DOE OSTI2023

Beam Induced Heating Analysis Update for the EIC Vacuum Chamber Components

One of the challenges of designing the Electron-Ion Col lider (EIC) is to mitigate beam-induced heating due to the intense electron and hadron beams. Heating of the ESR vac uum chamber components is mainly due to beam-induced resistive wall (RW) losses and synchrotron radiation. For the HSR heating is mainly due to large radial offsets and heat conduction from room temperature to cryogenic tem perature for cryo-components. In this paper, we provide an update on the beam-induced heating and thermal analysis of some critical ESR vacuum chamber components, such as the ESR Large Angle Bremhustraulung Monitor (LABM). We also provide a similar update for critical HSR vacuum com ponents, including the cryo-cooled BPM button assembly, beam screen, abort kicker, and polarimeter. To perform the thermal analyses, the resistive wall loss on individual compo nents is calculated with CST and the synchrotron radiation (if exists) is evaluated using SynRad. These losses, along with realistic boundary conditions are then fed to ANSYS to determine the temperature distribution.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Simulation of Proton Beams in the AGS Booster with Space Charge

As higher intensity accelerators are designed, built and operated, the resonances and instabilities caused by space charge can become dominant effects in limiting the intensity of the beam that can be delivered. Particle loss has many causes but space charge can be a major factor in reducing beam intensity and generating emittance growth, particularly at low energies and in the lower energy stages of accelerators such as the AGS Booster. Successful operation relies on a good understanding of basic particle dynamics and it becomes an important challenge to ascertain how the beam evolves when charged particles experience both external forces through the fields of the magnets combined with internal forces through Coulomb interactions. A possible approach to such a study is to include calculations of space charge in computer simulation codes that track the motions of charged particles in 6D phase space. Unfortunately, repeated space charge calculations in 6D phase space are computationally intensive even with the most modern computing facilities. Study with traditional models of space charge is then either limited to a short real-time scale, or sacrifices accuracy and often omits some of the physics. The study described in this report attempts to explore all aspects of the Booster from injection, through RF capture and acceleration to the extraction energy. The simulations are allied to real machine settings. They do not attempt to model effects that are well known and for which accurate experimental data are available, but they try in many cases to extend beyond the normal Booster parameter range so as to understand the limitations on operations and suggest areas for improvement.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Lattice Refinements for Nonlinear Integrable Optics in IOTA

Nonlinear integrable optics of the type proposed by Danilov and Nagaitsev place strict constraints on the lattice parameters in the matching section outside of the nonlinear insert. In particular, the effects of energy spread in the beam have significant effects on the stability of the system. Typical chromatic compensation using sextupoles has significant perturbative effects on the dynamics but is operationally necessary to suppress fast losses. Fast decoherence of kicked beam measurements limits the available signal for studies. Refinements to the IOTA lattice parameters based on this experience with electron beam operation are presented.

Wieland, John [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000289718523)↗

DOE OSTI2021

The Response of Polarized Protons in Solid Hydrogen-Deuteride(HD) to Electron Beams

Solid frozen-spin polarized targets of hydrogen-deuteride(HD) have been proven advantageous in photon beam experiments, where they exhibit immeasurably long spin-relaxation times(T1). The present research investigates their potential applicability to experiments with minimum-ionizing charged-particle beams. Studies have been conducted with sub-nanoAmp CW currents of 10 MeV electron beams at the newly commissioned Upgraded Injector Test Facility (UITF) at Jefferson Lab (JLab). Since the energy deposition is almost independent of electron beam energy, these UITF experiments provide insight on the expected performance at the GeV energies required in typical JLab experiments. A horizontal in-beam dilution refrigerator equipped with superconducting solenoids has been used to maintain solid HD samples at about 0.1K and 1 Tesla. NMR coils sur rounding the HD target have been used to monitor hydrogen polarization. Thermal equilibrium polarizations of targets not in the frozen-spin state (with intentionally short T1) have been used to deduce the in situ temperature of solid HD while under electron bombardment. The behavior of a 40% H-polarized frozen-spin target has been tracked while exposed to beams under various conditions. Polarization loss has been observed to be approximately proportional to dose, with the target polarization dropping to 1/e of its initial value after about 6 µC cm2 , about 4 ? 1013 beam particles/cm2 . A model for depolarization by beam-associated paramagnetic impurities largely accounts for the data, and suggests that improvements in heat removal could lead to significant increases in the in-beam T1

Wei, Kevin↗

DOE OSTI2025

Lattice refinements for nonlinear integrable optics in IOTA

Wieland, J. [Fermilab; Michigan State U.] (ORCID:0↗

NASA NTRS1980

Prediction of optical propagation losses through turbulent boundary/shear layers

A simplified mathematical model was developed which predicts the optical propagation losses which occur when an optical beam of given wave length passes through a turbulent boundary layer or shear layer. The optical losses are predicted in terms of line spread function (or Strehl ratio) and modulation transfer function by using experimentally determined values of layer thickness, streamwise, lateral and beamwise density fluctuation length scales, and distribution of the standard deviation of the density fluctuations through the turbulent layer. The prediction model was applied to the analysis of a number of selected cases of interest from the aerodynamic-optical interaction wind-tunnel investigation conducted in the NASA-Ames 1.83 x 1.83 meter (6 x 6 ft) wind tunnel. Direct optical measurements are compared with the results predicted by the aerodynamic analysis.

Verhoff, A.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Thermal stress-induced depolarization compensation in wide-bandwidth, high-energy, high-repetition-rate multi-slab laser amplifiers

We present an innovative design for a two-head, gas-cooled multi-slab high-energy, high-repetition-rate amplifier aimed at mitigating thermally induced depolarization in a wide-bandwidth neodymium-doped glass gain medium. This architecture employs two quartz rotators (QRs) with opposite-handedness, strategically positioned within each multi-slab amplifier head, to enhance depolarization compensation. Theoretical modeling of this amplifier configuration demonstrates a 20× reduction in depolarization losses for a 70 mm beam operating at the central wavelength, compared to conventional approaches that utilize a single QR positioned between the amplifier heads. In addition, for a wide bandwidth source, the integration of QRs with opposite-handedness yields a 9× improvement in depolarization losses at the spectral extremes compared to the use of two QRs exhibiting the same optical handedness in both amplifier heads.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2023

Radiation Shielding Analysis for the PIP-II Linac at Fermilab

The Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II) [1] has been developed at Fermilab to provide powerful proton beams to the laboratory’s experiments. An 800-MeV superconducting linear accelerator—a centerpiece of the project—is currently under construction in Batavia, Illinois (USA). After completion, the superconducting linac will be the starting point for the 1.2 MW (Phase 1) and 2.4-MW (Phase 2) proton beam that is needed for the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) at Fermilab [2]. Due to unavoidable loss of a fraction of the beam in the accelerator components, a certain level of radiation will be generated in the accelerator tunnel both during normal operation and at accidents. This work deals with radiation shielding design for the accelerator facility.

Rakhno, Igor↗

DOE OSTI2022

Low‐Loss Tunable Infrared Plasmons in the High‐Mobility Perovskite (Ba,La)SnO 3

Abstract BaSnO 3 exhibits the highest carrier mobility among perovskite oxides, making it ideal for oxide electronics. Collective charge carrier oscillations known as plasmons are expected to arise in this material, thus providing a tool to control the nanoscale optical field for optoelectronics applications. Here, the existence of relatively long‐lived plasmons supported by high‐mobility charge carriers in La‐doped BaSnO 3 (BLSO) is demonstrated. By exploiting the high spatial and energy resolution of electron energy‐loss spectroscopy with a focused beam in a scanning transmission electron microscope, the dispersion, confinement ratio, and damping of infrared localized surface plasmons (LSPs) in BLSO nanoparticles are systematically investigated. It is found that LSPs in BLSO exhibit a high degree of spatial confinement compared to those sustained by noble metals and have relatively low losses and high quality factors with respect to other doped oxides. Further analysis clarifies the relation between plasmon damping and carrier mobility in BLSO. The results support the use of nanostructured degenerate semiconductors for plasmonic applications in the infrared region and establish a solid alternative to more traditional plasmonic materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2024

Overview of fast particle experiments in the first MAST Upgrade experimental campaigns

Abstract MAST-U is equipped with on-axis and off-axis neutral beam injectors (NBI), and these external sources of super-Alfvénic deuterium fast-ions provide opportunities for studying a wide range of phenomena relevant to the physics of alpha-particles in burning plasmas. The MeV range D-D fusion product ions are also produced but are not confined. Simulations with the ASCOT code show that up to 20% of fast ions produced by NBI can be lost due to charge exchange (CX) with edge neutrals. Dedicated experiments employing low field side (LFS) gas fuelling show a significant drop in the measured neutron fluxes resulting from beam-plasma reactions, providing additional evidence of CX-induced fast-ion losses, similar to the ASCOT findings. Clear evidence of fast-ion redistribution and loss due to sawteeth (ST), fishbones (FB), long-lived modes (LLM), Toroidal Alfvén Eigenmodes (TAE), Edge Localised Modes (ELM) and neoclassical tearing modes (NTM) has been found in measurements with a Neutron Camera (NCU), a scintillator-based Fast-Ion Loss Detector (FILD), a Solid-State Neutral Particle Analyser (SSNPA) and a Fast-Ion Deuterium- α (FIDA) spectrometer. Unprecedented FILD measurements in the range of 1–2 MHz indicate that fast-ion losses can be also induced by the beam ion cyclotron resonance interaction with compressional or global Alfvén eigenmodes (CAEs or GAEs). These results show the wide variety of scenarios and the unique conditions in which fast ions can be studied in MAST-U, under conditions that are relevant for future devices like STEP or ITER.

Physics↗

DOE OSTI2021

Toroidal plasma acceleration due to NBI fast ion losses in LTX- β

The recent Lithium Tokamak Experiment-Beta (LTX- β ) upgrade includes the addition of neutral beam injection (NBI) in the same direction as the plasma current (co- I P ) and a new toroidal Mirnov array for MHD characterization. In initial NBI experiments, a spontaneously rotating n = 1 MHD mode is seen to accelerate during NBI in the counter-beam direction, accompanied by a rise in electron density consistent with the beam-injected inventory but without a clear increase in plasma pressure. Together with analytic and numerical modeling of beam optics and fast ion confinement, these observations indicate the prompt loss of all or nearly all beam ions. However, the same modeling also suggests that planned upgrades to the Ohmic heating system should provide the fast ion confinement necessary for beam heating and core fueling. Here, a simple analytic model relates the momentum confinement time τ Φ to the observed evolution of mode rotation due to the combination of NBI momentum coupling, fast ion loss $\vec{J}\times\vec{B}$, and anomalous viscous torques, yielding τ Φ values consistent with past measurements of electron energy confinement time τ E,e .

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

NASA NTRS2004

Discharge Chamber Performance of the NEXIS Ion Thruster

The Nuclear-Electric Xenon Ion System (NEXIS) thruster was designed to produce greater than or equal to 70% efficiency at ISPs in excess of 6500 sec and total power levels in excess of 15 kW. In order to achieve this performance, the thruster requires a large area plasma generator capable of high propellant utilimtion efficiency and low discharge loss while producing a very flat, uniform beam profile. Fortunately, larger thrusters can be made more uniform and efficient due to the higher volume to surface ratio, provided that the magnetic cusp confinement is designed properly and the thruster length to diameter ratio is adequate. This paper describes the discharge chamber performance of the NEXIS Laboratory Model (LM) thruster. The LM discharge chamber is 65 cm in diameter at the grid plane and uses 6 ring-cusps to provide magnetic confinement of the plasma. The thruster was tested with flat carbon-carbon composite grids with the hole pattern masked to 57 cm in diameter and a conventional Type-B "1/2" diameter hollow cathode. During the preliminary "discharge only" tests, the LM thruster demonstrated profile factors of 0.84 and a discharge loss of about 160 eV/ion at 25 V discharge voltage and over 90% propellant utilization efficiency in simulated beam extraction experiments at 3.9 A of beam current. Analysis of the data from these tests used the discharge-only model developed by Brophy. Subsequent beam extraction experiments validated the key variables used in the model to predict the performance from the discharge-only data, and demonstrated 3.9 A of beam current at over 90% propellant utilization efficiency with a flatness parameter of better than 0.8 and a discharge loss of about 185 eV/ion. The slightly higher discharge loss measured during beam extractions was found to be due to a lower screen transparency in the as-manufactured LM grid set. Plasma measurements with a scanning probe internal to the thruster near the screen grid showed plasma densities over l x 10(exp 11) per cubic centimeter and electron temperatures of 3.5 to 5.5 eV depending on the operation parameters. The performance of the NEXIS discharge chamber contributed to the over 78% thruster efficiency measured during beam extraction at 7500 sec ISP and 25 kW of power, and over 81% thruster efficiency measured at 8500 sec ISP.

plasma generation↗

DOE OSTI2023

Impact of β n and spectrum of n = 1 applied fields on fast ion losses in DIII-D

Abstract The effect of n = 1 magnetic perturbations (MPs) on prompt fast ion losses in DIII-D has been investigated using the light ion beam probe technique. The effect of normalized beta, β n , and the plasma response to the MPs is studied for several MP spectra. Magnetics data show a strong dependence of plasma response to β n that depends on the phase difference in perturbation coils, Δ ϕ U L . For most phases, the response increases with β n , however, the response is suppressed for phases between 180 ∘ and 240 ∘ . Experimental data from scintillator based fast ion loss detectors shows that relative fluctuation of lost ions (20%–30% of the steady signal) does not diminish across the L- to H-mode transition for Δ ϕ U L = 240 ∘ , despite the 34% decrease in radial response field and 50% decrease in poloidal response field. Simulations of the DIII-D discharges using M3D-C1 and ASCOT5 find that prompt losses from neutral beam injection in each investigated case hit the first wall at several concentrated locations: the vessel floor, midplane diagnostic ports, vessel ceiling, and inner wall. Simulated losses from co-injection neutral beams are born outside the last closed flux surface, corresponding to radial orbit displacements of 3–6 cm due to the MPs.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2020

Direct Quantification of Heat Generation Due to Inelastic Scattering of Electrons Using a Nanocalorimeter

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is arguably the most important tool for atomic-scale material characterization. A significant portion of the energy of transmitted electrons is transferred to the material under study through inelastic scattering, causing inadvertent damage via ionization, radiolysis, and heating. In particular, heat generation complicates TEM observations as the local temperature can affect material properties. Here, the heat generation due to electron irradiation is quantified using both top-down and bottom-up approaches: direct temperature measurements using nanowatt calorimeters as well as the quantification of energy loss due to inelastic scattering events using electron energy loss spectroscopy. Combining both techniques, a microscopic model is developed for beam-induced heating and to identify the primary electron-to-heat conversion mechanism to be associated with valence electrons. Building on these results, the model provides guidelines to estimate temperature rise for general materials with reasonable accuracy. This study extends the ability to quantify thermal impact on materials down to the atomic scale.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2020

Optical Design and Characterization of 40-GHz Detector and Module for the BICEP Array

Families of cosmic inflation models predict a primordial gravitational-wave background that imprints B-mode polarization pattern in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). High-sensitivity instruments with wide frequency coverage and well-controlled systematic errors are needed to constrain the faint B-mode amplitude. We have developed antenna-coupled transition edge sensor arrays for high-sensitivity polarized CMB observations over a wide range of millimeter-wave bands. BICEP array, the latest phase of the BICEP/Keck experiment series, is a multi-receiver experiment designed to search for inflationary B-mode polarization to a precision σ(r) between 0.002 and 0.004 after 3 full years of observations, depending on foreground complexity and the degree of lensing removal. We describe the electromagnetic design and measured performance of BICEP array’s low-frequency 40-GHz detector, their packaging in focal plane modules, and optical characterization including efficiency and beam matching between polarization pairs. We summarize the design and simulated optical performance, including an approach to improve the optical efficiency due to mismatch losses. Here, we report the measured beam maps for a new broadband corrugation design to minimize beam differential ellipticity between polarization pairs caused by interactions with the module housing frame, which helps minimize polarized beam mismatch that converts CMB temperature to polarization (T→P) anisotropy in CMB maps.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗