Accelerated Machine Learning for High Energy Physics
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72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
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Results for “accelerator physics”
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Accelerating laser ray tracing in high fidelity physics simulations of laser melting using squeeze U-net
Laser melting is a core component of the ongoing industrial revolution, dubbed Industry 4.0, as lasers facilitate fast and precise melting and fusion in advanced manufacturing. There is a strong need to optimize the laser process using simulations. However, this has proven challenging as high fidelity simulations are needed for predictive modeling and this is currently prohibitively expensive even when run on hundreds of processors on high performance computers. The challenge is capturing complex physics of laser material interaction, fluid dynamics, thermal physics and material phase transformations at various length and time scales. To close this technological gap, we modified a squeeze U-net to accelerate the laser ray tracing component of such high fidelity models by ~4x–40x while preserving the core physics principle of conservation of energy with 97% accuracy. This approach enables the accurate modeling of global laser energy absorption as a function of local surface temperatures and complex surface topologies, which govern the reflection directions and energy losses of laser rays upon interacting with the material surface.
Computer science↗
Particle Accelerators at the Intensity Frontier for Elementary Particle Physics Research
In 1897, Prof. J. J. Thomson used a cathode ray tube that operated at a few kiloelectron volts (keV) to discover the electron and measured its charge-to-mass ratio. In this case, the electrons were not created, but ejected from hot filament. This experiment is considered to be one of the earliest uses of particle accelerators in elementary particle physics research. Imparting a few keV of energy to a beam of electrons was considered as high energy at that time. The meaning of the phrase High Energy Physics (HEP) has changed significantly over the last century.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
2020 roadmap on plasma accelerators
Abstract Plasma-based accelerators use the strong electromagnetic fields that can be supported by plasmas to accelerate charged particles to high energies. Accelerating field structures in plasma can be generated by powerful laser pulses or charged particle beams. This research field has recently transitioned from involving a few small-scale efforts to the development of national and international networks of scientists supported by substantial investment in large-scale research infrastructure. In this New Journal of Physics 2020 Plasma Accelerator Roadmap, perspectives from experts in this field provide a summary overview of the field and insights into the research needs and developments for an international audience of scientists, including graduate students and researchers entering the field.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
New RHESSI Results on Particle Acceleration and Energy Release in Solar Flares
The primary scientific objective of NASA RHESSI mission (launched February 2002) is to investigate the physics of particle acceleration and energy release in solar flares, through imaging and spectroscopy of X-ray gamma-ray continuum and gamma-ray lines emitted by accelerated electrons and ions, respectively. Here I summarize the new solar observations, including the first hard X-ray imaging spectroscopy, the first high resolution spectroscopy of solar gamma ray lines, the first imaging of solar gamma ray lines and continuum, and the highest sensitivity hard X-ray observations of microflares and type III solar radio bursts.
Lin, R. P.↗
Accelerator-Based Neutrino Beams
Over the past six decades, accelerator-based neutrino beams have revolutionized particle physics. Neutrinos created with accelerators have been used to discover the muon neutrino and tau neutrinos was discovered and to confirm the existence of neutrino oscillations. More recently, long-baseline experiments have offered the first experimental hint of CP violation in the neutrino sector. Building and operating such beams is an enormous technical challenge, yet they remain our most versatile tool for studying neutrinos. With new experiments such as DUNE and Hyper-Kamiokande, and ideas such as neutrino factories, the next generation of beams will address open questions about neutrino mass ordering, CP violation, and possible physics beyond the standard model.
Fields, Laura [Notre Dame U.] (ORCID:0000000182813↗
An experiment for electron-hadron scattering at the LHC
Abstract Novel considerations are presented on the physics, apparatus and accelerator designs for a future, luminous, energy frontier electron-hadron ( eh ) scattering experiment at the LHC in the thirties for which key physics topics and their relation to the hadron-hadron HL-LHC physics programme are discussed. Demands are derived set by these physics topics on the design of the LHeC detector, a corresponding update of which is described. Optimisations on the accelerator design, especially the interaction region (IR), are presented. Initial accelerator considerations indicate that a common IR is possible to be built which alternately could serve eh and hh collisions while other experiments would stay on hh in either condition. A forward-backward symmetrised option of the LHeC detector is sketched which would permit extending the LHeC physics programme to also include aspects of hadron-hadron physics. The vision of a joint eh and hh physics experiment is shown to open new prospects for solving fundamental problems of high energy heavy-ion physics including the partonic structure of nuclei and the emergence of hydrodynamics in quantum field theory while the genuine TeV scale DIS physics is of unprecedented rank.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Modern and Future Colliders
Since the initial development of charged particle colliders in the middle of the 20th century, these advanced scientific instruments have been at the forefront of scientific discoveries in high energy physics over the past 60 years. Collider accelerator technology and beam physics have progressed immensely and modern facilities now operate at energies and luminosities many orders of magnitude greater than the pioneering colliders of the early 1960s. In addition, the field of colliders remains extremely dynamic and continues to develop many innovative approaches. Indeed, several novel concepts are currently being considered for designing and constructing even more powerful future colliders. In this paper, we first review the colliding beam method and the history of colliders, and then present, in detail, the major achievements of operational machines and the key features of near-term collider projects that are currently under development. We conclude with an analysis of numerous proposals and studies for far-future colliders. The evaluation of their respective potentials reveals tantalizing prospects for further significant breakthroughs in the collider field.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Progress in the development of the community Particle Accelerator Lattice Standard (PALS)
The Particle Accelerator Lattice Standard (PALS) is a community effort to create an open standard to promote lattice information exchange for particle accelerators. PALS development is a community-wide international effort involving accelerator physicists from multiple institutions. While it started as a lattice standard for beam dynamics simulations, it is now being extended to support other particle accelerator activities, in particular accelerator operation. With new accelerators that are becoming more complex, larger collaborations and the increasing imprint of artificial intelligence in all accelerator activities (from design to operation to workforce development), the imperative for a common, standardized accelerator ontology has been transitioning from “nice-to-have” to “must-have”. We will present the status of the project, its relations to other projects, including to two of the particle accelerator projects of the newly announced US DOE Genesis Mission: the Multi-Office Accelerator Team (MOAT) project and the Nuclear physics AI-Ready Accelerator Data (NARAD) project.
Brynes, A. [Science and Technology Facilities Coun↗
Acceleration of the solar wind
Different approaches to understanding the physics of solar wind acceleration are reviewed. Particular attention is given to fundamental reasons for a supersonic wind concept; the concept of thermal conduction as the primary energy transport mechanism in the solar wind; coronal holes as the source of wind and alternative acceleration mechanisms; and the state of closure of theory and observation.
Barnes, Aaron↗
HEPnOS: a Specialized Data Service for High Energy Physics Analysis
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43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Agentic artificial intelligence for multistage physics experiments at a large-scale user facility particle accelerator
We present a language-model-driven agentic artificial intelligence (AI) system to autonomously execute multistage physics experiments on a production synchrotron light source. Implemented at the Advanced Light Source particle accelerator, the system translates natural language user prompts into structured execution plans that combine archive data retrieval, control-system channel resolution, automated script generation, controlled machine interaction, and analysis. In a representative machine physics task, we show that preparation time was reduced by 2 orders of magnitude relative to manual scripting even for a system expert, while operator-standard safety constraints were strictly upheld. Core architectural features, plan-first orchestration, bounded tool access, and dynamic capability selection, enable transparent, auditable execution with fully reproducible artifacts. These results establish a blueprint for the safe integration of agentic AI into accelerator experiments and demanding machine physics studies, as well as routine operations, with direct portability across accelerators worldwide and, more broadly, to other large-scale scientific infrastructures.
Accelerator/storage ring control systems↗
A hybrid thermal/nonthermal model for the energetic emissions from solar flares
We present an alternative interpretation of the high-resolution solar flare spectra obtained in 1981 by Lin et al. In our interpretation electron heating and acceleration are simultaneous and physically linked, rather than heating being a secondary effect of particle acceleration. We show that the observed properties of solar flare X-ray emission can in general be explained through the Joule heating and electric field acceleration of runaway electrons in current channels. We have fitted a hybrid thermal/nonthermal electron distribution, consisting of hot isothermal electrons with a nonthermal tail of runaway electrons, to representative spectra obtained by Lin et al. The hybrid model relaxes the electron number and energy flux requirements for the hard X-ray emission over those of a purely nonthermal model. The low-energy 'cutoff' to the nonthermal part of the X-ray spectrum is determined by the critical velocity in the electron distribution above which runaway acceleration occurs. We relate the fit parameters to the physical properties (such as the electric field strength in the current channels) of the acceleration region.
Holman, Gordon D.↗
Physics Goals of DWA Experiments at FACET-II
The dielectric wakefield acceleration (DWA) program at FACET produced a multitude of new physics results that range from GeV/m acceleration to the discovery of high field-induced conductivity in THz waves, and beyond, to a demonstration of positron-driven wakes. Here we review the rich program now developing in the DWA experiments at FACET-II. With increases in beam quality, a key feature of this program is extended interaction lengths, near 0.5 m, permitting GeV-class acceleration. Detailed physics studies in this context include beam breakup and its control through the exploitation of DWA structure symmetry. The next step in understanding DWA limits requires the exploration of new materials with low loss tangent, large bandgap, and improved thermal characteristics. Advanced structures with photonic features for mode confinement and exclusion of the field from the dielectric, as well as quasi-optical handling of coherent Cerenkov signals is discussed. Use of DWA for laser-based injection and advanced temporal diagnostics is examined.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Direct electron acceleration in multi-kilojoule, multi-picosecond laser pulses
The physics mechanism behind the acceleration of electrons to energies much higher than the laser ponderomotive potential is reported. While electrons with these energies have been observed for the last twenty years at the one percent level, it is only with the recent advent of high power lasers with extended pulse durations, large focal spots, and high intensities that significant numbers (>10%) of the so-called “superponderomotive” electrons have been observed. Evidence is provided that the dominant acceleration mechanism of superponderomotive electrons is direct acceleration by the electromagnetic (EM) wave of the laser as they co-propagate in an under-dense plasma; one-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations yield electron spectra with typically ten times the ponderomotive temperature. Direct acceleration requires tens of plasma wavelengths of under-dense plasma, as well as pulse durations of tens of plasma periods, conditions that can be found in large focal spot multi-picosecond laser pulses. It is shown that the plasma simply provides the source of accelerated electrons and a variety of methods to inject a significant population of electrons into the EM waves at relativistic energy.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
ICARUS at the Short-Baseline Neutrino Program: First Results
First results from ICARUS experiment are presented at FNAL. The selection of nu_mu CC events with 1muon+ N Protons from BNB targeted at numu disappearance analysis is presented for a subset of the collected statistics, , compared with MC predictions. A similar selection of nu_mu CC events 1muon+ N Protons + 0 pions in the NuMI beam aiming at the neutrino-Argon cross section measurement is also presented, together with a control sideband requiring in addition at least a pion candidate. Finally the result of a BSM search for a new particle decaying into two muons is also presented, showing no evidence within the studied sample of new physics.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Extracting dynamical frequencies from invariants of motion in finite-dimensional nonlinear integrable systems
Integrable dynamical systems play an important role in many areas of science, including accelerator and plasma physics. An integrable dynamical system with n degrees of freedom possesses n nontrivial integrals of motion, and can be solved, in principle, by covering the phase space with one or more charts in which the dynamics can be described using action-angle coordinates. To obtain the frequencies of motion, both the transformation to action-angle coordinates and its inverse must be known in explicit form. However, no general algorithm exists for constructing this transformation explicitly from a set of n known (and generally coupled) integrals of motion. In this study we describe how one can determine the dynamical frequencies of the motion as functions of these n integrals in the absence of explicitly known action-angle variables, and we provide several examples.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Collider-quality electron bunches from an all-optical plasma photoinjector
We present an approach for generating collider-quality electron bunches using a plasma photoinjector. The approach leverages recently developed techniques for the spatiotemporal control of laser pulses to produce a moving ionization front in a nonlinear plasma wave. The moving ionization front generates an electron bunch with a current profile that balances the longitudinal electric field of an electron beam-driven plasma wave, creating a uniform accelerating field across the bunch. Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of the ionization stage show the formation of an electron bunch with 220 pC charge and low emittance (ɛ 𝑥 = 171 nm rad, ɛ 𝑦 = 76 nm rad). Quasistatic PIC simulations of the acceleration stage show that the bunch is efficiently accelerated to 24 GeV over 2 m with a final energy spread of less than 1% and emittances of ɛ 𝑥 = 189 nm rad and ɛ 𝑦 = 80 nm rad. This high-quality electron bunch meets the requirements outlined by the Snowmass process for intermediate-energy colliders and compares favorably to the beam quality of proposed and existing accelerator facilities. The results establish the feasibility of plasma photoinjectors for future collider applications making a significant step toward the realization of high-luminosity, compact accelerators for particle physics research.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗