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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 325 records · Page 18
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Operator inference with roll outs for learning reduced models from scarce and low-quality data

Data-driven modeling has become a key building block in computational science and engineering. However, data that are available in science and engineering are typically scarce, often polluted with noise and affected by measurement errors and other perturbations, which makes learning the dynamics of systems challenging. Here, in this work, we propose to combine data-driven modeling via operator inference with the dynamic training via roll outs of neural ordinary differential equations. Operator inference with roll outs inherits interpretability, scalability, and structure preservation of traditional operator inference while leveraging the dynamic training via roll outs over multiple time steps to increase stability and robustness for learning from low-quality and noisy data. Numerical experiments with data describing shallow water waves and surface quasi-geostrophic dynamics demonstrate that operator inference with roll outs provides predictive models from training trajectories even if data are sampled sparsely in time and polluted with noise of up to 10%.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2015

Stress corrosion cracking of several hot-rolled binary Mg-X alloys

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of hot-rolled Mg0.1Zr, Mg0.1Sr, Mg1Mn, Mg0.3Si, Mg5Sn, Mg0.7La, Mg0.9Ce, Mg0.6Nd, Mg6Al, Mg5Gd and Mg0.3Ca in distilled water (DW) was studied using the linearly increasing stress test (LIST). Hot-rolled Mg1Mn and Mg0.7La had some SCC susceptibility in DW. All the other hot-rolled Mg-X alloys had little SCC susceptibility in DW. There was no obvious difference of the fractography between the specimens tested in air and in DW. Here, the increase of SCC resistance by hot-rolling was related to improvement of the microstructure.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Texture simulation of a severely cold rolled low carbon steel using polycrystal modeling

Characteristic textures of cold-rolled low carbon steel consist of the RD//$\langle$110$\rangle$ fiber (α fiber) and ND//$\langle$111$\rangle$ fiber (γ fiber). Although the development of the γ fiber has been successfully modeled by the relaxed constraints polycrystal plasticity model, modeling of the α fiber has been less successful. Here, we investigate mechanisms underlying the development of a strong α fiber in a low carbon steel during cold rolling to large thickness reductions of 90%, 98%, and 99.8%. We compare the deformation textures measured using X-ray and electron backscatter diffraction methods with those simulated using polycrystal models, employing one of four homogenization schemes: the Taylor model, Secant model, Tangent model and an intermediate stiffness model between the Secant and Tangent models. The measured textures consist of an extremely strong α fiber and unusually weak γ fiber. The calculated textures achieve the best agreement with the measured ones when (1) the intermediate stiffness model is used to account for grain shape effects, (2) the flow rule exponent (n) is chosen to allow for multiple slip in grains, (3) latent hardening effects are suppressed, (4) $\langle$111$\rangle$ slip on {110}, {112} and {123} planes is made available for deformation, and (5) the grains shape is permitted to evolve individually. Taken together, these aspects represent indirectly the effects of cross slip on slip activity, suggesting that the strong α fiber in severely cold rolled steel results from cross slip. Although the cross slip is a well accepted mechanism in b.c.c. crystals, its connection to α fiber dominance in texture development during severe rolling deformation has not been established before.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Microstructure-process relationships in monolithic U-10Mo fuel foil single-pass rolling: A parametric simulation study

In this work, a previously validated coupling of Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) Potts Model and finite element method (FEM) simulations was implemented to investigate the effects of microstructural features in as-cast and homogenized monolithic U-10Mo foils on the emergent microstructure after rolling and reheating. Parameters that could potentially affect recrystallization behavior of the rolled U-10Mo foils were considered: grain size distribution, uranium carbide (UC) size distribution, UC volume fraction, spatial distribution of UC, and rolling reduction magnitude. Grain structure and the magnitude of rolling reduction have the strongest influence on recrystallization kinetics and the fabricated grain size distribution. The UC distribution had only a weak effect on the recrystallization kinetics and final microstructures. While particle-stimulated nucleation (PSN) occurred in simulation more frequently as grain size increased, its incidence did not appear to considerably affect the recrystallization kinetics or grain size distribution.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2014

EBSD study on crystallographic texture and microstructure development of cold-rolled FePd alloy

The crystallographic texture and microstructure of FePd alloy after cold-rolling deformation were investigated using electron backscatter diffraction. The major orientations of twin copper and copper after 50% thickness reduction were observed in face-centered cubic-disordered FePd alloy, whereas the main orientation was obtained from brass type after 90% cold rolling. Increase in cold rolling resulted in the change of preferred orientation from copper to brass. Decrease in orientation intensity of copper also increased that of Goss and brass. - Highlights: • The evolution of texture and microstructure in FePd alloy was investigated after cold rolling using EBSD. • Increasing in reduction leads to the change of texture from Copper-type to Brass-type. • The reduction of Copper orientation results in increasing in Goss and Brass orientations.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Influence of annealing temperature on microstructure and tensile property of cold-rolled Fe-0.2C-11Mn-6Al steel

To fully realize the potential of austenite characterized by strip-like and equiaxed structure and enhance the comprehensive mechanical properties of medium-Mn steel, the as-hot-rolled Fe-0.2C-11Mn-6Al steel was subjected to cold roll annealing to refine the grain size. The ultimate tensile strength of the cold-rolled steel annealed at 650 °C was significantly enhanced, while the total elongation was markedly decreased. The variation in tensile properties of the annealed cold-rolled steel was due to weakening of transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) effect and enhanced twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) effect with increase in quenching temperature. Furthermore, austenite had two different morphologies, strip-like and granular. Though the grain size of granular austenite increased with increased annealing temperature, the austenite stability increased with increase in quenching temperature, which is contrary to the expectations. This is attributed to refinement of large austenite strips induced by recrystallization.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

A rolling-sliding bench test for investigating rear axle lubrication

An automotive rear axle is composed of a set of hypoid gears, whose contact surfaces experience a complex combination of rolling contact fatigue damage and sliding wear. Full-scale rear axle dynamometer tests are used in the industry for efficiency and durability assessment. Here, this study developed a bench-scale rolling-sliding test protocol by simulating the contact pressure, oil temperature, and lubrication regime experienced in a dynamometer duty cycle test. Initial bench results have demonstrated the ability of generating both rolling contact-induced micropitting and sliding wear and the feasibility of investigating the impact of slide-to-roll ratio, surface roughness, test duration, and oil temperature on the friction behavior, vibration noise, and surface damage. Finally, this bench test will allow studying candidate rear axle lubricants and materials under relevant conditions.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2016

Effect of Förster-mediated triplet-polaron quenching and triplet-triplet annihilation on the efficiency roll-off of organic light-emitting diodes

We report the results of a systematic study of the interplay of triplet-polaron quenching (TPQ) and triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) on the efficiency roll-off of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with increasing current density. First, we focus on OLEDs based on the green phosphorescent emitter tris[2-phenylpyridine]iridium(III) (Ir(ppy){sub 3}) and the red phosphorescent dye platinum octaethylporphyrin. It is found that the experimental data can be reproduced using kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations within which TPQ and TTA are due to a nearest-neighbor (NN) interaction, or due to a more long-range Förster-type process. Furthermore, we find a subtle interplay between TPQ and TTA: decreasing the contribution of one process can increase the contribution of the other process, so that the roll-off is not significantly reduced. Furthermore, we find that just analyzing the shape of the roll-off is insufficient for determining the relative role of TPQ and TTA. Subsequently, we investigate the wider validity of this picture using kMC simulations for idealized but realistic symmetric OLEDs, with an emissive layer containing a small concentration of phosphorescent dye molecules in a matrix material. Whereas for NN-interactions the roll-off can be reduced when the dye molecules act as shallow hole and electron traps, we find that such an approach becomes counterproductive for long-range TTA and TPQ. Developing well-founded OLED design rules will thus require that more quantitative information is available on the rate and detailed mechanism of the TPQ and TTA processes.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Efficiency roll-off suppression in organic light-emitting diodes using size-tunable bimetallic bowtie nanoantennas at high current densities

Size-tunable bimetallic bowtie nanoantennas have been utilized to suppress the efficiency roll-off characteristics in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) using both the numerical and experimental approaches. The resonant range can be widened by the strong dual-atomic couplings in bimetallic bowtie nanoantennas. Compared with the green OLED with conventional bowtie nanoantennas at a high current density of 800 mA/cm{sup 2}, the measured efficiency roll-off ratio of the OLED with size-modulated bowtie nanoantennas is decreased from 53.2% to 41.8%, and the measured current efficiency is enhanced by 29.9%. When the size-modulated bowtie nanoantennas are utilized in blue phosphorescent OLEDs, the experimental roll-off ratio is suppressed from 43.6% to 25.9% at 250 mA/cm{sup 2}, and the measured current efficiency is also enhanced significantly. It is proposed that the efficiency roll-off suppression is mainly related to the enhanced localized surface plasmon effect, which leads to a shorter radiative lifetime.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Enhanced axial confinement in a monolithically integrated self-rolled-up SiN x vertical microring photonic coupler

We report an efficient method to introduce enhanced axial confinement in the self-rolled-up SiN x vertical microtube coupler by depositing a thin layer of high refractive index material strip within the coupling section and effectively forming a vertical microring. Three times wider mode spacing is observed in such a vertical microring coupler monolithically integrated with a silicon nitride ridge waveguide as compared to the one without such axial confinement. More importantly, single mode operation within the telecomm C-band and S-band is achieved. The self-rolled-up microtube has been demonstrated to be a versatile device platform, which has found application in a number of areas including nanophotonics,1–7 microelectronics,8 chemical and biological sensing,9–11 and intelligent synthetic neural circuits.12 Because the microtube is a three dimensional (3D) structure readily fabricated using two dimensional processing technology, it may serve naturally as a component in 3D-integrated devices. We had previously demonstrated a vertical microtube coupler (VμTC) monolithically integrated with planar ridge waveguides in silicon photonic platform to achieve 3D photonic coupling and observed greatly enhanced coupling between the microtube and the underlying ridge waveguide.1,13 A similar result was reported independently by another research group shortly thereafter.2 One limitation of the VμTC used in previous experiments is that it supports many modes within the telecommunication C-band because of poor axial confinement. For example, we found multiple resonant coupling peaks, which is not desirable for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) switches. In order to increase the mode spacing of this 3D photonic coupler and to achieve single mode operation within the C-band, we propose efficient axial confinement in the microtube to suppress the higher order modes. Axial confinement in self-rolled-up microtubes had been studied both theoretically and experimentally by a couple of research groups.14–17 In all these previous cases, the axial confinement was introduced by a specially designed geometrical shape of a section of the microtube. After being rolled up, the microtube wall will have different thicknesses at different axial locations. The different wall thicknesses result in a slightly varying effective refractive index of the supported whispering gallery modes (WGMs) along the axial direction of the microtube. When a parabolic shape is used, the effective index of the WGM at the center of the parabola will be the highest and decrease adiabatically along both sides. However, the refractive index change due to different wall thicknesses is very small; hence, the axial confinement is rather weak. Here in this paper, we present our experimental endeavor to incorporate a different axial confinement scheme in the monolithically integrated vertical microtube (VμT) to form a vertical microring (VμR) resonator and demonstrate 3 times wider mode spacing than the microtube based vertical photonic coupler and the potential to achieve a higher Q-factor.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Granular packings with sliding, rolling, and twisting friction

Intuition tells us that a rolling or spinning sphere will eventually stop due to the presence of friction and other dissipative interactions. The resistance to rolling and spinning or twisting torque that stops a sphere also changes the microstructure of a granular packing of frictional spheres by increasing the number of constraints on the degrees of freedom of motion. We perform discrete element modeling simulations to construct sphere packings implementing a range of frictional constraints under a pressure-controlled protocol. Mechanically stable packings are achievable at volume fractions and average coordination numbers as low as 0.53 and 2.5, respectively, when the particles experience high resistance to sliding, rolling, and twisting. Only when the particle model includes rolling and twisting friction were experimental volume fractions reproduced.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Breatherlike defects and their dynamics in the one-dimensional roll structure of twisted nematics

The dynamics of the nonsingular defects in the periodic structures of the rolls that appear in π/2-twisted nematic liquid crystals during electroconvection is studied experimentally and theoretically. The roll structures in twisted nematics are characterized by the presence of an axial component of the hydrodynamic flow velocity with opposite directions in neighboring rolls. The critical oscillation frequency of structural defects is quantitatively estimated using a nonlinear equation of motion for roll displacements. It is found that a pair of edge dislocations with topological charges of +1 and–1 nucleates and annihilates periodically during the oscillations of a defect with a nonsingular core. Oscillating defects with a zero topological charge is shown to correspond to the solution of the sine-Gordon equation in the form of standing breathers. Asymmetry is detected in the full oscillation cycle of a breather defect, and it is related to the twist symmetry of a twist nematic. This asymmetry is taken into account as effective anisotropic friction. The behavior of a breather on a trap, namely, a classical defect (dislocation), is investigated. Dislocation motion is shown to be anisotropic in the oscillation cycle: in one direction, a dislocation moves regularly; in the second phase, the transition into the initial state proceeds via the decay of the breather into a dipole pair of dislocations of opposite signs followed by their annihilation.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2018

Forced Synchronization of Electroconvective Roll Oscillations in Nematic Liquid Crystals

The forced phase locking in a system of the oscillating electroconvective rolls that form in a nematic liquid crystal layer in a dc electric field is studied. As a result of the action of an additive ac electric field with a small amplitude, the system of oscillators is found to be divided into clusters, where oscillations are fully phase locked. The electroconvective rolls in neighboring clusters oscillate in antiphase and the clusters are separated by Ising walls. The phase locking is shown to be maximal at the forcing frequency that is close to the double frequency of the natural oscillations of rolls. A model is proposed to describe spatially distributed phase oscillators, and it takes into account the symmetries of a system of electroconvective rolls and external forcing. The results of numerical simulations agree well with the experimental data.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2018

Do wind turbines pose roll hazards to light aircraft?

Abstract. Wind energy accounted for 5.6 % of all electricity generationin the United States in 2016. Much of this development has occurred in rurallocations, where open spaces favorable for harnessing wind also serve generalaviation airports. As such, nearly 40 % of all United States wind turbines existwithin 10 km of a small airport. Wind turbines generate electricity byextracting momentum from the atmosphere, creating downwind wakescharacterized by wind-speed deficits and increased turbulence. Recently, theconcern that turbine wakes pose hazards for small aircraft has been used tolimit wind-farm development. Herein, we assess roll hazards to small aircraftusing large-eddy simulations (LES) of a utility-scale turbine wake. Wind-generatedlift forces and subsequent rolling moments are calculated for hypotheticalaircraft transecting the wake in various orientations. Stably and neutrallystratified cases are explored, with the stable case presenting a possibleworst-case scenario due to longer-persisting wakes permitted by lower ambientturbulence. In both cases, only 0.001 % of rolling moments experienced byhypothetical aircraft during down-wake and cross-wake transects lead to anincreased risk of rolling.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS1972

Effect of thermally expanding surfaces on aerodynamic roll torques for cones.

An experimental and analytical study has been made of the aerodynamic roll torque on smoothly ablating, spinning cones. The tests, conducted in the Ames 3.5-Foot Hypersonic Wind Tunnel, indicated that the smoothly ablating model rolling at 0 deg angle of attack experiences roll damping, but when rolling at angle of attack an aerodynamic torque in the direction of spin arises if thermal expansion of the body surface occurs. An analysis of the spinning body at angle of attack is included to show how the relative importance of the ablator thermal expansion and the surface recession rate determines whether the motion is damped or undamped.

Mcdevitt, J. B.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Effect of lubricant extreme pressure additives on rolling element fatigue life

The effects of surface active additives on rolling-element fatigue life were investigated with the five-ball fatigue tester at conditions where classical subsurface initiated rolling-element fatigue is the sole mode of failure. Test balls of AISI 52100, AISI M-50, and AISI 1018 were run with an acid-treated white oil containing either 2.5 percent sulfurized terpene, 1 percent didodecyl phosphite, or 5 percent chlorinated wax. In general, it was found that the influence of surface active additives was detrimental to rolling-element fatigue life. The chlorinated-wax additive significantly reduced fatigue life by a factor of 7. The base oil with the 2.5 percent sulfurized-terpene additive can reduce fatigue life by as much as 50 percent. No statistical change in fatigue life occurred with the base oil having the 1 percent didodecyl-phosphite additive. The additives used with the base oil did not change the ranking of the bearing steels where rolling-element fatigue life was of subsurface origin.

Parker, R. J.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Effect of combined roll rate and sideslip angle on aircraft flight stability

The combined destabilizing effects of roll rate and sideslip angle are studied for a high angle-of-attack flight condition using a linear simulation of the coupled motions of a Space Shuttle-like configuration. Variations in the eigenvalues for a flight condition nominally identified by an angle of attack of 33.29 deg and a Mach number of 4.9 are examined with illustrations of the separate effects of body-axis roll rate and yaw rate, stability-axis roll rate, dynamic pressure, and sideslip angle. It is shown that the stability of the free motion of the vehicle is sensitive to roll rate and that this sensitivity is enhanced by nonzero sideslip angle. The results suggest that fully coupled linearized equations can be of value both for the study of Space Shuttle stability and for a better understanding of post-stall gyrations, incipient spin, and departure prevention for high-performance aircraft.

Stengel, R. F.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Flight test data for light aircraft spoiler roll control systems

The results of flight tests to determine the characteristics of spoiler roll control systems on three different light aircraft are summarized. Comparisons are made with wind tunnel data where available. Flight tests indicate that excellent roll characteristics can be achieved with spoilers. Yaw coupling with roll control inputs is virtually eliminated. Roll rates remain high when flaps are deployed at low speed. Very mild nonlinearities in control effectiveness exist, and there was no deadband or lag detected.

Kohlman, D. L.↗