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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 325 records · Page 18
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2001

Two-Step Calibration of a Multiwavelength Pyrometer for High Temperature Measurement Using a Quartz Lamp

There is no theoretical upper temperature limit for pyrometer application in temperature measurements. NASA Glenn's multiwavelength pyrometer can make measurements over wide temperature ranges. However, the radiation spectral response of the pyrometer's detector must be calibrated before any temperature measurement is attempted, and it is recommended that calibration be done at temperatures close to those for which measurements will be made. Calibration is a determination of the constants of proportionality at all wavelengths between the detector's output (voltage) and its input signals (usually from a blackbody radiation source) in order to convert detector output into radiation intensity. To measure high temperatures, the detectors are chosen to be sensitive in the spectral range from 0.4 to 2.5 micrometers. A blackbody furnace equilibrated at around 1000 C is often used for this calibration. Though the detector may respond sensitively to short wavelengths radiation, a blackbody furnace at 1000 C emits only feebly at very short wavelengths. As a consequence, the calibration constants that result may not be the most accurate. For pyrometry calibration, a radiation source emitting strongly at the short wavelengths is preferred. We have chosen a quartz halogen lamp for this purpose.

Ng, Daniel↗
DOE OSTI2015

Radiograph and passive data analysis using mixed variable optimization

Disclosed herein are representative embodiments of methods, apparatus, and systems for performing radiography analysis. For example, certain embodiments perform radiographic analysis using mixed variable computation techniques. One exemplary system comprises a radiation source, a two-dimensional detector for detecting radiation transmitted through a object between the radiation source and detector, and a computer. In this embodiment, the computer is configured to input the radiographic image data from the two-dimensional detector and to determine one or more materials that form the object by using an iterative analysis technique that selects the one or more materials from hierarchically arranged solution spaces of discrete material possibilities and selects the layer interfaces from the optimization of the continuous interface data.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2012

X-ray optics for laser-plasma sources: Aplications of intense SXR and EUV radiation pulses

In this work we present a short review of SXR and EUV optics that have been designed and developed for experiments concerning material processing and imaging, using a laser-plasma radiation source based on a gas puff target. Three different kinds of mirrors employed as the EUV collectors are presented: the grazing incidence axisymmetrical ellipsoidal mirror, the grazing incidence multifoil mirror, and the ellipsoidal mirror with Mo/Si multilayer coating. Experiments concerning characterization of the mirrors were performed using EUV radiation from Kr or Xe plasmas produced in a double stream gas puff target irradiated with Nd:YAG laser pulses (4ns, 0.8 J, 10 Hz). Intensity of the focused radiation was sufficient for micromachining of organic polymers and surface modification of organic and inorganic solids. Different kinds of micro-and nanostructures created in near-surface layers of different kinds polymers were obtained. Significant differences were revealed in XPS spectra acquired for irradiated and not irradiated polymers.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

EBT2 dosimetry of x-rays produced by the electron beam from a Plasma Focus for medical applications

The electron beam emitted from the back of Plasma Focus devices is being studied as a radiation source for intraoperative radiation therapy applications. A Plasma Focus device is being developed to this aim, to be utilized as an x-ray source. The electron beam is driven to impinge on 50 {mu}m brass foil, where conversion x-rays are generated. Measurements with gafchromic film are performed to analyse the attenuation of the x-rays beam and to predict the dose given to the culture cell in radiobiological experiments to follow.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗
DOE OSTI2015

AN OPEN-SOURCE NEUTRINO RADIATION HYDRODYNAMICS CODE FOR CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE

We present an open-source update to the spherically symmetric, general-relativistic hydrodynamics, core-collapse supernova (CCSN) code GR1D. The source code is available at http://www.GR1Dcode.org. We extend its capabilities to include a general-relativistic treatment of neutrino transport based on the moment formalisms of Shibata et al. and Cardall et al. We pay special attention to implementing and testing numerical methods and approximations that lessen the computational demand of the transport scheme by removing the need to invert large matrices. This is especially important for the implementation and development of moment-like transport methods in two and three dimensions. A critical component of neutrino transport calculations is the neutrino–matter interaction coefficients that describe the production, absorption, scattering, and annihilation of neutrinos. In this article we also describe our open-source neutrino interaction library NuLib (available at http://www.nulib.org). We believe that an open-source approach to describing these interactions is one of the major steps needed to progress toward robust models of CCSNe and robust predictions of the neutrino signal. We show, via comparisons to full Boltzmann neutrino-transport simulations of CCSNe, that our neutrino transport code performs remarkably well. Furthermore, we show that the methods and approximations we employ to increase efficiency do not decrease the fidelity of our results. We also test the ability of our general-relativistic transport code to model failed CCSNe by evolving a 40-solar-mass progenitor to the onset of collapse to a black hole.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Luminescent Characteristics of a Pulsed Discharge Plasma in Xe–KBr Mixture

A mixture of xenon with a nontoxic halogen carrier Xe–KBr is used to create a plasma radiation source at the 282-nm transition of the XeBr{sup *} molecule excited by a high-voltage pulsed-periodic discharge. The luminescence spectra of the plasma of a longitudinal pulsed-periodic discharge in the Xe–KBr mixture at low pressures are studied experimentally. The most intense UV bands of exciplex XeBr{sup *} molecules are recorded in the spectral range of 250–350 nm. The spectral, temporal, and energetic characteristics of the radiation source are presented, as well as the dependence of the XeBr{sup *} exciplex molecule formation efficiency on the discharge excitation conditions. The optimal conditions for the excitation of UV radiation in the pulsed-periodic discharge plasma are determined.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

EUV light source with high brightness at 13.5 nm

The results of the studies on the development of a highbrightness radiation source in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) range are presented. The source is intended for using in projection EUV lithography, EUV mask inspection, for the EUV metrology, etc. Novel approaches to creating a light source on the basis of Z-pinch in xenon allowed the maximal brightness [130 W(mm{sup 2} sr){sup -1}] to be achieved in the vicinity of plasma for this type of radiation sources within the 2% spectral band centred at the wavelength of 13.5 nm that corresponds to the maximal reflection of multilayer Mo/Si mirrors. In this spectral band the radiation power achieves 190 W in the solid angle of 2π at a pulse repetition rate of 1.9 kHz and an electric power of 20 kW, injected into the discharge. (laser applications and other topics in quantum electronics)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2010

Design of dynamic Hohlraum opacity samples to increase measured sample density on Z

We are attempting to measure the transmission of iron on Z at plasma temperatures and densities relevant to the solar radiation and convection zone boundary. The opacity data published by us to date has been taken at an electron density about a factor of 10 below the 9x10{sup 22}/cm{sup 3} electron density of this boundary. We present results of two-dimensional (2D) simulations of the heating and expansion of an opacity sample driven by the dynamic Hohlraum radiation source on Z. The aim of the simulations is to design foil samples that provide opacity data at increased density. The inputs or source terms for the simulations are spatially and temporally varying radiation temperatures with a Lambertian angular distribution. These temperature profiles were inferred on Z with on-axis time-resolved pinhole cameras, x-ray diodes, and bolometers. A typical sample is 0.3 {mu}m of magnesium and 0.078 {mu}m of iron sandwiched between 10 {mu}m layers of plastic. The 2D LASNEX simulations indicate that to increase the density of the sample one should increase the thickness of the plastic backing.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2014

Tunable coherent soft X-ray source based on the generation of high-order harmonic of femtosecond laser radiation in gas-filled capillaries

We have carried out experimental and theoretical investigations of a tunable coherent soft X-ray radiation source in the 30 – 52 nm wavelength range based on the generation of high-order harmonics of femtosecond laser radiation propagating in a dielectric xenon-filled capillary. The long path of laser pulse propagation through the capillary permits tuning the generated harmonic wavelengths to almost completely span the range under consideration. (interaction of radiation with matter)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2018

Magnetic Dichroism in the Reflectivity of Linearly Polarized Synchrotron Radiation from a Ti(10 nm)/Gd{sub 0.23}Co{sub 0.77}(250 nm)/Ti(10 nm) Sample

The dichroic effect (“rotated” polarization) in the reflectivity from a magnetically ordered sample is experimentally studied at the station PHASE of the Kurchatov Synchrotron Radiation Source. The experiments are performed for the Gd{sub 0.23}Co{sub 0.77} film, which has a compensation temperature T{sub comp} ≈ 433 K, using linearly polarized radiation of the photon energy of 7930 eV (L{sub 2} absorption edge of gadolinium) at room temperature. The developed theory of reflectivity accounted for the magnetic contributions to the scattering amplitude predicts the appearance of a peak for the orthogonal (to the incident polarization) polarization of the reflected radiation near the critical angle of the total external reflection. The experiment reveals the significant difficulties because of the incomplete σ polarization of the synchrotron beam, the beam instability, and so on. Therefore, a rotated-polarization peak has been detected near the critical angle but at the limits of the measurement accuracy. In principle, our experimental technique could be an alternative to circular polarization experiments, which are widely used at synchrotrons to study magnetic ordering. However, as we have shown, it makes high demands of the radiation source parameters.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
NASA NTRS1986

The isotopes of hydrogen and helium in the Galactic cosmic radiation - Their source abundances and interstellar propagation

A self-consistent model describing the interstellar propagation of Galactic cosmic radiation is developed using low-energy measurements and calculations of the effects of interstellar propagation and solar modulation. The source ratio H-1/He-4 at constant energy per nucleon is determined to be 12.2 + or - 1.5, and the mean path length for an exponential path length weighting function required to account for the data is 7.2 + or - 1.0 g/sq cm. The measured H-2/He-4 and He-3/He-4 ratios do not vary by more than about 30 percent over the solar cycle. The behavior of the ratios during the solar cycle reflects the energy dependence of the local interstellar ratios, and leads to an energy dependence of the mean path length below 1 GeV per nucleon weaker than that inferred from boron/carbon. The source ratio H-1/He-4 inferred from the low-energy data is consistent both with the value inferred from high-energy cosmic ray data using a model of rigidity-dependent confinement and with the solar system abundance ratio.

Beatty, James J.↗
DOE OSTI2017

Characterization of NORM in an Urban Environment using HPGe Measurements and MCNP6 Simulations

This work is part of a larger project aimed at producing an operationally relevant, validated simulation environment that can be used as a 'virtual testbed' for counterterrorism and counterproliferation efforts. Examples of such efforts include searches for illicit radiation sources before and during large special events, such as the presidential nominating conventions, inaugurations, and large sporting events. Once validated by laboratory and field measurements, this testbed can be used to test and validate algorithms and detector systems designed for various search missions in an urban environment. The detection of radioactive sources in a city is greatly complicated by natural background radiation, which emanates from various materials common to an urban environment, such as roadways, sidewalks, and building exteriors. The methods and results offered here represent the conclusion of an effort to characterize the concentration of naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) in various elements in a controlled, but representative, urban environment. Some of the methods discussed in previous work will be briefly reiterated here, but more detail can be found in the preceding work. The location chosen for this effort was a Military Operations on Urban Terrain (MOUT) environment at the Fort Indiantown Gap (FTIG) National Guard training facility in Pennsylvania. This site was chosen because it replicates a small town where traffic and pedestrian access could be easily controlled, as to not interfere with the background measurements. This endeavor involved over 70 measurements using a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector designed to ascertain the NORM concentrations in the soil, asphalt roads, gravel lots, concrete intersections, sidewalks, foundations, and walls found throughout the site. The NORM concentrations determined from this work will be incorporated into a large-scale simulation that can be used to investigate various search techniques and algorithms, detector types and setups, and to produce representative synthetic data for future work.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2010

Optimal Countrates for Deadtime Corrections

The high x-ray flux available at synchrotron radiation sources can cause nonlinearities in photon-counting detectors unless deadtime corrections are employed. We compute the uncertainties associated with several common deadtime-correction formulas. At lower countrates, statistical noise dominates the error in the measured countrates; at higher countrates, the dominating factors are saturation of the response and uncertainty in the value of the deadtime parameter. In between, a range of countrates exists in which the signal-to-noise ratio can be optimized for photon-counting experiments.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2020

Engineered optical fibers and uses thereof

A system comprises an electromagnetic radiation source, a polarizing element, a mode converter, an optical fiber, and a measurement device. The polarizing element receives electromagnetic radiation produced by the electromagnetic radiation source and outputs linearly-polarized electromagnetic radiation having a linear polarization angle θ1. The mode converter converts the linearly-polarized electromagnetic radiation to an orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode of linearly-polarized electromagnetic radiation with topological charge Li. The OAM mode of linearly-polarized electromagnetic radiation is a superposition of first and second OAM modes with topological charges Li and opposite circular polarizations. The optical fiber supports propagation of the first and second OAM modes with an absolute effective index difference Δneff greater than or equal to 5×10−5, such that linearly-polarized electromagnetic radiation with linear polarization angle θ2 is emitted by the optical fiber. The measurement device is configured to determine a property of the electromagnetic radiation based on the polarization angle θ2.

Ramachandran, Siddharth↗
DOE OSTI2010

Development of an X-ray Pinhole Monitor at NSRRC

An X-ray pinhole monitor is designed to measure the size, emittance and energy spread of the electron beam at NSRRC. The profile of the electron beam in a synchrotron radiation source is commonly assessed with a pinhole monitor of a cheap and simple design. To increase the resolution of the measurement, one method is to use the X-ray regime. The beam passes through a pinhole and the low-energy photons are eliminated with a filter. The beam profile is imaged with a fluorescent screen. The pinhole dimension is optimized on minimizing the diffraction blurring and maximizing the geometric resolution. The X-ray pinhole monitor is simulated with a SRW program. We designed an X-ray pinhole monitor to have three sets of pinhole array, six sets of filters and three sets to screens to increase the information acquired about the characteristics of the X-ray pinhole monitor. The simulation and design are presented here.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Management of Low-Level Radioactive Waste from Research, Hospitals and Nuclear Medical Centers in Egypt - 13469

The application of radioisotopes and radiation sources in medical diagnosis and therapy is an important issue. Physicians can use radioisotopes to diagnose and treat diseases. Methods of treatment, conditioning and management of low level radioactive wastes from the use of radiation sources and radioisotopes in hospitals and nuclear medicine application, are described. Solid Radioactive waste with low-level activity after accumulation, minimization, segregation and measurement, are burned or compressed in a compactor according to the international standards. Conditioned drums are transported to the interim storage site at the Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) represented in Hot Labs and Waste Management Center (HLWMC) for storage and monitoring. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
NASA NTRS1973

Type 2 and type 3 burst theory

The present state of the theory of type 3 bursts is reviewed by dividing the problem into the exciting agency, radiation source, and propagation of radiation between the source and the observer. In-situ measurements indicate that the excitors are electron streams of energy about 40 keV which are continuously relaxing. An investigation of neutralization of an electron stream indicates that n sub s is much less than 100,000 n sub e, where n sub s is the stream density and n sub e the coronal electron density. In situ observations are consistent with this result. An analysis of propagation of electrons in the current sheets of coronal streamers shows that such propagation at heights greater than 1 solar radius is impossible. The mechanisms for radiation are reviewed; it is shown that fundamental radiation at high frequencies (approximately 100 MHz) is highly beamed in the radial direction and that near the earth second harmonic radiation must be dominant. Because of beaming of the fundamental at high frequencies, it can often be quite weak near the limb so that the second harmonic is dominant. In considering propagation to the observer, the results of scattering of radiation are discussed. The present state of the theory of type 2 bursts is reviewed in the same manner as type 3 bursts.

Smith, D. F.↗
NASA NTRS1979

On the output of acoustical sources

Contents: (1) a theoretical basis for local power calculation; (2) source radiation in the presence of a half-plane; (3) radiation from a line source near an edge at which a Kutta condition holds; (4) radiation by a point source above a plane independence boundary; and (5) power output of a point source in a uniform flow.

Levine, H.↗