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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Synthesis and characterization of the rare-earth chloride complexes with N,N,N',N' -tetramethylmalonamide

Exploration of the solid-state chemistry of the f-elements and their coordination chemistry can assist in understanding the speciation of these elements in solution, which, in turn, can aid in the interpretation of their chemical behavior in complex liquid-liquid separations. Within these separation processes, malonamides are common organic extractants that are used for complexing both lanthanides and actinides, thus it is relevant to understand the malonamide ligand complexation under various conditions. In this work, we investigate solid-state complexes of the rare-earth chlorides with N,N,N',N' -tetramethylmalonamide (TMMA) across the entire lanthanide series. Here, we isolated two structural families of compounds Ln(TMMA) 2 Cl 3 Ln = La–Dy and [Ln(TMMA) 2 (H 2 O) 4 ]Cl 3 • x H 2 O x = 0,4 Ln = Ho–Lu, showing differences in chloride coordination from the inner-sphere complex for early lanthanides to outer-sphere for the late lanthanides. Both structural series were additionally analyzed by both IR and Raman spectroscopy confirming similarities in malonamide ligand coordination modes, while showing differences in vibrational features associated with chloride and aqua ligand coordination.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ba2Ho2Al3Si5N11O3 by Materials Project

Ba2Ho2Al3Si5N11O3 crystallizes in the trigonal P3m1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Ba2+ sites. In the first Ba2+ site, Ba2+ is bonded to three equivalent N3- and three equivalent O2- atoms to form BaN3O3 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent AlN4 tetrahedra and corners with nine SiN4 tetrahedra. All Ba–N bond lengths are 2.50 Å. All Ba–O bond lengths are 2.69 Å. In the second Ba2+ site, Ba2+ is bonded to six N3- atoms to form BaN6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent AlN4 tetrahedra and corners with six SiN2O2 tetrahedra. There are three shorter (2.52 Å) and three longer (2.64 Å) Ba–N bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Ho3+ sites. In the first Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent N3- atoms. All Ho–N bond lengths are 2.26 Å. In the second Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three equivalent N3- atoms. All Ho–N bond lengths are 2.47 Å. Al3+ is bonded to four N3- atoms to form AlN4 tetrahedra that share corners with three BaN3O3 octahedra, corners with two SiN4 tetrahedra, and corners with four equivalent AlN4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 61°. There are a spread of Al–N bond distances ranging from 1.80–2.07 Å. There are three inequivalent Si4+ sites. In the first Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four N3- atoms to form SiN4 tetrahedra that share corners with three equivalent BaN6 octahedra, corners with three equivalent AlN4 tetrahedra, and corners with three equivalent SiN2O2 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 57°. There is three shorter (1.72 Å) and one longer (1.88 Å) Si–N bond length. In the second Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four N3- atoms to form SiN4 tetrahedra that share corners with three equivalent BaN3O3 octahedra, corners with three equivalent AlN4 tetrahedra, and corners with three equivalent SiN2O2 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 52°. There is three shorter (1.68 Å) and one longer (1.99 Å) Si–N bond length. In the third Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to two N3- and two equivalent O2- atoms to form SiN2O2 tetrahedra that share corners with three BaN3O3 octahedra and corners with six SiN4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 64–68°. There is one shorter (1.64 Å) and one longer (2.10 Å) Si–N bond length. Both Si–O bond lengths are 1.72 Å. There are five inequivalent N3- sites. In the first N3- site, N3- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Ba2+, one Al3+, and one Si4+ atom. In the second N3- site, N3- is bonded to three equivalent Al3+ and one Si4+ atom to form distorted corner-sharing NAl3Si trigonal pyramids. In the third N3- site, N3- is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four Si4+ atoms. In the fourth N3- site, N3- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Ba2+ and two Si4+ atoms. In the fifth N3- site, N3- is bonded to one Ba2+, two Ho3+, and two equivalent Al3+ atoms to form distorted NBaHo2Al2 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with two equivalent NAl3Si trigonal pyramids and edges with four equivalent NBaHo2Al2 trigonal bipyramids. O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Ba2+ and two equivalent Si4+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ho5(Mo3S4)12 by Materials Project

Ho5(Mo3S4)12 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Ho sites. In the first Ho site, Ho is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight S atoms. There are a spread of Ho–S bond distances ranging from 2.69–3.01 Å. In the second Ho site, Ho is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight S atoms. There are a spread of Ho–S bond distances ranging from 2.69–3.01 Å. In the third Ho site, Ho is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight S atoms. There are a spread of Ho–S bond distances ranging from 2.69–3.00 Å. There are eighteen inequivalent Mo sites. In the first Mo site, Mo is bonded to five S atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing MoS5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Mo–S bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.59 Å. In the second Mo site, Mo is bonded to five S atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing MoS5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Mo–S bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.58 Å. In the third Mo site, Mo is bonded to five S atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing MoS5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Mo–S bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.57 Å. In the fourth Mo site, Mo is bonded to five S atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing MoS5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Mo–S bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.59 Å. In the fifth Mo site, Mo is bonded to five S atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing MoS5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Mo–S bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.58 Å. In the sixth Mo site, Mo is bonded to five S atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing MoS5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Mo–S bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.59 Å. In the seventh Mo site, Mo is bonded to five S atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing MoS5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Mo–S bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.56 Å. In the eighth Mo site, Mo is bonded to five S atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing MoS5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Mo–S bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.58 Å. In the ninth Mo site, Mo is bonded to five S atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing MoS5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Mo–S bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.59 Å. In the tenth Mo site, Mo is bonded to five S atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing MoS5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Mo–S bond distances ranging from 2.43–2.59 Å. In the eleventh Mo site, Mo is bonded to five S atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing MoS5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Mo–S bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.57 Å. In the twelfth Mo site, Mo is bonded to five S atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing MoS5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Mo–S bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.58 Å. In the thirteenth Mo site, Mo is bonded to five S atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing MoS5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Mo–S bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.56 Å. In the fourteenth Mo site, Mo is bonded to five S atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing MoS5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Mo–S bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.59 Å. In the fifteenth Mo site, Mo is bonded to five S atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing MoS5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Mo–S bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.57 Å. In the sixteenth Mo site, Mo is bonded to five S atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing MoS5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Mo–S bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.60 Å. In the seventeenth Mo site, Mo is bonded to five S atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing MoS5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Mo–S bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.58 Å. In the eighteenth Mo site, Mo is bonded to five S atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing MoS5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Mo–S bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.57 Å. There are twenty-four inequivalent S sites. In the first S site, S is bonded in a distorted pentagonal planar geometry to one Ho and four Mo atoms. In the second S site, S is bonded in a distorted pentagonal planar geometry to one Ho and four Mo atoms. In the third S site, S is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Mo atoms. In the fourth S site, S is bonded in a distorted pentagonal planar geometry to one Ho and four Mo atoms. In the fifth S site, S is bonded in a distorted pentagonal planar geometry to one Ho and four Mo atoms. In the sixth S site, S is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Mo atoms. In the seventh S site, S is bonded in a distorted pentagonal planar geometry to one Ho and four Mo atoms. In the eighth S site, S is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Ho and three Mo atoms. In the ninth S site, S is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Ho and three Mo atoms. In the tenth S site, S is bonded in a distorted pentagonal planar geometry to one Ho and four Mo atoms. In the eleventh S site, S is bonded in a distorted pentagonal planar geometry to one Ho and four Mo atoms. In the twelfth S site, S is bonded in a distorted pentagonal planar geometry to one Ho and four Mo atoms. In the thirteenth S site, S is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Mo atoms. In the fourteenth S site, S is bonded in a distorted pentagonal planar geometry to one Ho and four Mo atoms. In the fifteenth S site, S is bonded in a distorted pentagonal planar geometry to one Ho and four Mo atoms. In the sixteenth S site, S is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Ho and three Mo atoms. In the seventeenth S site, S is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Ho and three Mo atoms. In the eighteenth S site, S is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Mo atoms. In the nineteenth S site, S is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Ho and three Mo atoms. In the twentieth S site, S is bonded in a distorted pentagonal planar geometry to one Ho and four Mo atoms. In the twenty-first S site, S is bonded in a distorted pentagonal planar geometry to one Ho and four Mo atoms. In the twenty-second S site, S is bonded in a distorted pentagonal planar geometry to one Ho and four Mo atoms. In the twenty-third S site, S is bonded in a distorted pentagonal planar geometry to one Ho and four Mo atoms. In the twenty-fourth S site, S is bonded in a distorted pentagonal planar geometry to one Ho and four Mo atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LaHoO3 by Materials Project

LaHoO3 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Ho3+ sites. In the first Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing HoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 37–40°. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.23–2.28 Å. In the second Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing HoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 37°. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.25–2.27 Å. La3+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of La–O bond distances ranging from 2.30–3.06 Å. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ho3+ and two equivalent La3+ atoms to form distorted corner-sharing OLa2Ho2 tetrahedra. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho3+ and two equivalent La3+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho3+ and three equivalent La3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ho4(B2O5)3 by Materials Project

Ho4(B2O5)3 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Ho3+ sites. In the first Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.22–2.68 Å. In the second Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.25–2.63 Å. There are three inequivalent B3+ sites. In the first B3+ site, B3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing BO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.46–1.55 Å. In the second B3+ site, B3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form corner-sharing BO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.44–1.52 Å. In the third B3+ site, B3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form corner-sharing BO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.46–1.51 Å. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho3+ and two equivalent B3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Ho3+ and one B3+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted L-shaped geometry to two equivalent Ho3+ and two equivalent B3+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Ho3+ and two B3+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Ho3+ and one B3+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two Ho3+ and two B3+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Ho3+ and two B3+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Ho3+ and one B3+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on K3Ho(SiO3)3 by Materials Project

K3Ho(SiO3)3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pmn2_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are five inequivalent K1+ sites. In the first K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.81–2.95 Å. In the second K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a distorted hexagonal planar geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.77–2.95 Å. In the third K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 3.13–3.34 Å. In the fourth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.67–3.32 Å. In the fifth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three O2- atoms. There are one shorter (2.79 Å) and two longer (2.80 Å) K–O bond lengths. Ho3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form HoO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.23–2.29 Å. There are three inequivalent Si4+ sites. In the first Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent HoO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 35–47°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.69 Å. In the second Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent HoO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 42–47°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.67 Å. In the third Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent HoO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 32–57°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.68 Å. There are ten inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one K1+ and two Si4+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three K1+ and two equivalent Si4+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three K1+, one Ho3+, and one Si4+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two K1+, one Ho3+, and one Si4+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three K1+, one Ho3+, and one Si4+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent K1+ and two equivalent Si4+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one K1+ and two Si4+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two K1+, one Ho3+, and one Si4+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three K1+, one Ho3+, and one Si4+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three K1+, one Ho3+, and one Si4+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ba6Ho2Al2Rh2O15 by Materials Project

Ba6Ho2Rh2Al2O15 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Amm2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are four inequivalent Ba2+ sites. In the first Ba2+ site, Ba2+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ba–O bond distances ranging from 2.68–3.06 Å. In the second Ba2+ site, Ba2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ba–O bond distances ranging from 2.79–3.20 Å. In the third Ba2+ site, Ba2+ is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ba–O bond distances ranging from 2.77–3.00 Å. In the fourth Ba2+ site, Ba2+ is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ba–O bond distances ranging from 2.91–3.10 Å. Ho3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form HoO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent RhO5 square pyramids and corners with three equivalent AlO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.18–2.34 Å. Rh3+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form RhO5 square pyramids that share corners with three equivalent HoO6 octahedra and an edgeedge with one RhO5 square pyramid. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 3–5°. There are a spread of Rh–O bond distances ranging from 2.03–2.09 Å. Al3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AlO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three equivalent HoO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one AlO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 15–29°. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.76–1.79 Å. There are six inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent Ba2+ and two equivalent Al3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Ba2+ and two equivalent Rh3+ atoms to form distorted OBa4Rh2 octahedra that share corners with ten OBa4Rh2 octahedra, edges with four equivalent OBa4HoRh octahedra, and faces with four OBa4Rh2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 2–60°. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three Ba2+, one Ho3+, and one Al3+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three Ba2+, one Ho3+, and one Al3+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four Ba2+, one Ho3+, and one Rh3+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Ba2+, one Ho3+, and one Rh3+ atom to form a mixture of distorted edge, corner, and face-sharing OBa4HoRh octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 3–73°.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ba4Ho(RuO4)3 by Materials Project

Ba4Ho(RuO4)3 is (Cubic) Perovskite-derived structured and crystallizes in the trigonal R-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Ba2+ sites. In the first Ba2+ site, Ba2+ is bonded to twelve O2- atoms to form BaO12 cuboctahedra that share corners with nine BaO12 cuboctahedra, corners with three equivalent RuO6 octahedra, faces with seven BaO12 cuboctahedra, faces with three equivalent HoO6 octahedra, and faces with four equivalent RuO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 13°. There are a spread of Ba–O bond distances ranging from 2.90–3.13 Å. In the second Ba2+ site, Ba2+ is bonded to twelve O2- atoms to form BaO12 cuboctahedra that share corners with nine BaO12 cuboctahedra, corners with three equivalent RuO6 octahedra, faces with seven BaO12 cuboctahedra, a faceface with one HoO6 octahedra, and faces with six RuO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 13°. There are a spread of Ba–O bond distances ranging from 2.98–3.11 Å. Ho3+ is bonded to six equivalent O2- atoms to form HoO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent RuO6 octahedra and faces with eight BaO12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 2°. All Ho–O bond lengths are 2.21 Å. There are two inequivalent Ru+4.33+ sites. In the first Ru+4.33+ site, Ru+4.33+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form RuO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent BaO12 cuboctahedra, corners with three equivalent HoO6 octahedra, faces with seven BaO12 cuboctahedra, and a faceface with one RuO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 2°. There are three shorter (1.95 Å) and three longer (2.06 Å) Ru–O bond lengths. In the second Ru+4.33+ site, Ru+4.33+ is bonded to six equivalent O2- atoms to form RuO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent BaO12 cuboctahedra, faces with six equivalent BaO12 cuboctahedra, and faces with two equivalent RuO6 octahedra. All Ru–O bond lengths are 2.03 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to four Ba2+, one Ho3+, and one Ru+4.33+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four Ba2+ and two Ru+4.33+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Persistent Room-Temperature Photodarkening in Cu-Doped β - Ga 2 O 3

β–Ga 2 O 3 is an ultrawide band gap semiconductor with emerging applications in power electronics. Here, the introduction of acceptor dopants yields semi-insulating substrates necessary for thin-film devices. In the present work, exposure of Cu-doped β–Ga 2 O 3 to UV light > 4 eV is shown to cause large, persistent photo-induced darkening at room temperature. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy indicates that light exposure converts Cu 2+ to Cu 3+ , a rare oxidation state that is responsible for the optical absorption. The photodarkening is accompanied by the appearance of O–H vibrational modes in the infrared spectrum. Hybrid function calculations show that Cu acceptors can favorably complex with hydrogen donors incorporated as interstitial (Hi) or substitutional (HO) defects. When Cu Ga –HO complexes absorb light, hydrogen is released, contributing to the observed Cu 3+ species and O–H modes.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Li 3– x Zr x (Ho/Lu) 1– x Cl 6 Solid Electrolytes Enable Ultrahigh-Loading Solid-State Batteries with a Prelithiated Si Anode

We report two new families of lithium metal chloride solid electrolytes Li 3–x Zr x (M) 1–x Cl 6 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8; M = Ho or Lu) with ionic conductivities of up to 1.8 mS cm –1 and a low activation energy of 0.34 eV. Structural elucidation via high-resolution neutron diffraction determines the Li ion distribution in trigonal Li 3 HoCl 6 , orthorhombic-I Li 3 LuCl 6 , and orthorhombic-II Li 2.4 Zr 0.6 (Ho/Lu) 0.4 Cl 6 . The last compound exhibits well-connected Li-ion pathways and abundant Li-ion carriers/vacancies to promote diffusion. All-solid-state batteries with Li 2.6 Zr 0.4 (Ho/Lu) 0.6 Cl 6 solid electrolytes and NCM85 cathodes exhibit stable cycling up to 4.6 V vs Li + /Li, which is even preserved up to 4.8 V. Stable cathode interphases are formed for both electrolytes upon cycling to 4.3, 4.6, and 4.8 V cutoff potentials, as identified by a ToF-SIMS analysis. Solid-state cells with a prelithiated Li 0.7 Si anode exhibit a significantly increased initial coulombic efficiency of 94.5% compared to Si and a high areal capacity of up to 16.3 mAh·cm –2 .

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ho2OsC2 by Materials Project

Ho2OsC2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnma space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Ho3+ sites. In the first Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded to five C4- atoms to form a mixture of corner and edge-sharing HoC5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Ho–C bond distances ranging from 2.46–2.57 Å. In the second Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four C4- atoms. There are a spread of Ho–C bond distances ranging from 2.53–2.56 Å. Os2+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three C4- atoms. There are a spread of Os–C bond distances ranging from 1.94–1.99 Å. There are two inequivalent C4- sites. In the first C4- site, C4- is bonded to four Ho3+ and two equivalent Os2+ atoms to form a mixture of corner and edge-sharing CHo4Os2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 10–39°. In the second C4- site, C4- is bonded to five Ho3+ and one Os2+ atom to form a mixture of corner and edge-sharing CHo5Os octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 3–39°.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Theory-Based Mechanism for Fluoromethane Combustion I: Thermochemistry and Abstraction Reactions

A new detailed chemical kinetic mechanism is presented for small fluorinated hydrocarbons. Ab initio electronic structure theory is used to provide heats of formation with subchemical accuracy. The ANL0 method is extended to include fluorine. The resulting heats of formation at 0 K are in excellent agreement with 36 benchmark species in the Active Thermochemical Tables, with a mean error of μ = –0.02 kJ/mol and a standard deviation of σ = 0.91 kJ/mol. The thermophysical properties for 92 small-molecule H/C/O/F species are computed. The rate coefficients for 40+ H-abstraction reactions involving H, O, F, OH, OF, HO 2 , and various methyl radicals with CH 4 , CH 3 F, CH 2 F 2 , CHF 3 , CH 2 O, and CHFO are discussed. Here, the computed rate constants are in excellent agreement with the available literature. Additionally, 30+ rate constants are provided for F abstraction, which are several orders of magnitude smaller than H abstraction. The thermophysical properties and rate constants are provided in a mechanism. This mechanism is the first in a series of theory-based investigations into the thermal destruction of per- and polyfluorinated species.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Methanol oxidation up to 100 atm in a supercritical pressure jet-stirred reactor

Methanol (CH 3 OH) has attracted considerable attention as a renewable fuel or fuel additive with low greenhouse gas emissions. Methanol oxidation was studied using a recently developed supercritical pressure jet-stirred reactor (SP-JSR) at pressures of 10 and 100 atm, at temperatures from 550 to 950 K, and at equivalence ratios of 0.1, 1.0, and 9.0 in experiments and simulations. Here, the experimental results show that the onset temperature of CH 3 OH oxidation at 100 atm is around 700 K, which is more than 100 K lower than the onset at 10 atm and this trend cannot be predicted by the existing kinetics models. Furthermore, a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behavior was clearly observed at 100 atm at fuel rich conditions for methanol for the first time. To understand the observed temperature shift in the reactivity and the NTC effect, we updated some key elementary reaction rates of relevance to high pressure CH 3 OH oxidation from the literature and added some new low-temperature reaction pathways such as CH 2 O + HO 2 = HOCH 2 O 2 (RO 2 ), RO 2 + RO 2 = HOCH 2 O (RO) + HOCH 2 O (RO) + O 2 , and CH 3 OH + RO 2 = CH 2 OH + HOCH 2 O 2 H (ROOH). Although the model with these updates improves the prediction somewhat for the experimental data at 100 atm and reproduces well high-temperature ignition delay times and laminar flame speed data in the literature, discrepancies still exist for some aspects of the 100 atm low-temperature oxidation data. In addition, it was found that the pressure-dependent HO 2 chemistry shifts to lower temperature as the pressure increases such that the NTC effect at fuel-lean conditions is suppressed. Therefore, as shown in the experiments, the NTC phenomenon was only observed at the fuel-rich condition where fuel radicals are abundant and the HO 2 chemistry at high pressure is weakened by the lack of oxygen resulting in comparatively little HO 2 formation.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Synergic regulation of mechanically interlocked molecules via lanthanide-contraction-based metal modulation and constituent ratios

A set of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) can be synthesized efficiently using a one-pot procedure by selecting different trivalent lanthanide metal cations (M 3+ , M = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, or Lu) and adjusting the proportion of the reaction components. In this system, a flexible tetracationic macrocycle, often referred to as the “Texas-sized molecular box”, interacts with terephthalate dianions and trivalent lanthanide metal cations to form various structures. The transition from metal-organic rotaxane frameworks (MORFs) to metal-containing rotaxane supramolecular organic frameworks (RSOFs) is largely dictated by the lanthanide contraction effect, which leads to a decrease in the coordination number of the lanthanide ions. In addition, the nature of the MIMs within the MORFs can be fine-tuned by varying the ratio of the cation to the other components, allowing for additional control over the interlocked system. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate that the choice of metal cation and adjustments in the building block ratios component represent promising strategies for controlling the structures of MIM-based frameworks.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Magnetic breakdown and charge density wave formation: A quantum oscillation study of the rare-earth tritellurides

The rare-earth tritellurides (RTe 3 , where R = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Y) form a charge density wave state consisting of a single unidirectional charge density wave for lighter R, with a second unidirectional charge density wave, perpendicular and in addition to the first, also present at low temperatures for heavier R. In this paper, we present a quantum oscillation study in magnetic fields up to 65T that compares the single charge density wave state with the double charge density wave state both above and below the magnetic breakdown field of the second charge density wave. In the double charge density wave state it is observed that there remain several small, light pockets with the largest occupying around 0.5% of the Brillouin zone. By applying magnetic fields above the independently determined magnetic breakdown field, the quantum oscillation frequencies of the single charge density wave state are recovered, as expected in a magnetic breakdown scenario. Measurements of the electronic effective mass do not show any divergence or significant increase on the pockets of Fermi surface observed here as the putative quantum phase transition between the single and double charge density wave states is approached.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

Kinetic studies of excited singlet oxygen atom O( 1 D) reactions with ethanol

In this work, themultichannel reaction of excited singlet oxygen atom with ethanol, O( 1 D) + C 2 H 5 OH (1), was studied in a photolysis flow reactor coupled with mid-infrared Faraday rotation spectroscopy (FRS) and UV-IR direct absorption spectroscopy (DAS) at 297 K with reactor pressures of 60, 120, and 150 Torr (bath He). The excited singlet oxygen atom was generated through the photolysis of O 3 at 266 nm. The photon flux and O( 1 D) concentrations were determined by in situ actinometry based on O 3 depletion. Temporal profiles of OH and H 2 O were monitored via DAS signals at ca. 3568.62 and 3568.29 cm –1 , while temporal profiles of HO 2 were measured via FRS signals at ca. 1396.90 cm –1 . The branching ratios of the target reaction (1) were determined by fitting temporal profiles to simulations from an in-house reaction mechanism. Two major reaction channels were identified as CH 3 CHOH + OH and CH 3 O + CH 2 OH, and their branching ratios were determined as 0.46 ± 0.12 and 0.42 ± 0.11, respectively. A specific HO 2 + RO 2 reaction between HO 2 and O 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH (β-RO 2 ) at the low-temperature range is estimated in this work as HO 2 + O 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH → products with a rate constant of 7 × 10 –12 cm 3 molecule –1 s –1 .

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

A comprehensive approach for elucidating the interplay between 4f n +1 and 4f n 5d 1 configurations in Ln 2+ complexes

Lanthanides (Ln) are typically found in the +3 oxidation state. However, in recent decades, their chemistry has been expanded to include the less stable +2 oxidation state across the entire series except promethium (Pm), facilitated by the coordination of ligands such as trimethylsilylcyclopentadienyl, C 5 H 4 SiMe 3 (Cp'). The [LnCp' 3 ] complexes have been the workhorse for the synthesis and theoretical study of the fundamental aspects of divalent lanthanide chemistry, where experimental and computational evidence have suggested the existence of different ground state (GS) configurations, 4f n+1 or 4f n 5d 1 , depending on the specific metal. Standard reduction potentials and 4f n+1 to 4f n 5d 1 promotion energies have been two factors usually considered to rationalize the occurrence of these variable GS configurations, however the driving force behind this phenomenon is still not clear. In this work we present a comprehensive theoretical approach to shed light on this matter using the [LnCp 3 ] - model systems. We begin by calculating 4f n+1 to 4f n 5d 1 promotion energies and successfully correlate them with existing experimental data. Furthermore, we analyze how changes in the GS charge distribution between the Ln ions, LnCp 3 and the reduced [LnCp 3 ] - complexes (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) correlate with experimental trends in redox potentials and the calculated promotion energies. For this purpose, a comprehensive theoretical work that includes relativistic ligand field density functional theory (LFDFT) and relativistic ab initio wavefunction methods was performed. This study will help the rational design of suitable environments to tune the different GS configurations as well as modulating the spectroscopic properties of new Ln 2+ complexes.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗