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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2023

Acoustics Technical Working Group and UAM Noise Working Group Proceedings

The NASA Acoustics Technical Working Group Meeting originally started as a program planning meeting in 1992 and has grown through the years. The purpose of these biannual meetings is to foster communication and collaboration among NASA researchers and their university, industry, and government colleagues on activities and work of current and future mutual interest. The NASA-led Urban Air Mobility (UAM) Noise Working Group (UNWG) Meeting began in 2018 as a one-day meeting immediately following the Acoustics Technical Working Group Meeting. The UNWG utilizes four subgroups that conduct regular meetings throughout the year to focus on challenges facing UAM vehicles for community noise and acceptance. The four subgroups coordinate research for development of noise prediction tools/noise reduction technologies, ground and flight test methods, human response and metrics, and regulations and policy (led by the FAA). This work is a compilation of the presentations given at ATWG/UNWG Fall 2022 held in person and via Teams at NASA Glenn Research Center. All NASA content was previously submitted through STRIVES for public presentation. This is merely a compilation. Non-NASA content has permission to distribute. Slide 208 video is included in the Available Downloads as Medial.MOV.

Advanced Air Mobility↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

X-59 Air Data Probe Calibration Wind Tunnel Test

NASA's aeronautical innovators are working with Lockheed Martin to design and build a supersonic X-plane, the X-59, under the the Low Boom Flight Demonstrator (LBFD) Project, that produces a gentle thump rather than a loud sonic boom. The plane will be used to collect human response data over select U.S. communities. The data from the X-59 test flights will be provided to U.S. and international regulators to potentially allow supersonic flight over land, drastically reducing travel time within the U.S. and around the world. Two wind tunnel tests were conducted in the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) 8- by 6-Foot Supersonic Wind Tunnel to calibrate the nose probe for the X-59. The probe was successfully tested and calibrated at 19 Mach numbers between Mach 0.25 and Mach 1.7. Most data were collected using continuous roll angle sweeps at a set Mach number and pitch angle. About 725 high quality data runs were recorded during testing to be used in the calibration of the probe. A backup nose probe was also run through the same test matrix as the primary probe. The probe will be the primary instrument for the flight test of the X-59 for determining angle of attack, angle of sideslip, airspeed, and pressure altitude of the aircraft in flight. Knowing the aircraft's speed and attitude is critical for flight safety and is also critical data for the Sonic Boom mission. Areas of interest for the test were sea level takeoff and landing at Mach 0.2, subsonic cruise at Mach 0.9, and supersonic cruise at Mach 1.4. During Phase I flight testing, the air data nose probe and air data system as a whole will be further calibrated in flight to account for additional installed effects of the airframe on the air data system.

X-59↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

X-59 Air Data Probe Calibration Wind Tunnel Test

NASA's aeronautical innovators are working with Lockheed Martin to design and build a supersonic X-plane, the X-59, under the the Low Boom Flight Demonstrator (LBFD) Project, that produces a gentle thump rather than a loud sonic boom. The plane will be used to collect human response data over select U.S. communities. The data from the X-59 test flights will be provided to U.S. and international regulators to potentially allow supersonic flight over land, drastically reducing travel time within the U.S. and around the world. Two wind tunnel tests were conducted in the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) 8- by 6-Foot Supersonic Wind Tunnel to calibrate the nose probe for the X-59. The probe was successfully tested and calibrated at 19 Mach numbers between Mach 0.25 and Mach 1.7. Most data were collected using continuous roll angle sweeps at a set Mach number and pitch angle. About 725 high quality data runs were recorded during testing to be used in the calibration of the probe. A backup nose probe was also run through the same test matrix as the primary probe. The probe will be the primary instrument for the flight test of the X-59 for determining angle of attack, angle of sideslip, airspeed, and pressure altitude of the aircraft in flight. Knowing the aircraft's speed and attitude is critical for flight safety and is also critical data for the Sonic Boom mission. Areas of interest for the test were sea level takeoff and landing at Mach 0.2, subsonic cruise at Mach 0.9, and supersonic cruise at Mach 1.4. During Phase I flight testing, the air data nose probe and air data system as a whole will be further calibrated in flight to account for additional installed effects of the airframe on the air data system.

X-59↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

An Overview of Nasa Research on Aam Noise and A Recent Noise and Number Study

NASA conducts psychoacoustic research on the human response to Urban Air Mobility (UAM) vehicles as part of its Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) mission. This presentation provides an overview of NASA’s role in AAM research with an emphasis on recent work investigating people’s response to frequent UAM vehicle flyover sounds.

UAM↗
NASA NTRS2026

Introduction to the Special Issue on Advanced Air Mobility Noise: Predictions, Measurements and Perception

This Special Issue focuses on noise associated with Advanced Air Mobility (AAM), an emerging class of predominantly electric distributed-propulsion aircraft designed for urban and regional transportation. As these vehicles move toward certification and deployment, noise has become a central challenge for regulatory approval and public acceptance, particularly due to operations in densely populated areas and at low altitudes. The 24 contributions in this issue address three key aspects of AAM noise: prediction, measurement, and human perception. Prediction studies span a wide range of modeling fidelities, from high-resolution simulations to improved semi-analytical approaches, and examine complex aeroacoustic mechanisms including rotor interactions, turbulence ingestion, and broadband noise generation. Measurement studies, largely at model scale, provide new insights into tonal and broadband noise characteristics across configurations and operating conditions, while supporting model validation. Perception-focused contributions investigate annoyance, sound quality metrics, and auralization, emphasizing the role of context and operational factors in shaping human response. Together, these works highlight the interdisciplinary nature of AAM noise research and the need for integrated approaches to enable quieter vehicle design.

Perception↗
DOE OSTI2020

Evolving theories of change: Rethinking of the effects of office lighting on occupants

This paper proposes an overall theory of change that relates lighting in offices to a holistic view of human responses that contribute to the well-being of office workers. The theoretical model considers how variations in the four fundamental lighting attributes affect visual performance, visual environment, and non-image forming responses. It moves beyond these lighting to address how external factors that are may mediate the effects on the desired lighting related outcomes, which in turn determine the final impact on occupants. The model builds on prior conceptual models of lighting effects and informs design and research planning for office lighting. Ultimately, properly supported task performance can increase occupant motivation but by itself may not achieve the holistic desired impact. Lighting attributes that support a pleasant visual environment and appropriate non-image forming responses can more fully contribute to an occupant’s mood and overall well-being.

Collier, Jessica M.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Applying Cyber-Informed Engineering to Power System Operations

This presentation covers the interaction of the discipline of system operations with the growing body of knowledge around Cyber-Informed Engineering (CIE). First is discussion of a number of fundamental concepts for system operators - organizational division of responsibilities, human and machine cooperation, goals, and priorities. The next section covers the reasons why CIE was developed, what it is, and the key design and operational, and organizational principles of CIE. Finally, some thoughts on how CIE can be applied to power system operations are offered, along with some examples of how an organization can approach applying CIE principles in their particular circumstances.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Integrating Cybersecurity with System Operations and Restoration

This presentation covers the interaction of the discipline of system operations with the discipline of cybersecurity. First is discussion of a number of fundamental concepts for system operators - organizational division of responsibilities, human and machine cooperation, goals, and priorities. The next section covers the importance of cybersecurity for a system operator organization and explains different risk management approaches based on the consequence and frequency of events. Finally the role of system operators in the security of the grid categorized by the NIST Cybersecurity Framework is discussed to present recommendations and ideas for future work.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
NASA NTRS2001

Antibody responses to bacteriophage phi X-174 in human subjects exposed to the antarctic winter-over model of spaceflight

BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that exposure to long-term spaceflight conditions (stress, isolation, sleep disruption, containment, microbial contamination, and solar radiation) or to ground-based models of spaceflight will alter human immune responses, but specific antibody responses have not been fully evaluated. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine whether exposure to the 8-month Antarctic winter-over model of spaceflight would alter human antibody responses. METHODS: During the 1999 Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions, 11 adult study subjects at Casey, Antarctica, and 7 control subjects at Macquarie Island, sub-Antarctica, received primary and secondary immunizations with the T cell-dependent neoantigen bacteriophage phi X-174. Periodic plasma samples were analyzed for specific antibody function. RESULTS: All of the subjects from Casey, Antarctica, cleared bacteriophage phi X-174 normally by 1 week after primary immunization, and all had normal primary and secondary antibody responses, including immunologic memory amplification and switch from IgM to IgG antibody production. One subject showed a high normal pattern, and one subject had a low normal pattern. The control subjects from Macquarie Island also had normal immune responses to bacteriophage phi X-174. CONCLUSIONS: These data do not support the hypothesis that de novo specific antibody responses of subjects become defective during the conditions of the Antarctic winter-over. Because the Antarctic winter-over model of spaceflight lacks the important factors of microgravity and solar radiation, caution must be used in interpreting these data to anticipate normal antibody responses in long-term spaceflight.

Non-NASA Center↗
NASA NTRS1972

Multifactorial analysis of human blood cell responses to clinical total body irradiation

Multiple regression analysis techniques are used to study the effects of therapeutic radiation exposure, number of fractions, and time on such quantal responses as tumor control and skin injury. The potential of these methods for the analysis of human blood cell responses is demonstrated and estimates are given of the effects of total amount of exposure and time of protraction in determining the minimum white blood cell concentration observed after exposure of patients from four disease groups.

Yuhas, J. M.↗
NASA NTRS1954

A Study of the Characteristics of Human-Pilot Control Response to Simulated Aircraft Lateral Motions

Report presents the results of studies made in an attempt to provide information on the control operations of the human pilot. These studies included an investigation of the ability of pilots to control simulated unstable yawing oscillations, a study of the basic characteristics of human-pilot control response, and a study to determine whether and to what extent pilot control response can be represented in an analytical form.

Cheatham, Donald C↗
NASA NTRS1990

Hemodynamic and ADH responses to central blood volume shifts in cardiac-denervated humans

Hemodynamic responses and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) were measured during body position changes designed to induce blood volume shifts in ten cardiac transplant recipients to assess the contribution of cardiac and vascular volume receptors in the control of ADH secretion. Each subject underwent 15 min of a control period in the seated posture, then assumed a lying posture for 30 min at 6 deg head down tilt (HDT) followed by 20 min of seated recovery. Venous blood samples and cardiac dimensions (echocardiography) were taken at 0 and 15 min before HDT, 5, 15, and 30 min of HDT, and 5, 15, and 30 min of seated recovery. Blood samples were analyzed for hematocrit, plasma osmolality, plasma renin activity (PRA), and ADH. Resting plasma volume (PV) was measured by Evans blue dye and percent changes in PV during posture changes were calculated from changes in hematocrit. Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were recorded every 2 min. Results indicate that cardiac volume receptors are not the only mechanism for the control of ADH release during acute blood volume shifts in man.

Convertino, V. A.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Comparative aspects of hematological responses in animal and human models in simulations of weightlessness and space flight

This paper reviews some human and animal responses to space flight as well as in control models in simulations of weightlessness. Astronauts after space flight have been found to have a decreased red blood cell mass and plasma volume. The reason for these changes is unknown but appears to be caused primarily by a decrease in the need of red blood cells in the weightless condition. Similar though more moderate changes have been found in human subjects subjected to prolonged bed rest or water immersion. What happens to the red cell mass of laboratory rats flown in microgravity is not known but rats have shown an increase in the rate of random red cell loss in flight suggesting a probable decrease. Rat models subjected to either head-down suspension or restraint alone have shown a decrease in red blood cell masses and a decrease in their plasma volume.

Lange, R. D.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Inception of a Spaceflight-specific Mouse to Human Expression Profiling Translation Model

Rodents are foundational model organisms often utilized due to their seemingly analogous morphologies and biological responses to humans. However, recent studies have demonstrated that murine model data are limited in their applicability, particularly in inflammatory disease. In space studies, accurately predicting human response from mouse data is critical due to extreme limiting factors in both rodent and human spaceflight research. With successful prediction, spaceflight ailments can be predicted and prevented while respecting the constraints of the spaceflight industry and minimizing danger to humans. To do so, novel methodologies must be developed that predict human response from murine data after considering biological differences between rodents and humans in spaceflight. After considering terrestrial models, we determined that a spaceflight-based expression profiting translation tool should be created to accurately capture predictions of human gene expression in spaceflight from mouse data. To prepare to build this model, we organized known human spaceflight risks, chose analog human diseases as training data categories, then identified existing RNASeq disease datasets from GEO as potential training data. In addition, we classified existing Genelab mouse differential gene expression datasets for use as experimental data.

Translation↗
NASA NTRS1992

Short-duration spaceflight impairs human carotid baroreceptor-cardiac reflex responses

The effect of a spaceflight on the vagally mediated baroreceptor-cardiac reflex responses of humans were investigated by measuring the responses (provoked by neck pressure changes) in supine position and the heart rate and blood pressure in the supine and standing positions in 16 astronauts before and after 4- to 5-day long Space Shuttle missions. The results showed that exposures to spaceflight resulted in reduced baseline levels of the vagal-cardiac outflow and the vagally mediated responses to changes of the arterial baroreceptor input and that these changes contribute to postflight reductions of astronauts' ability to maintain standing arterial pressures.

Fritsch, Janice M.↗
DOE OSTI2024

A compendium of multi-omics data illuminating host responses to lethal human virus infections

Human infections caused by viral pathogens trigger a complex gamut of host responses that limit disease, resolve infection, generate immunity, and contribute to severe disease or death. Here, we present experimental methods and multi-omics data capture approaches representing the global host response to infection generated from 45 individual experiments involving human viruses from the Orthomyxoviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, and Coronaviridae families. Analogous experimental designs were implemented across human or mouse host model systems, longitudinal samples were collected over defined time courses, and global multi-omics data (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics) were acquired by microarray, RNA sequencing, or mass spectrometry analyses. For comparison, we have included transcriptomics datasets from cells treated with type I and type II human interferon. Raw multi-omics data and metadata were deposited in public repositories, and we provide a central location linking the raw data with experimental metadata and ready-to-use, quality-controlled, statistically processed multi-omics datasets not previously available in any public repository. This compendium of infection-induced host response data for reuse will be useful for those endeavouring to understand viral disease pathophysiology and network biology.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Microcystin-LR aerosol induces inflammatory responses in healthy human primary airway epithelium

Harmful algal blooms plague bodies of freshwater globally. These blooms are often composed of outgrowths of cyanobacteria capable of producing the heptapeptide Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) which is a well-known hepatotoxin. Recently, MC-LR has been detected in aerosols generated from lake water. However, the risk for human health effects due to MC-LR inhalation exposure have not been extensively investigated. In this study, we exposed a fully differentiated 3D human airway epithelium derived from 14 healthy donors to MC-LR-containing aerosol for 3 minutes per day for 3 days. Concentrations of MC-LR ranged from 100 pM to 1 µM. Although there were little to no detrimental alterations in measures of the airway epithelial function (i.e. cell survival, tissue integrity, mucociliary clearance, or cilia beating frequency), a distinct shift in the transcriptional activity was found. Genes related to inflammation were found to be upregulated such as C-C motif chemokine 5 (CCL5; log2FC = 0.56 , p = 0.02) and C-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7; log2FC = 0.83, p = 0.03). Functionally, conditioned media from MC-LR exposed airway epithelium was also found to have significant chemo-attractive properties for primary human neutrophils. Additionally, increases were found in the concentration of secreted chemokine proteins in the conditioned media such as CCL1 (log2FC = 5.07 , p = 0.0001) and CCL5 (log2FC = 1.02, p = 0.046). These results suggest that MC-LR exposure to the human airway epithelium is capable of inducing an inflammatory response that may potentiate acute or chronic disease.

3D human airway epithelium↗