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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 325 records · Page 18
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Multimaterial 3D Printing in Activating Bath Enables In Situ Polymerization of Thermosets with Intricate Geometries and Diverse Elastic Behaviors

Polydicyclopentadiene, p(DCPD), is a high‐performance thermoset valued for its exceptional toughness, strength, and stiffness. When copolymerized with 1,5‐cyclooctadiene (COD), its mechanical properties can be tuned from glassy to rubbery at room temperature. While frontal polymerization enables a rapid and energy‐efficient route to 3D print DCPD‐based materials, challenges such as ink shelf life and gravitational distortion, especially in direct ink writing of soft COD‐rich formulations, must be considered. Here, a complementary chemical strategy is presented, embedded 3D printing, that enables localized in situ polymerization of printed DCPD/COD inks within a reactive support matrix. The matrix provides both physical support and a reservoir of chemical activator, which diffuses into the ink, activates a latent bis(N‐heterocyclic carbene) Ru precatalyst, and initiates ring‐opening metathesis polymerization. Curing begins at the ink–matrix interface and propagates inward via diffusion, stabilizing the interface and preventing capillary‐driven deformation regardless of the matrix yield stress. This approach eliminates the need for cold storage, external curing, or photoinitiation, significantly expanding the processing window. Using this method, diverse thermosetting and elastomeric architectures are fabricated with features as small as 5 µm and aspect ratios of 100, including interlinked chains, shallow spherical shells exhibiting snap‐through buckling, and hair‐like fin arrays inaccessible through traditional techniques.

chemical activation↗
DOE OSTI2022

In‐operando crystallization study of zinc nitrate hexahydrate using zinc oxide nucleators

Abstract Supercooling (∆T Sup ) is one of the crucial problems in utilizing a phase change material (PCM), which has been attempted to overcome using nucleators possessing small lattice disregistry without comprehensive understanding of the nucleation phenomenon. Here, this work studies the interactions between nucleators and PCM via in‐operando direct visualization for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, to better understand the crystallization process during freezing of a PCM using zinc nitrate hexahydrate (ZNH) and a zinc oxide (ZnO) nucleator. According to our in‐operando study, freezing was randomly initiated by only a fraction of the nucleator particles during each thermal cycling. However, previously unresponsive nucleators also suddenly crystalized PCM when the propagating crystal encountered them, improving the crystal initiation and thereby ∆T Sup . Consequently, for equal wt% of ZnO, better nucleation behavior was obtained using uniformly distributed small nucleator particles throughout the PCM, as compared to either large or poorly distributed aggregated nucleators. DSC results using ZnO‐needle as nucleator confirmed a 38% and 33.3% lower ∆T Sup upon employing 5 wt% small (individual) particles (~4 μm on average), as compared to using equal wt% of small (aggregated) particle clusters (~200 μm) and large particles (~46 μm), respectively. Crystallization of ZNH caused additional hair‐like ZnO growth preferentially decorated along lateral faces of the original nucleator particles. The in‐operando studies are valuable tools to correlate inherent crystallization phenomena to the practical thermal energy storage properties of the system.

Chakraborty, Anirban↗
DOE OSTI2019

Emergent classical spacetime from microstates of an incipient black hole

Black holes have an enormous underlying space of microstates, but universal macroscopic physics characterized by mass, charge and angular momentum as well as a causally disconnected interior. This leads two related puzzles: (1) How does the effective factorization of interior and exterior degrees of freedom emerge in gravity?, and (2) How does the underlying degeneracy of states wind up having a geometric realization in the horizon area and in properties of the singularity? We explore these puzzles in the context of an incipient black hole in the AdS/CFT correspondence, the microstates of which are dual to half-BPS states of the $\mathcal{N}$ = 4 super-Yang-Mills theory. First, we construct a code subspace for this black hole and show how to organize it as a tensor product of a universal macroscopic piece (describing the exterior), and a factor corresponding to the microscopic degrees of freedom (describing the interior). We then study the classical phase space and symplectic form for low-energy excitations around the black hole. On the AdS side, we find that the symplectic form has a new physical degree of freedom at the stretched horizon of the black hole, reminiscent of soft hair, which is absent in the microstates. We explicitly show how such a soft mode emerges from the microscopic phase space in the dual CFT via a canonical transformation and how it encodes partial information about the microscopic degrees of freedom of the black hole.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Hairy magnetic and dyonic black holes in the Standard Model

Spherically symmetric magnetic and dyonic black holes with a magnetic charge $\textit{Q}$ = 2 are studied in the Standard Model and general relativity. A magnetically charged black hole with mass below 9.3 × 10 35 GeV has a “hairy” cloud of electroweak gauge and Higgs fields outside the event horizon with 1/$m_W$ in size. An extremal magnetic black hole has a hair mass of 3.6 TeV, while an extremal dyonic black hole has an additional mass of $q^2$ × 1.6 GeV for a small electric charge $q \ll 2π/e^2$. A hairy dyonic black hole with an integer charge is not stable and can decay into a magnetic one plus charged fermions. On the other hand, a hairy magnetic black hole can evolve via Hawking radiation into a nearly extremal one that is cosmologically stable and an interesting object to be searched for.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Celestial Quantum Error Correction. Part II. From qudits to celestial CFT

A holographic CFT description of asymptotically flat spacetimes inherits vacuum degeneracies and IR divergences from its gravitational dual. We devise a Quantum Error Correcting (QEC) framework to encode both effects as correctable fluctuations on the CFT dual. The framework is physically motivated by embedding a chain of qudits in the so-called Klein spacetime and then taking a continuum 𝑁 → ∞ limit. At finite 𝑁 the qudit chain 1) enjoys a discrete version of celestial symmetries and 2) supports a Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) code. The limit results in hard states with quantized BMS hair in the celestial torus forming the logical subspace, robust under errors induced by soft radiation. Technically, the construction leverages the recently studied 𝑤 1+∞ hierarchy of soft currents and its realization from a sigma model in twistor space.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Charged structure constants from modularity

We derive a universal formula for the average heavy-heavy-light structure constants for 2d CFTs with non-vanishing u(1) charge. The derivation utilizes the modular properties of one-point functions on the torus. Refinements in N = 2 SCFTs, show that the resulting Cardy-like formula for the structure constants has precisely the same shifts in the central charge as that of the thermodynamic entropy found earlier. This analysis generalizes the recent results by Kraus and Maloney for CFTs with an additional global u(1) symmetry. Our results at large central charge are also shown to match with computations from the holographic dual, which suggest that the averaged CFT three-point coefficient also serves as a useful probe of detecting black hole hair.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2016

De Sitter Space Without Dynamical Quantum Fluctuations

Here, we argue that, under certain plausible assumptions, de Sitter space settles into a quiescent vacuum in which there are no dynamical quantum fluctuations. Such fluctuations require either an evolving microstate, or time-dependent histories of out-of-equilibrium recording devices, which we argue are absent in stationary states. For a massive scalar field in a fixed de Sitter background, the cosmic no-hair theorem implies that the state of the patch approaches the vacuum, where there are no fluctuations. Furthermore, we postulate that an analogous conclusion holds whenever a patch of de Sitter is embedded in a larger theory with an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space, including semiclassical quantum gravity with false vacua or complementarity in theories with at least one Minkowski vacuum. This reasoning provides an escape from the Boltzmann brain problem in such theories. It also implies that vacuum states do not uptunnel to higher-energy vacua and that perturbations do not decohere while slow-roll inflation occurs, suggesting that eternal inflation is much less common than often supposed. On the other hand, if a de Sitter patch is a closed system with a finite-dimensional Hilbert space, there will be Poincaré recurrences and dynamical Boltzmann fluctuations into lower-entropy states. Our analysis does not alter the conventional understanding of the origin of density fluctuations from primordial inflation, since reheating naturally generates a high-entropy environment and leads to decoherence, nor does it affect the existence of non-dynamical vacuum fluctuations such as those that give rise to the Casimir effect.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2019

Genome-wide association studies of bark texture in Populus trichocarpa

Plants have developed bark as a defense barrier to deal with environmental stresses, such as pathogen invasion, drought, and UV radiation. Bark is composed of dead differentiated cells and is formed when radial expansion pushes the cortex and epidermis outward creating secondary meristem. However, the genetic control of this complex phenotype is generally unknown. Here, we use association mapping to define the genomic regions associated with natural variation in bark texture (BT) in Populus trichocarpa. Clonally replicated provenance trials of P. trichocarpa were studied for BT collected across three sites, multiple years, and (2–3) biological replicates per site. Forty-one genomic intervals containing SNPs significantly associated with BT were detected that were highly reproducible across sites, years, and replicates. A list of candidate genes within these regions with related putative function was identified. A total of 98 genes were considered candidate genes due to significance and putative function with connection to the phenotype. Association mapping using low coverage sequencing allowed us to detect narrow genomic intervals (1–20 kb) with high reproducibility and shared candidate genes. For example, a membrane-associated apoptosis protein and a wall-associated receptor kinase (PR5K-like) protein, which both are involved in radial growth and tissue differentiation, lie within significant trait-associated region. Here, two copies of root hair defective3 genes, transmembrane protein in Populus differentiating xylem and phloem, were also significantly associated with BT and co-located with major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for BT, bark thickness, and diameter from our previous study suggesting an important role in radial growth.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Synchrotron micro-scale study of trace metal transport and distribution in Spartina alterniflora root system in Yangtze River intertidal zone

This study is focused on micro-scale measurement of metal (Ca, Cl, Fe, K, Mn, Cu, Pb, and Zn) distributions in Spartina alterniflora root system. The root samples were collected in the Yangtze River intertidal zone in July 2013. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (XRF), computed microtomography (CMT), and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) techniques, which provide micro-meter scale analytical resolution, were applied to this study. Although it was found that the metals of interest were distributed in both epidermis and vascular tissue with the varying concentrations, the results showed that Fe plaque was mainly distributed in the root epidermis. Other metals (e.g., Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn) were correlated with Fe in the epidermis possibly due to scavenge by Fe plaque. Relatively high metal concentrations were observed in the root hair tip. As a result, this micro-scale investigation provides insights of understanding the metal uptake and spatial distribution as well as the function of Fe plaque governing metal transport in the root system.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Nongenomic effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D{sub 3} on cartilage formation deduced from comparisons between Cyp27b1 and Vdr knockout mice

The active form of vitamin D, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D{sub 3} (1α,25D{sub 3}), plays an important role in the maintenance of calcium (Ca) homeostasis, bone formation, and cell proliferation and differentiation via nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR). It is formed by the hydroxylation of vitamin D at the 1α position by 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) in the kidney. However, Cyp27b1{sup −/−} mice, deficient in CYP27B1, and VDR-deficient mice (Vdr{sup −/−}) have not been extensively examined, particularly in a comparative framework. To clarify the physiological significance of 1α,25D{sub 3} and VDR, we produced Cyp27b1{sup −/−} mice and compared their phenotypes with those of Vdr{sup −/−} mice. Cyp27b1{sup −/−} mice exhibited hypocalcemia, growth defects, and skeletogenesis dysfunction, similar to Vdr{sup −/−} mice. However, unlike Cyp27b1{sup −/−} mice, Vdr{sup −/−} mice developed alopecia. Cyp27b1{sup −/−} mice exhibited cartilage mass formation and had difficulty walking on hindlimbs. Furthermore, a phenotypic analysis was performed on Cyp27b1{sup −/−} mice provided a high Ca diet to correct for the Ca metabolic abnormality. In addition, the effects of 1α,25D{sub 3} that are not mediated by Ca metabolic regulatory activity were investigated. Even when the blood Ca concentration was corrected, abnormalities in growth and cartilage tissue formation did not improve in Cyp27b1{sup −/−} mice. These results suggested that 1α,25D{sub 3} directly controls chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Using Cyp27b1{sup −/−} mice produced in this study, we can analyze the physiological effects of novel vitamin D derivatives in the absence of endogenous 1α,25D{sub 3}. Accordingly, this study provides a useful animal model for the development of novel vitamin D formulations that are effective for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. - Highlights: • We produced Cyp27b1{sup −/−} mice and analyzed their phenotypes. • Vdr{sup −/−} mice exhibited alopecia and Cyp27b1{sup −/−} mice exhibited cartilage dysplasia. • Maintenance of the hair cycle is associated with 25D{sub 3} via Vdr. • 1α,25D{sub 3} controls chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation independent of Vdr.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Smart detection of indoor occupant thermal state via infrared thermography, computer vision, and machine learning

The ability to measure occupants’ thermal state in real time will enable major advances in the control of air conditioning systems. This study proposes predicting occupant thermal state by a combination of infrared thermography, computer vision, and machine learning. The approach (1) uses cheek, nose, and hand temperatures because they are least subject to blockage by hair, glasses, and clothing; (2) measures the distribution of skin temperatures within geometrically defined sub-areas of the face and hand; and (3) uses temperature differences within and between these areas to eliminate the effects of calibration drift that are unavoidable in thermal infrared (TIR) cameras. Two series of tests were conducted, respectively in an outdoor carport and an indoor environmental chamber, collecting a total of 48,422 sets of cheek, nose, and hand skin temperatures using a TIR camera and computer-vision technology, coupled with 715 subjective responses of thermal sensations. To predict occupant thermal state, Random Forest classification models were built using either absolute skin temperatures (the maximum and median temperatures of cheek and hand segments, and the temperature of the central spot on the nose), or intra- and inter-segment temperature differences of cheeks, hands, and nose. These measurements were found to accurately predict occupant thermal state. Using the maximum and median temperatures for cheek and nose, or for cheek and hand, predicts thermal state with an accuracy of 92–96%. In conclusion, using only the intra- and inter-segment temperature differences from cheek and nose is 83% accurate; adding the hand temperature differences increases the accuracy to 96%.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2024

The single-cell transcriptome program of nodule development cellular lineages in Medicago truncatula

Legumes establish a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia by developing nodules. Nodules are modified lateral roots that undergo changes in their cellular development in response to bacteria, but the transcriptional reprogramming that occurs in these root cells remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we describe the cell-type-specific transcriptome response of Medicago truncatula roots to rhizobia during early nodule development in the wild-type genotype Jemalong A17, complemented with a hypernodulating mutant (sunn-4) to expand the cell population responding to infection and subsequent biological inferences. The analysis identifies epidermal root hair and stele sub-cell types associated with a symbiotic response to infection and regulation of nodule proliferation. Trajectory inference shows cortex-derived cell lineages differentiating to form the nodule primordia and, posteriorly, its meristem, while modulating the regulation of phytohormone-related genes. Gene regulatory analysis of the cell transcriptomes identifies new regulators of nodulation, including STYLISH 4, for which the function is validated.

Cell Biology↗
DOE OSTI2024

Quest for environmentally sustainable materials: A case for animal-based fillers and fibers in polymeric biocomposites

This review explores the potential of animal-based fillers and fibers as eco-friendly alternatives to conventional synthetic ones. Examining materials such as wool, silk, feather, hair and beak, the review elucidates their chemistry, structure, properties and sources, emphasizing biodegradability and renewability. It also discusses the compatibility of these materials with polymer matrices and their mechanical, acoustic and thermal performances. Further, the review critically analyzes environmental and ethical implications, presenting challenges and opportunities in the emerging field. By addressing ecological and performance aspects, it contributes to global efforts in fostering sustainability in materials science. Future research to address gaps and enhance the design, manufacture and application of animal-based reinforcements in various industries are clearly outlined at the end of the review.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Micro-XRF mapping and quantitative assessment of Cd in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) roots

Understanding Cd uptake and distribution in rice roots is important for breeding varieties that do not accumulate Cd in the grain to any large extent. Here, we examined the physiological and molecular factors responsible for Cd uptake and transport differences between two japonica rice cultivars prescreened as high (zhefu7) or low (Xiangzaoxian45) accumulators of Cd in the grain. No significant differences in Cd uptake between the two cultivars were observed; however, Xiangzaoxian45 retained most of the absorbed Cd in the roots, whereas zhefu7 showed higher transport of Cd from the root to the shoot, regardless of the duration of exposure to Cd. The inability to sequester Cd into root vacuoles caused high accumulation of Cd in the grain in zhefu7, whereas inefficient transport of Cd from roots to shoots in Xiangzaoxian45 caused low accumulation of Cd in the grain. Cd sequestration in the roots and transport from the root to the shoot were greatly influenced by the expression patterns of transport-related genes OsHMA3 and OsHMA2, respectively. Further, micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy mapping confirmed that more Cd was sequestered in the roots of Xiangzaoxian45 than in those of zhefu7, with a significant amount of Cd localized in the root hairs, as well as in the meristematic and elongation zones, and dermal and stele tissues. Finally, we propose that effective Cd sequestration in root vacuoles was the major determinant of divergent Cd-accumulation patterns in the two rice cultivars under study.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Bio-inspired interfaces for easy-to-recycle lithium-ion batteries

The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries has significant potential to benefit our society economically and environmentally as well as preserving raw materials. Although diverse process chains have been applied or under development to recycle batteries, a common, critical issue for battery recycling is the separation of the metallic current collector from the composite film of the electrode. In this study, inspired by the amazing controllable attachment and detachment ability of geckos’ foot-hairs, microscale near-surface architecture is designed on the interface between the current collector and the composite film in lithium-ion batteries, so that it displays controllable and directional adhesion, i.e., enhanced adhesion can be obtained during its lifetime to cope with the substantial volume changes of the composite film upon intercalation and deintercalation, whereas during recycling, the composite layer of the electrode can be easily peeled off from the current collector in a certain direction. We report this study is the first application of structural adhesives for the development of easy-to-recycle lithium-ion batteries. This technology can also be extended to other electronic products to avoid an ever-growing volume of electronic waste. The fundamental understanding on the interfacial adhesion and delamination mechanisms provides a scientific footing for the realization of next-generation easy-to-recycle electronics.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Prospective study of ultraviolet radiation exposure and risk of breast cancer in the United States

Although there are few environmental risk factors for breast cancer, some epidemiologic studies found that exposure to solar UV radiation (UVR) may lower risk. Prior epidemiologic studies are limited by narrow ambient UVR ranges and lack lifetime exposure assessment. To address these issues, we studied a cohort with residences representing a wide range of ambient UVR. Using the nationwide U.S. Radiologic Technologists study (USRT), we examined the association between breast cancer risk and UVR based on ambient UVR, time outdoors, a combined variable of ambient UVR and time outdoors (combined UVR), and sun susceptibility factors. Participants reported location of residence and hours spent outdoors during five age periods. Ambient UVR was derived by linking satellite-based annual UVR estimates to self-reported residences. Lifetime values were calculated by averaging these measures accounting for years spent in that location. We examined the risk of breast cancer among 36,725 participants (n=716 cases) from baseline questionnaire completion (2003–2005) through 2012–2013 using Cox proportional hazards models. Breast cancer risk was unrelated to ambient UVR (HR for lifetime 5th vs 1st quintile=1.22, 95% CI: 0.95–1.56, p-trend=0.36), time outdoors (HR for lifetime 5th vs 1st quintile=0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.68–1.10, p-trend=0.46), or combined UVR (HR lifetime 5th vs 1st quintile =0.85, 95% CI: 0.67–1.08, p-trend=0.46). Breast cancer risk was not associated with skin complexion, eye or hair color, or sunburn history. This study does not support the hypothesis that UVR exposure lowers breast cancer risk. - Highlights: • Prior studies of UVR and breast cancer are inconsistent and limited. • We assessed UVR exposure across the lifetime and in three ways. • Conducted a prospective analysis of UVR exposure and breast cancer risk. • No association of any UVR exposure metric at any age with breast cancer risk. • Our findings suggest UVR exposure does not reduce risk of breast cancer.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Bat activity at ecovoltaic solar energy developments in the Midwestern United States

As global photovoltaic (PV) solar electricity generation continues to increase, some PV sites are co-prioritizing electricity generation and ecosystem function (“ecovoltaics”) to align renewable energy development with biodiversity conservation. Thus far, positive responses of plant and insect communities to native habitats at ecovoltaic sites have been observed, but there has been little research on bat responses to ecovoltaic designs in the U.S. We conducted passive ultrasonic monitoring in 2023 and 2024 at 12 solar sites and paired reference sites (agricultural fields) to investigate bat activity responses to ecovoltaic facilities in the Midwestern U.S. We found that average weekly overall bat activity was approximately 50?% higher within ecovoltaic sites than reference sites in the first half of the monitoring season. We also found species-specific differences in bat responses to ecovoltaic sites, with Hoary Bats showing higher activity on ecovoltaic sites throughout most of the monitoring season, Big Brown Bats showing higher activity on ecovoltaic sites during the first one-third of the monitoring season, and Silver-haired Bats showing no difference in activity between ecovoltaic sites and reference sites. There were no weeks in which bat activity was statistically greater on reference sites, suggesting that bats in the Midwestern U.S. do not avoid ecovoltaic solar sites. Rather, our results suggest that ecovoltaic sites in this region may provide early season (May-June) habitat at a time of year when resources may be limited in the surrounding landscape. These findings support a growing body of evidence on the positive ecological outcomes of ecovoltaic designs. Further investigations of the types of bat calls being recorded at PV sites and relationships with insect prey abundance are needed to understand the underlying drivers of species-specific responses to PV developments.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Proton Minibeam Radiation Therapy Reduces Side Effects in an In Vivo Mouse Ear Model

Purpose: Proton minibeam radiation therapy is a novel approach to minimize normal tissue damage in the entrance channel by spatial fractionation while keeping tumor control through a homogeneous tumor dose using beam widening with an increasing track length. In the present study, the dose distributions for homogeneous broad beam and minibeam irradiation sessions were simulated. Also, in an animal study, acute normal tissue side effects of proton minibeam irradiation were compared with homogeneous irradiation in a tumor-free mouse ear model to account for the complex effects on the immune system and vasculature in an in vivo normal tissue model. Methods and Materials: At the ion microprobe SNAKE, 20-MeV protons were administered to the central part (7.2 × 7.2 mm{sup 2}) of the ear of BALB/c mice, using either a homogeneous field with a dose of 60 Gy or 16 minibeams with a nominal 6000 Gy (4 × 4 minibeams, size 0.18 × 0.18 mm{sup 2}, with a distance of 1.8 mm). The same average dose was used over the irradiated area. Results: No ear swelling or other skin reactions were observed at any point after minibeam irradiation. In contrast, significant ear swelling (up to fourfold), erythema, and desquamation developed in homogeneously irradiated ears 3 to 4 weeks after irradiation. Hair loss and the disappearance of sebaceous glands were only detected in the homogeneously irradiated fields. Conclusions: These results show that proton minibeam radiation therapy results in reduced adverse effects compared with conventional homogeneous broad-beam irradiation and, therefore, might have the potential to decrease the incidence of side effects resulting from clinical proton and/or heavy ion therapy.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗