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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 325 records · Page 18
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Carbon Dioxide Utilization Life Cycle Analysis Guidance for the U.S. DOE Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (Version 2.0)

Capturing carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and placing it in permanent storage in geologic formations is an option for reducing CO 2 emissions, but it may not be a viable one for all CO 2 emitters. For some, the added cost of capture may be too high to implement, or the geology near the source may not be suitable for storage. In these circumstances, other options will be needed. Carbon use and reuse, or CO 2 utilization (CO2U), is an alternative approach that seeks beneficial uses for captured CO 2 , such as using it as a feedstock in the production of fuels, chemicals, and building materials. These uses would give CO 2 value that could be used by suppliers (emitters) to offset capture costs. One of the principal features and challenges associated with CO2U is that the products derived from CO 2 must have lower carbon footprints than their conventional counterparts. Previous assessments of CO2U alternatives have focused on the carbon content of utilization products as an indicator of CO 2 equivalent (CO 2 e) emissions reduction potential. However, embodied emissions are—at best—only weakly correlated with the amount of carbon contained in any physical product. Therefore, the most attractive CO2U options will both displace the carbon in an existing product and improve the overall carbon efficiency of the manufacturing process. Research to overcome barriers will include identifying existing co-feeds and available low-carbon energy sources to enable the conversion of CO 2 to value-added products under favorable processing conditions. New discoveries in the fields of nano- and bio-technology will be applied to efficiently utilize CO 2 in new applications. Development of advanced materials and processes, integrating CO 2 capture with utilization processes (e.g., algae), exploring a diverse slate of products from CO 2 to effectively offset capture costs and developing processes based on waste energy are means to overcome these barriers. The research will lead to the development of advanced catalysts, materials, and equipment that can be used to convert CO 2 into useful products. The result will be multiple flexible and adaptable technology platforms that can be used to produce suites of products spanning multiple utilization pathways.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Technical Guidance on Use of the Linseis Vertical Dilatometer L75

Linseis vertical Dilatometer L75 thermal expansion equipment is a complete system which can be used for measuring change of the absolute length of a sample, determination of the thermal expansion coefficient (CTE), shrinkage, and sintering. The 238 Pu Supply Program is interested in re-establishing the capability to determine CTE and measuring the change of the absolute length of various 237 Np Al/cermet samples during heating. The change in length of the measured sample is recorded using a highly sensitive Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT). The dilatometer is user-friendly and simple to operate which will allow technicians to be trained easily on its use. This equipment was designed to be used specifically for ceramics. It has a highly vacuum tight push rod dilatometer, a high-resolution inductive transducer using innovative and comprehensive temperature controls which provide excellent performance as a measurement system yielding high accuracy, reproducibility, and long-term stability.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Technical Guidance for Creation of 237 NP Irradiation Target Fabrication Packages

This document describes the process used to document the fabrication of irradiation targets that may be inserted into either the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), or the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at Idaho National Laboratory (INL). The targets are being irradiated to produce 238 Pu (5.48Mev alpha decay, T1/2 = 87.7 y) used in the fabrication of radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs). RTGs powered by 238 Pu are an established power source technology for National Aeronautics and Space Administration space missions where solar power is not viable. The documentation included in fabrication files demonstrates full traceability of all materials, components, and assemblies used to build 237 Np targets. To accomplish this, all documentation (e.g., certified material test reports, weld reports, leak test reports) will be maintained and reviewed throughout materials procurement, component fabrication, and target assembly.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Mid-Year Progress Update on ORNL Support for Developing the Guidance for Microreactor Manufacturing Licenses

Factory fueling and assembly, multi-site operation, and the associated transportation of advanced nuclear systems present both new opportunities and challenges for microreactor deployment. These areas have not been demonstrated under Nuclear Regulatory Commission rules and regulations. A goal of the Systems Integration and Analysis technical area under the US Department of Energy Microreactor Program for the current fiscal year is to articulate these challenges and provide industry recommendations. This mid-year progress report describes the progress and some of the contributions to this effort by the Advanced Reactor Engineering and Development section at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The content provided here is preliminary and may change before being incorporated into a later report, which is expected to be completed in September 2022.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Technical Guidance on Use of the Netzsch LFA 447 Nanoflash for Measurement of Ceramic-Metallic (Cermet) Pellet Specimen

The Netzsch LFA 447 Nanoflash Instrument uses the laser flash method to measure thermal diffusivity of a material. Thermal conductivity can be determined if specific heat and density are known for that material. The 238 Pu Supply Program is interested in re-establishing the capability to determine thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of various 237Np Al/cermet samples during heating. The bottom side of a plane parallel sample is heated by an energy pulse from a light source (in this case a xenon lamp). An infrared (IR) detector is on the top side of the sample which detects the time dependent temperature rise of the sample due to the energy input from the xenon lamp. The LFA 447 Nanoflash is user-friendly, simple to operate, and has minor sample preparation which will allow technicians to be trained easily on its use. When using the multi-property measurement option, the LFA 447 Nanoflash can determine both thermal diffusivity and specific heat which means only density is needed to identify the thermal conductivity of a sample. This equipment is recognized for being highly accurate and having fast test times, replacing steady-state methods which have proven to be difficult and much slower.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

End-Use Load Profiles for the U.S. Building Stock: Practical Guidance on Accessing and Using the Data

This report describes example applications and considerations for using the National Renewable Energy Lab’s ResStock and ComStock end use load profiles (EULP). The report begins with an introduction to the three year project, and then provides instructions on accessing the EULP data and considerations for using the EULP and limitations of the data. The remainder of the report is on EULP use cases, including a variety of electricity planning use cases.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

End-Use Load Profiles for the U.S. Building Stock: Practical Guidance on Accessing and Using the Data

End-use load profiles (EULP), which quantify how and when energy is used, are critically important to utilities, public utility commissions, state energy offices, and other stakeholders. Applications of EULPs focus on understanding how efficiency, demand response, and other distributed energy resources are valued and used in R&D prioritization, utility resource and distribution system planning, and state and local energy planning and regulations. Consequently, high-quality EULPs are critical for widespread adoption of electrification, demand flexibility, and grid-interactive efficient buildings. For example, EULPs can be used to forecast energy savings in buildings or to identify energy using activities that can be shifted to different times of the day.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Technical Use Guidance for Engraving with a FiberMark Epilog Laser Engraver

The FiberMark Epilog Laser Engraver is useful tool having the ability to etch and mark a wide variety of metals and plastics. This laser engraver is capable of creating different marks including annealing metal, etching metal, metal polishing, and plastic marking. Annealing metal is a process in which the metal is heated to a high temperature creating a permanent oxide layer on the surface resulting in a high contrast mark. The benefit of annealing is this type of mark is created without changing the surface finish of the metal. Annealing is the best choice for marking targets used in the Pu238 program due to the high contrast mark it is easily visible throughout the production process. Metal engraving is a process in which the metal is removed from the surface by vaporization. To make a deep metal engraving multiple passes may be required particularly if the metal has a high hardness level (such as stainless steel). Metal polishing is a process in which the surface of the metal is heated quickly causing the color to change and take on a mirror-like finish. This process is best for metals that are darker or have a matte finish. Plastic marking occurs with engineered plastics which undergo a color change in the surface without the surface being damaged. The plastics that are most compatible with the laser engraver’s 1065 nm wavelength of light are PET, ABS, polycarbonate and colored Delrin.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Demonstration and Evaluation of the Human-Technology Integration Guidance for Plant Modernization

The significance of nuclear power in its role producing carbon-free electricity to the U.S. cannot be overstated. However, with changes in the energy market coupled with changes in incentives given to certain resources like solar and wind, the operating and maintenance costs for these sources have seen a significant reduction, which has consequently negatively impacted the economic viability of the existing U.S. nuclear power plant fleet. Digital instrumentation and control (I&C) and control room modernization is a major critical work domain to reduce operating and maintenance costs. Existing nuclear power plants are commonly configured with mostly legacy analog I&C as well as isolated pockets of digital I&C (a plant process computer, digital recorders, etc.). One challenge with this analog I&C is that replacement parts are becoming prohibitively more expensive and difficult to obtain. Moreover, a significant challenge with the existing analog I&C is that the way in which plants are currently operated and maintained is no longer competitive with other electricity generating sources, like natural gas, where advanced digital I&C technologies are commonplace. This gap between the waynuclear power plants are operated compared to other electricity generating sources significantly challenges the economic viability of the nuclear industry. Indeed, digital I&C systems can fundamentally change the way the plant is operated (i.e., the concept of operation). The introduction of digital I&C technologies offers a wealth of benefits to the nuclear industry. However, it is important to emphasize that, to realize these benefits, a careful understanding of how to integrate technology in a collaborative way that leverages the capabilities of people and technologies is necessary. Human-technology integration applies human factors engineering methods and tools to ensure the safe and reliable use of these technologies while ensuring that the inherent features of the technologies that provide economic value are not missed. The scope of this work documents the demonstration of the recently developed human and technology integration methodology, as applied to developing a new vision and concept of operations for a major U.S. nuclear power plant fleet. This report focuses on the methodological aspects of developing a vision and concept of operations. This report shares the tools, activities, and lessons learned during a modernization currently underway for industry as a whole to consider when planning any significant digital modification and developing a new vision and concept of operations.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Demonstration of the Human and Technology Integration Guidance for the Design of Plant-Specific Advanced Automation and Data Visualization Techniques

Nuclear power continues to be a safe, reliable, and carbon-free electricity generating source for the United States, though the cost of operating and maintaining the current United States nuclear power plant fleet has become uncompetitive with other sources. This gap is attributed to the advent of new digital instrumentation and control technologies that other electricity generating industries are currently leveraging to streamline work and greatly reduce operating, maintenance, and support costs. Digital instrumentation and control systems and control room modernization offers significant opportunities to reduce operating and maintenance costs to ensure the continued operation of the existing United States light-water reactors.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Standards Guidance for Electric Two- and Three-Wheelers and Charging Infrastructure in Pakistan

Electric two-wheelers (E2Ws) and electric three-wheelers (E3Ws) have reached upfront cost price parity as compared to their conventional counterparts in many markets (IEA 2022). Therefore, Pakistan has embraced E2Ws and E3Ws in their National Electric Vehicle Policy (Government of Pakistan 2019b). Specifically, this policy targets 50% of new two- and three-wheeler sales to be electric by 2030. In the short term, this policy targets five times as many E2Ws and E3Ws as cars, vans, and pickups. In order to meet these goals in a safe, reliable, and efficient manner, Pakistan needs to develop and implement standards related to E2W and E3W vehicles and charging infrastructure, including battery swap stations. Without standards, E2Ws and E3Ws can be dangerous, unreliable, incompatible with charging stations, or diminish the grid’s electricity quality (Goel and Singh 2019; Sasidharan 2020). Fortunately, there are several global and local efforts to establish standards that Pakistan can learn from or adopt. This document explains the purpose and process of standards development and introduces the international standards development organizations involved and relevant classification and testing systems. It then introduces and lists many standards related to the vehicles, batteries, and charging equipment so that Pakistan can adopt or reference these standards when developing its own.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Towards Risk-Informed Performance-Based Emergency Planning: Review of Regulation, Guidance, and Methods

At a fundamental level, nuclear facility safety is built upon the concept of defense-in-depth (DID), which entails multiple, independent layers of protection for public health and safety. Within the DID structure, emergency preparedness (EP) is the last layer of defense and provides reasonable assurance that adequate protective measures can and will be taken in the event of a radiological emergency. Over several decades, the EP regulatory framework has evolved in response to lessons learned from actual events, experience with maintaining and testing EP capabilities, and advances in a wide range of technologies. Furthering this evolution, recent developments in risk-informed performance-based (RIPB) design and licensing approaches provide an opportunity to leverage insights regarding the attributes of the specific facility and site to inform EP.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

FARM User Guidance and Instructions

The FARM (Feasible Actuator Range Modifier) module is a component of the RAVEN-based FORCE framework for the analysis of Integrated Energy Systems (IES). FARM aids HERON in the solution of the power dispatch problem by evaluating feasible set-point signals to be issued to the control systems of the different IES unit components. Set-points need to satisfy limits on both production variables (i.e., the variables to be optimized such as the electrical power, etc.) and process variables tied to the service life of equipment (e.g., steam flowrate, vessel pressure, turbine firing temperature, etc.). To enforce all these limits, a two-stage approach is adopted. First, the power dispatcher algorithm in HERON module estimates set-points that meet the constraints on the production variables, e.g., power levels and power ramp rate limits. These constraints are called explicit constraints. Then, if necessary, FARM adjusts these set-points to ensure the respect of the limits on the process variables of interest, given the knowledge of the system dynamics acquired through machine learning algorithms. These constraints are called implicit constraints. From this standpoint, FARM constitutes a bridge between the HERON power dispatcher that adopts a simplified description of the IES unit (low-resolution physics) and the HYBRID high-fidelity models (high-resolution physics). In this report, the general workflow and the software requirements of FARM module are summarized, and the detailed instructions for installing FARM software, running built-in example cases, deriving Linear Parameter-Varying (LPV) state-space models, and using FARM for user-defined power dispatch problems are provided.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Development of Human and Technology Integration Guidance for Work Optimization and Effective Use of Information

Existing nuclear power contributes to roughly 20% of the total electricity generation, and consistently provides the highest capacity factor of any other electricity generating resource in the United States. Despite these advantages, the existing nuclear power plant fleet in the United States has been enduring significant challenges in providing electricity in a cost-competitive manner, which has ultimately threatened the long-term economic viability of these plants. A major contributor to these increased operating and maintenance costs has been the continued reliance of a large workforce who perform their work under an operating model that has largely remained unchanged since the commissioning of these nuclear power plants. Unfortunately, while this operating model has provided safe and reliable electricity, other industries have already began transforming their workforce through the use of advanced digital technology and automation that has reduced their operating and maintenance cost significantly. In order for the United States nuclear industry to remain economically viable, a similar transformation must be considered in which digital technologies and automation capabilities are brought in to support key plant functions across all work functions across plant operation, maintenance, and support. To effectively integrate digital technology and automation in the existing nuclear power plant operating model, a multidisciplinary approach is needed that addresses technological and sociotechnical (i.e., human and technology integration) considerations. This report describes an extension to the human and technology integration methodology, herein referred to as Human Integration and Technology Task Force for Work Management Optimization (HITT), to support the safe, reliable, and efficient use of proposed innovations with the intended users in their intended environment to perform their intended tasks. By effectively incorporating human and technology integration into a plant modernization effort by using HITT, we believe that a utility can significantly improve work performance and overall workforce quality of life. For instance, if HITT is performed to optimize work management, scheduling performance and scope stability can be improved by up to 10%. HITT enables these benefits through developing a rich understanding of the work being performed, the utility’s vision, and the opportunities that provide greatest value to optimize performance through a 10-step process illustrated below as a quick guide. The quick guide contains links in the righthand side of each step that allows for navigation to the detailed section (Section 4) of HITT in this technical report.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Cyber-Informed Engineering Validation Methods and Guidance

Validation is an important step in any systems engineering process to ensure the correct system was made to fulfill stakeholders’ needs, goals, and expectations. In the context of Cyber-Informed Engineering (CIE), validation ensures cyber impact is reduced through implemented design choices and CIE requirements. This document details a process in validating CIE-based design choices relative to their effectiveness at mitigating high consequence events. The document includes a case study to illustrate the CIE validation process. The case study explores the implementation of CIE validation within the engineering lifecycle of a chemical mixing plant.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Cyber-Informed Engineering (CIE) Guidance to Defeat Systematic OT Weaknesses

This research summary outlines the University of Illinois Information Trust Institute (ITI) team's evaluation of whether applying the 12 Cyber-Informed Engineering (CIE) Principles could reduce or eliminate weaknesses identified by the SEI-ETF in engineered systems. ITI's findings suggest that applying CIE principles to weaknesses in MITRE CWE View 1358 can potentially mitigate or eliminate those vulnerabilities.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Design Load Basis Guidance for Distributed Wind Turbines

Aeroelastic modeling (AM) is the primary methodology for structural and performance assessment of any wind turbine. Nonetheless, the use of AM in the distributed wind (DW) industry sector is limited due to several challenges (Damiani, Davis, & Summerville, 2022). One of these challenges lies in the perceived complexity of generating a proper set of numerical simulations to extract and process the key outputs for component design and verification, and, ultimately, achieve certification. This makes it difficult to reliably predict the structural and performance response of small wind turbines. From the investigation carried out in (Damiani & Davis, 2022), it is apparent that many stakeholders in this sector believe that a comprehensive guide for developing a design load basis (DLB) for distributed wind turbines (DWTs) is necessary.

17 WIND ENERGY↗