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At least 325 records · Page 18
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Diamond precipitation dynamics from hydrocarbons at icy planet interior conditions

The pressure and temperature conditions at which precipitation of diamond occurs from hydrocarbon mixtures is important for modelling the interior dynamics of icy planets. However, there is substantial disagreement from laboratory experiments, with those using dynamic compression techniques finding much more extreme conditions are required than in static compression. Here we report the time-resolved observation of diamond formation from statically compressed polystyrene, (C 8 H 8 ) n , heated using the 4.5 MHz X-ray pulse trains at the European X-ray Free Electron Laser facility. Diamond formation is observed above 2,500 K from 19 GPa to 27 GPa, conditions representative of Uranus’s and Neptune’s shallow interiors, on 30 μs to 40 μs timescales. This is much slower than may be observed during the ~10 ns duration of typical dynamic compression experiments, revealing reaction kinetics to be the reason for the discrepancy. In conclusion, reduced pressure and temperature conditions for diamond formation has implications for icy planetary interiors, where diamond subduction leads to heating and could drive convection in the conductive ice layer that has a role in their magnetic fields.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Two-dimensional diamonds from sp 2 -to- sp 3 phase transitions

The ability to change material properties through phase engineering has long been sought, with the goal of ad hoc tunability of the physical and chemical properties of the transformed phases. The synthesis and study of graphene have made it possible to explore the mechanisms of 2D phase transformations, opening up paths towards the formation of 2D diamond and diamond thin films. This Review examines the state-of-the-art phase transformations in 2D graphitic systems and beyond. The theoretical models formulated to describe the sp2-to-sp3 transitions from graphene to 2D diamond and the experimental processes developed to induce the transition to 2D diamond are discussed, focusing on the transformations induced by chemical functionalization and pressure. The effects of different structural and environmental factors on the evolution of the phase transformations and on the properties of the transformed diamond phases are explored. Without comprehensively reviewing phase transitions in all 2D materials, we briefly mention hexagonal boron nitride, phosphorene, transition metal dichalcogenides and MXenes systems. Lastly, the Review delves into the technologies and applications of phase transformations in 2D materials and the opportunities for this field.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Diamond encapsulated silicon optical fibers synthesized by chemical vapor deposition

Semiconductor optical fibers encapsulated in a protective diamond coating can theoretically lead to immense power handling capabilities and infrared functionality. Here, silicon optical fibers are grown using high pressure chemical vapor deposition before being coated by 50 μm–300 μm of diamond by microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition. This coating extends conformally around the fiber cross section with diamond crystallites in the film on the order of several micrometers. Complete coating of high-quality diamond around the fiber is indicated by scanning electron microscopy and Raman measurements. The encapsulated silicon fibers are durable enough to survive the diamond deposition process, as demonstrated by their ability to guide infrared light.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Thin-film lithium niobate on diamond as a platform for efficient spin-phonon coupling

Negatively charged silicon vacancy (SiV − ) centers in diamond are leading candidates for solid-state quantum memory that can be controlled using electromagnetic or acoustic waves. The latter are particularly promising due to the strong strain response of SiV − , enabling large spin-phonon interaction strengths. Indeed, coherent spin control via surface acoustic waves (SAWs) has been demonstrated and is essential for developing on-chip phononic quantum networks. However, the absence of piezoelectricity in diamond requires an interface with a piezoelectric material for efficient transduction and delivery of acoustic waves to spins in diamonds. Here, we demonstrate a heterogeneously integrated phononic platform that combines thin-film lithium niobate with diamond to enable acoustic control of single SiV − spins. Additionally, leveraging large SAW-induced strain at the location of SiV − , we achieve coherent acoustic control of an electron spin with more than twofold improvement in Rabi frequency compared to state-of-the-art devices based on aluminum nitride on diamond. Furthermore, this work represents a crucial step towards realizing phonon-based quantum information processing systems.

Optically detected magnetic resonance↗
DOE OSTI2017

Fiber-Coupled Diamond Quantum Nanophotonic Interface

Color centers in diamond provide a promising platform for quantum optics in the solid state, with coherent optical transitions and long-lived electron and nuclear spins. Building upon recent demonstrations of nanophotonic waveguides and optical cavities in single-crystal diamond, we now demonstrate on-chip diamond nanophotonics with a high-efficiency fiber-optical interface achieving > 90 % power coupling at visible wavelengths. Here, we use this approach to demonstrate a bright source of narrow-band single photons based on a silicon-vacancy color center embedded within a waveguide-coupled diamond photonic crystal cavity. Our fiber-coupled diamond quantum nanophotonic interface results in a high flux (approximately 38 kHz) of coherent single photons (near Fourier limited at < 1 - GHz bandwidth) into a single-mode fiber, enabling possibilities for realizing quantum networks that interface multiple emitters, both on chip and separated by long distances.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2023

Spectral emission properties of a nitrogen-doped diamond (001) photocathode: Hot electron transport and transverse momentum filtering

The electron emission properties of a single-crystal nitrogen-doped diamond(001) photocathode inserted in a 10 kV DC photoelectron gun are determined using a tunable (235–410 nm) ultraviolet laser radiation source for photoemission from both the back nitrogen-doped substrate face and the front homoepitaxially grown and undoped diamond crystal face. Here, the measured spectral trends of the mean transverse energy and quantum efficiency of the emitted electrons are both anomalous and nonmonotonic, but are shown to be consistent with (i) the known physics of electron photoexcitation from the nitrogen substitution states into the conduction bands of diamond, (ii) the energy position and dispersion characteristics of the conduction bands of diamond in the (001) emission direction, (iii) the effective electron affinity of the crystal faces, (iv) the strong electron-(optical)phonon coupling in diamond, and (v) the associated hot electron transport dynamics under energy equipartition with the optical phonons. Notably, the observed hot electron emission is shown to be restricted parallel to the photocathode surface by the low transverse effective masses of the emitting band states—a transverse momentum filtering effect.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Athermal phonon collection efficiency in diamond crystals for low mass dark matter detection

Here, we explored the efficacy of lab-grown diamonds as potential target materials for the direct detection of sub-GeV dark matter (DM) using metallic magnetic calorimeters (MMCs). Diamond, with its excellent phononic properties and the low atomic mass of the constituent carbon, can play a crucial role in detecting low mass dark matter particles. The relatively long electron-hole pair lifetime inside the crystal may provide discrimination power between the DM-induced nuclear recoil events and the background-induced electron recoil events. Utilizing the fast response times of the MMCs and their unique geometric versatility, we deployed a novel methodology for quantifying phonon dynamics inside diamond crystals. We demonstrated that lab-grown diamond crystals fabricated via the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique can satisfy the stringent quality requirements for sub-GeV dark matter searches. The high-quality polycrystalline CVD diamond showed a superior athermal phonon collection efficiency compared to that of the reference sapphire crystal, and achieved energy resolution 62.7 eV at the 8.05 keV copper fluorescence line. With this energy resolution, we explored the low-energy range below 100 eV and confirmed the existence of so-called low-energy excess (LEE) reported by multiple cryogenic experiments.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2014

SU-E-T-390: Characterization of the PTW Synthetic Diamond Detector for Radiation Therapy Measurements

Purpose: To investigate the dosimetric properties of new commercially available synthetic single crystal diamond detector under irradiation with therapeutic photon beams from linear accelerators. Methods: A single crystal diamond detector was tested using 6MV photon beam. The detector performance was evaluated for reproducibility, linearity with dose, dose rate dependence, angular dependence, collection efficiency, and measurement of output factors. Lateral field profiles, and percentage depth dose profiles were measured and compared against commercially available detectors. Results: Reproducibility of the detector measurement has a standard deviation of 0.1%. A good linear behavior of the detector response as a function of the delivered dose is observed with deviations below ±0.03% in the dose range from 0.1 to 5Gy. In addition, the detector response is dose rate independent, with deviations below 0.1% in the investigated dose rate range from 1 to 10Gy per min. Charge collection efficiency deviations were within 0.07% from 1 to 10Gy. No angular dependence along the radial direction while up to 1.3% angular dependence was observed in the axial direction. Percentage depth dose curves obtained from the diamond detector are in good agreement with the ones from the reference dosimeters. Lateral beam profile measurements show an overall good agreement among detectors, taking into account their respective geometrical features. The spatial resolution of solid state detectors is confirmed to be better than that of ionization chambers, being the one from the diamond detector comparable to that of the silicon diode. Conclusions: The observed dosimetric properties indicate that the tested diamond detector is a suitable candidate for clinical photon beam dosimetry. The agreement with reference dosimeters show that the detector is suitable for measurements for large fields as well as small fields as the ones used for stereotactic radiotherapy.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Achieving large uniform tensile elasticity in microfabricated diamond

Diamond is not only the hardest material in nature, but is also an extreme electronic material with an ultrawide bandgap, exceptional carrier mobilities, and thermal conductivity. Straining diamond can push such extreme figures of merit for device applications. We microfabricated single-crystalline diamond bridge structures with ~1 micrometer length by ~100 nanometer width and achieved sample-wide uniform elastic strains under uniaxial tensile loading along the [100], [101], and [111] directions at room temperature. We also demonstrated deep elastic straining of diamond microbridge arrays. The ultralarge, highly controllable elastic strains can fundamentally change the bulk band structures of diamond, including a substantial calculated bandgap reduction as much as ~2 electron volts. Our demonstration highlights the immense application potential of deep elastic strain engineering for photonics, electronics, and quantum information technologies.

Dang, Chaoqun↗
DOE OSTI2015

Diamond heteroepitaxial lateral overgrowth

A method of diamond heteroepitaxial lateral overgrowth is demonstrated which utilizes a photolithographic metal mask to pattern a thin (001) epitaxial diamond surface. Significant structural improvement was found, with a threading dislocation density reduced by two orders of magnitude at the top surface of a thick overgrown diamond layer. In the initial stage of overgrowth, a reduction of diamond Raman linewidth in the overgrown area was also realized. Thermally-induced stress and internal stress were determined by Raman spectroscopy of adhering and delaminated diamond films. As a result, the internal stress is found to decrease as sample thickness increases.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1980

Conditions of origin of natural diamonds of peridotite affinity

Studies of mineral inclusions in natural diamonds and rare diamondiferous xenoliths from kimberlites show that most diamonds are associated with a dunite or harzburgite paragenesis. The diamondiferous periodites and dunites have predominantly coarse or tabular textures that suggest low-temperature (less than 1100 C) equilibration. Application of the K(D) Fe/Mg(Ga/Ol) geothermometer of O'Neill and Wood to analytical data for the minerals in these rocks shows that most have equilibrated below 1100 C. Application of this thermometer to pairs of olivine and garnet crystals included in individual diamonds indicates that the diamonds have crystallized in the range 900-1300 C, with a majority of estimated equilibration temperatures falling in the range below 1150 C. Comparison of these estimates of equilibration temperature with the zone of invariant vapor composition solidus for kimberlite and garnet lherzolite determined by Eggler and Wendlandt (1979) suggests that many diamonds may have formed in subsolidus events.

Boyd, F. R.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Enhancement of structure images of interstellar diamond microcrystals by image processing

Image processed high resolution TEM images of diamond crystals found in oxidized acid residues of carbonaceous chondrites are presented. Two models of the origin of the diamonds are discussed. The model proposed by Lewis et al. (1987) supposes that the diamonds formed under low pressure conditions, whereas that of Blake et al (1988) suggests that the diamonds formed due to particle-particle collisions behind supernova shock waves. The TEM images of the diamond presented support the high pressure model.

O'Keefe, Michael A.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Thermal diffusivity of diamond films using a laser pulse technique

Polycrystalline diamond films were deposited using a microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process. A laser pulse technique was developed to measure the thermal diffusivity of diamond films deposited on a silicon substrate. The effective thermal diffusivity of a diamond film on silicon was measured by observing the phase and amplitude of the cyclic thermal waves generated by laser pulses. An analytical model is presented to calculate the effective in-plane (face-parallel) diffusivity of a two-layer system. The model is used to reduce the effective thermal diffusivity of the diamonds/silicon sample to a value for the thermal diffusivity and conductivity of the diamond film. The average effective diffusivity values are 1.47 + or - 0.03 and 1.83 + or - 0.10 yielding thermal diffusivity values of 7.46 + or - 0.90 and 7.33 + or - 0.70 sq cm/s respectively, for the two samples; the calculated thermal con ductivity values are 13.50 and 13.28 W/cmK, which are better than that of type 1a natural diamond. The phase and amplitude measurements give similar results.

Albin, Sacharia↗
NASA NTRS1992

Thermal Conductivity Of Natural Type IIa Diamond

Report describes application of flash diffusivity method to measure thermal conductivity of 8.04 x 8.84 x 2.35-mm specimen of natural, white, type-IIa diamond at temperatures between 500 and 1,250 K. Provides baseline for comparison to isotopically pure (12C) diamond. Results used as reference against which diamond films produced by chemical-vapor deposition at low pressures can be compared. High thermal conductivity of diamond exploited for wide variety of applications, and present results also used to estimate heat-conduction performances of diamond films in high-temperature applications.

Vandersande, Jan↗
NASA NTRS1991

Surface morphologies and photoluminescence of diamond films deposited in a hot filament reactor

A diamond film made of (100)-oriented diamond crystallites has relatively flat surfaces in parallel with the silicon surface. This is desirable because it provides a smoother surface of the diamond film. The difficulty in retaining the (100)-oriented diamond crystallites is strongly influenced by the growth temperature. This paper reports the results from a study on the surface morphologies of diamond films deposited in a hot filament reactor at reduced substrate temperature compared to that deposited at higher temperature.

Srivinyunon, T.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Wear-Resistant, Self-Lubricating Surfaces of Diamond Coatings

In humid air and dry nitrogen, as-deposited, fine-grain diamond films and polished, coarse-grain diamond films have low steady-state coefficients of friction (less than 0.1) and low wear rates (less than or equal to 10(exp -6) mm(exp 3)/N-m). In an ultrahigh vacuum (10(exp -7) Pa), however, they have high steady-state coefficients of friction (greater than 0.6) and high wear rates (greater than or equal to 10(exp -4) mm(exp 3)/N-m). Therefore, the use of as-deposited, fine-grain and polished, coarse-grain diamond films as wear-resistant, self-lubricating coatings must be limited to normal air or gaseous environments such as dry nitrogen. On the other hand, carbon-ion-implanted, fine-grain diamond films and nitrogen-ion-implanted, coarse-grain diamond films have low steady-state coefficients of friction (less than 0.1) and low wear rates (less than or equal to 10(exp -6) mm(exp 3)/N-m) in all three environments. These films can be effectively used as wear-resistant, self-lubricating coatings in an ultrahigh vacuum as well as in normal air and dry nitrogen.

Miyoshi, Kazuhisa↗
NASA NTRS1994

Fabrication of an electron multiplier utilizing diamond films

High secondary electron yields (sigma=14-27) from polycrystalline diamond films on Mo substrates have been reported previously. We observed that continuous exposure to an electron beam degraded the secondary yield in vacuum as a function of fluence owing to a loss of surface hydrogen. However, the hydrogen partial pressure could be adjusted such that the high secondary yield remained stable during beam exposure. We have constructed a prototype electron multiplier using these diamond films for use in ultrahigh vacuum. A gain of 0.9 times 10(exp 5) has been measured in a d.c. mode. Palladium, titanium and aluminum nitride have been studied for possible dynode substrate materials which might eliminate the need for hydrogen during operation. Total secondary yields as high as 50 were measured from diamond on palladium and sigma was stable at 25 during heating at 700 K in vacuum. Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that variations in sigma from diamond films on Pd were due to differing concentrations of non-diamond carbon.

Mearini, G. T.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Below-Band-Gap Laser Ablation Of Diamond For TEM

Thin, electron-transparent layers of diamond for examination in transmission electron microscope (TEM) fabricated from thicker diamond substrates by using laser beam to ablate surface of substrate. Involves use of photon energy below band gap. Growing interest in use of diamond as bulk substrate and as coating material in variety of applications has given rise to increasing need for TEM for characterization of diamond-based materials. Below-band-gap laser ablation method helps to satisfy this need. Also applied in general to cutting and etching of diamonds.

George, Thomas↗