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DOE OSTI2023

Joint analysis of Dark Energy Survey Year 3 data and CMB lensing from SPT and Planck . III. Combined cosmological constraints

Here we present cosmological constraints from the analysis of two-point correlation functions between galaxy positions and galaxy lensing measured in Dark Energy Survey (DES) Year 3 data and measurements of cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing from the South Pole Telescope (SPT) and Planck. When jointly analyzing the DES-only two-point functions and the DES cross-correlations with SPT+Planck CMB lensing, we find Ω m = 0.344 ± 0.030 and S 8 ≡ σ 8 (Ω m /0.3) 0.5 = 0.773 ± 0.016, assuming ΛCDM. When additionally combining with measurements of the CMB lensing autospectrum, we find Ω m = 0.306$^{+0.018}_{-0.021}$ and S 8 = 0.792 ± 0.012. The high signal-to-noise of the CMB lensing cross-correlations enables several powerful consistency tests of these results, including comparisons with constraints derived from cross-correlations only, and comparisons designed to test the robustness of the galaxy lensing and clustering measurements from DES. Applying these tests to our measurements, we find no evidence of significant biases in the baseline cosmological constraints from the DES-only analyses or from the joint analyses with CMB lensing cross-correlations. However, the CMB lensing cross-correlations suggest possible problems with the correlation function measurements using alternative lens galaxy samples, in particular the redMaGiC galaxies and high-redshift MagLim galaxies, consistent with the findings of previous studies. We use the CMB lensing cross-correlations to identify directions for further investigating these problems.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Upcycling Linear Low-Density Polyethylene Waste into Graphene for High Mass Loading Supercapacitors

Gao, Yuan↗

DOE OSTI2024

Upcycling Polyethylene Waste to Advanced Carbon Materials for Energy Storage Applications

Polyethylene is notoriously difficult to upcycle because it decomposes into light gases at approximately 350-400 °C which prevents processing it at higher temperatures to convert it into high-value carbon materials, such as graphene or graphite. We address this challenge by using an air-based, thermo-oxidation process, which heats polyethylene (PE) just below the decomposition point to initiate oxidation and cross-linking of PE alkyl chains. These molecular transformations allow PE to be further graphenized or graphitized at higher temperatures without decomposing. The PE-derived graphene has a specific surface area up to 1,800 m 2/g and Raman ID/IG ratio of 0.85, which enables it to be used as an electrode material for a symmetric supercapacitor with the 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. The PE-derived graphene material has a comparable electrochemical capacitive performance, such as power density, specific capacitance, and long cycle stability, to the commercial state of art porous carbon electrode. The stabilized PE could also be converted into highly crystalline flake graphite via low-temperature catalytic graphitization. The PE-derived graphite is used for the lithium-ion battery anode, which showed comparable electrochemical battery performance, such as reversible rate performance and long-term cyclic stability, to the current use battery-grade graphite, thus providing a scalable method to upcycle PE plastic waste into high-value carbon material.

Gao, Yuan↗

DOE OSTI2026

Prong Segmentation using Point Set Transformers in Multiple View Neutrino Detectors

NOvA is a long-baseline neutrino experiment studying neutrino oscillations by detecting neutrinos from the NuMI beam at Fermilab. Its physics analysis relies on accurate prong segmentation, which involves matching each hit to its source particle and identifying the particle type. This task has commonly been addressed using a combination of traditional clustering algorithms and convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, NOvA’s detector design presents data as two sparse and decoupled 2D images (XZ and YZ views) rather than a native 3D representation, posing a significant challenge for traditional CNN-based models. In this talk, we propose a novel neural network based on the Point Set Transformer. By treating detector hits as sparse point clouds and implementing a cross-view attention mechanism, our model enables efficient information mixing between both views. Evaluated on NOvA simulated data, our model achieves superior accuracy while requiring significantly fewer computational resources compared to other models. Furthermore, the model demonstrates great performance when applied to Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) data, which shows its potential as a universal prong segmentation algorithm for multiple view neutrino detectors.

Liu, Jiaxi [UC, Irvine]↗

DOE OSTI2020

Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering at Hall A, Jefferson Lab

The Standard Model of particle physics de?nes quarks and leptons as the basic building blocks of all matter. The interaction between them are mediated by force carrying gauge bosons. Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD), the theory that explains the strong interaction is still not complete enough to derive the physical observables of a Quark-Gluon system from the fundamental degrees of freedom of its constituents. Experimentally observable single particle densities provide important insights into our understanding of the quark-gluon system and hence help fill in the gaps of QCD. Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) provide simultaneous information of both spacial and longitudinal momentum distributions of constituents of a quark-gluon system. Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS) is understood to be the simplest and cleanest process to access GPDs. Even though the exclusive DVCS is simple to understand, the experimental process however, is complex with the Bethe-Heitler and e + p ? e + ? + N? being in the mix of the electron proton scattering e+p ? e+?+X. Over the years, 3 generations of DVCS experiments have been conducted in the Experimental Hall-A of Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab). This thesis presents the extraction of DVCS cross section in 9 total kinematic points from the 3rd generation experiment (DVCS3) conducted after the 12 GeV upgrade of the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) of JLab during Fall 2014 - Fall 2016.

Hashir Rashad, Mohamed Nuhman↗

DOE OSTI2020

The Scattering of Phonons by Infinitely Long Quantum Dislocations Segments and the Generation of Thermal Transport Anisotropy in a Solid Threaded by Many Parallel Dislocations

A canonical quantization procedure is applied to the interaction of elastic waves—phonons—with infinitely long dislocations that can oscillate about an equilibrium, straight line, configuration. The interaction is implemented through the well-known Peach–Koehler force. For small dislocation excursions away from the equilibrium position, the quantum theory can be solved to all orders in the coupling constant. We study in detail the quantum excitations of the dislocation line and its interactions with phonons. The consequences for the drag on a dislocation caused by the phonon wind are pointed out. We compute the cross-section for phonons incident on the dislocation lines for an arbitrary angle of incidence. The consequences for thermal transport are explored, and we compare our results, involving a dynamic dislocation, with those of Klemens and Carruthers, involving a static dislocation. In our case, the relaxation time is inversely proportional to frequency, rather than directly proportional to frequency. As a consequence, the thermal transport anisotropy generated on a material by the presence of a highly-oriented array of dislocations is considerably more sensitive to the frequency of each propagating mode, and, therefore, to the temperature of the material.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2022

A Systematic Exploration of Kilonova Candidates from Neutron Star Mergers during the Third Gravitational-wave Observing Run

We present a comprehensive analysis of 653 optical candidate counterparts reported during the third gravitational-wave (GW) observing run. Our sample concentrates on candidates from the 15 events (published in GWTC-2, GWTC-3, or not retracted on GraceDB) that had a >1% chance of including a neutron star in order to assess their viability as true kilonovae. In particular, we leverage tools available in real time, including pre-merger detections and cross-matching with catalogs (i.e., point-source, variable-star, quasar and host-galaxy redshift data sets), to eliminate 65% of candidates in our sample. We further employ spectroscopic classifications, late-time detections, and light-curve behavior analyses and conclude that 66 candidates remain viable kilonovae. These candidates lack sufficient information to determine their classifications, and the majority would require luminosities greater than that of AT 2017gfo. Pre-merger detections in public photometric survey data and comparison of cataloged host-galaxy redshifts with the GW event distances are critical to incorporate into vetting procedures, as these tools eliminated >20% and >30% of candidates, respectively. We expect that such tools that leverage archival information will significantly reduce the strain on spectroscopic and photometric follow-up resources in future observing runs. Finally, we discuss the critical role prompt updates from GW astronomers to the EM community play in reducing the number of candidates requiring vetting.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

NASA NTRS1973

Asteroidal source of meteorites.

An effective mechanism for the placement of asteroidal fragments into earth-crossing orbits is discussed. It is pointed out that an asteroid in an orbit with a semimajor axis of about 3.27 AU, corresponding to the most apparent Kirkwood Gap, has a period almost exactly half that of Jupiter and will experience strong resonant perturbations by Jupiter. In the proposed mechanism, fragments 10 to 500 m in diameter resulting from collisions between asteroids located just outside the region in which libration due to the perturbations takes place are injected into the Kirkwood Gap.

Zimmerman, P. D.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Estimation of terrain iso-gradients from a stochastic range data measurement matrix

The problem of estimating terrain iso-gradients for an autonomous roving vehicle is complicated by the measurement error inherent in the range data matrix. In this paper, the in-path and cross-path slopes at each data point in the multivariable range matrix are expressed in terms of parameters at that data point and those at its surrounding points. The sensitivity in the change of these slopes - due to the errors in measurements in range, elevation angle and azimuth angle are formulated. These sensitivities are used to determine the appropriate statistics of the gradient, which are then used to describe the terrain with a known probability of accuracy.

Shen, C. N.↗

NASA NTRS1970

Design problems of small turbomachinery

Advanced design and testing techniques developed at NASA Lewis to achieve high efficiency in small turbomachines are described. Small radial and axial turbines and compressors were built for space power systems and associated studies at the Lewis Research Center. A six stage axial compressor of 3.5 inches diameter and axial turbines of 5 and 8.5 inches diameter were included. Radial turbines and compressors ranged from 3.5 to 6 inches. Topics discussed include maximum efficiency as a function of speed, the effect of compressibility on passage size, the use of quasi-orthogonals to calculate cross-channel velocity gradients, a design point velocity diagram study for axial turbines, and estimating off-design performance. Special turbine instruments and calibration procedures were developed to test compressors and turbines, to determine Reynolds and size number effects clearance, specific speed effects, and compressor performance. Laboratory tests conducted to study system operation and shaft and bearing motions are also reviewed.

Rohlik, H. E.↗

NASA NTRS1978

ISEE plasma observations near the subsolar magnetopause

High-resolution plasma observations are analyzed which were performed during four successive inbound passes of the ISEE 1 and 2 spacecraft. A total of nine magnetopause crossings were made near the subsolar point under widely differing orientations of the interplanetary magnetic field. It is found that (1) large fluctuations that often appear to be temporal in nature characterize the magnetosheath flow near the magnetopause; (2) the plasma density and pressure between about 0.1 and 0.3 earth radius outside the magnetopause often begin to decrease gradually as the magnetopause is approached, in conjunction with an increase in magnetic-field strength; (3) the magnetopause, in cases where it can be well resolved, exhibits fluctuations in density, pressure, and bulk velocity about average magnetosheath values; and (5) the only thick (low-latitude) boundary layer observed was characterized by sharp changes at its inner and outer edges.

Paschmann, G.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Commutated automatic gain control system

A commutated automatic gain control (AGC) system was designed and built for a prototype Loran C receiver. The receiver uses a microcomputer to control a memory aided phase-locked loop (MAPLL). The microcomputer also controls the input/output, latitude/longitude conversion, and the recently added AGC system. The circuit designed for the AGC is described, and bench and flight test results are presented. The AGC circuit described actually samples starting at a point 40 microseconds after a zero crossing determined by the software lock pulse ultimately generated by a 30 microsecond delay and add network in the receiver front end envelope detector.

Yost, S. R.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Quantitative measurement of density and velocity in compressible flows using laser-induced iodine fluorescence

A nonintrusive optical technique for the quantitative measurement of molecular density and velocity at a point or in an entire cross-sectional plane of a compressible flowfield is reported. Iodine molecules, seeded into the flowfield reservoir, are excited by a tunable narrow-bandwidth laser and the resulting spatially-resolved fluorescence is collected by a single- or multiple-element detector. A theoretical model for the iodine laser-induced fluorescence process is essential for quantitative measurements and is developed using a rate-equation approach. Density measurements using laser-induced fluorescence are normally complicated by collisional quenching; however, the theory predicts that the off-resonant fluorescent signal is directly proportional to density. Velocity is directly related to the Doppler shift of the iodine absorption line, determined by monitoring the broadband fluorescent signal as the laser is tuned in frequency. Experiments in a steady supersonic flowfield are compared with numerical calculations to demonstrate the accuracy of the approach for density and velocity measurement and the lack of perturbation to the flowfield by the iodine seeding. Extensions of the current approach to density and velocity measurement in lower Mach number flows, to the measurement of pressure and temperature, and to temporally-resolved measurements are discussed.

Mcdaniel, J. C.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Sunspots and solar variability

The analyses of Willson et al. (1981) and Hudson et al. (1981) are extended in correlating the total solar irradiance monitor (ACRIM) data with the routine synoptic sunspot data. At the simplest level, this correlation reveals clearly that the so-called 'missing flux' is truly missing in the sense that large young active regions do produce at net diminution of the irradiance when their spots cross the central meridian. It is pointed out that the irradiance deficit must of course be made up, either promptly or on intermediate time scales; this is because the surface effects cannot perturb the energy generation processes in the interior. In the approach taken here, simple models of the reemission are constructed, the total reemission is scaled to the estimated sunspot deficit, and an attempt is made to measure the parameters of the models by a statistical comparison with ACRIM data.

Hudson, H. S.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Bathymetry estimates in the southern oceans from Seasat altimetry

A 70-day Seasat altimeter set, where altitude was determined by the delay of a radar signal before return, was high pass filtered to obtain bathymetric data on the southern ocean. Variations were estimated over cross-track passages over the same points, and longer wavelength effects were removed to reveal the shorter wavelength geoid features. Edge effects near land, subtle geoid structure features at continental margins, smaller boundary seas, and lakes were preserved by the high pass filter, which involved substracting a constant height from each 6 x 6 deg square region. A volcanic origin was indicated for the nearly continuous Louisville Ridge, which had a major elongate plateau or positive gravity anomaly located just eastward and running east-west. A large Conrad Ridge was found in the Indian Ocean, compared to previous charts. The Indian Ocean was also found to contain more rises and plateaus than previously mapped.

Dixon, T. H.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Theory and measure of certain image norms in SAR

The principal properties of synthetic aperture radar SAR imagery of point and distributed objects are summarized. Against this background, the response of a SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) to the moving surface of the sea is considered. Certain conclusions are drawn as to the mechanism of interaction between microwaves and the sea surface. Focus and speckle spectral tests may be used on selected SAR imagery for areas of the ocean. The fine structure of the sea imagery is sensitive to processor focus and adjustment. The ocean reflectivity mechanism must include point like scatterers of sufficient radar cross section to dominate the return from certain individual resolution elements. Both specular and diffuse scattering mechanisms are observed together, to varying degree. The effect is sea state dependent. Several experiments are proposed based on imaging theory that could assist in the investigation of reflectivity mechanisms.

Raney, R. K.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Analysis of holographic interferograms of aerodynamic models in a wind tunnel

Holographic interferometry provides a non-invasive technique for estimating variations in the air density distribution around aerodynamic models in wind tunnels. The testing of this technique has been underway for some time and has been reported previously for a two dimensional aerodynamic model. Results obtained from tests using three dimensional aerodynamic models are summarized. Holograms were made of aerodynamic models in a wind tunnel. Interferograms were made from these holograms. The interference fringes in these holographic interferograms were digitized and this information was entered into the HOLOFT program. The HOLOFT program successfully calculated the known stagnation air density at the nose of a model and the known air density distribution across the cross section passing through the stagnation point for the axisymmetrical case of this model at a Mach number of 0.8. Thus the technique of holographic interferometry does work.The HOLOFT program stands for HOLOgraphic Inversion by 2-D Fourier Transform.

Perry, R. L.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Software fault-tolerance by design diversity DEDIX: A tool for experiments

The use of multiple versions of a computer program, independently designed from a common specification, to reduce the effects of an error is discussed. If these versions are designed by independent programming teams, it is expected that a fault in one version will not have the same behavior as any fault in the other versions. Since the errors in the output of the versions are different and uncorrelated, it is possible to run the versions concurrently, cross-check their results at prespecified points, and mask errors. A DEsign DIversity eXperiments (DEDIX) testbed was implemented to study the influence of common mode errors which can result in a failure of the entire system. The layered design of DEDIX and its decision algorithm are described.

Avizienis, A.↗