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NASA NTRS1975

The national land use data program of the US Geological Survey

The Land Use Data and Analysis (LUDA) Program which provides a systematic and comprehensive collection and analysis of land use and land cover data on a nationwide basis is described. Maps are compiled at about 1:125,000 scale showing present land use/cover at Level II of a land use/cover classification system developed by the U.S. Geological Survey in conjunction with other Federal and state agencies and other users. For each of the land use/cover maps produced at 1:125,000 scale, overlays are also compiled showing Federal land ownership, river basins and subbasins, counties, and census county subdivisions. The program utilizes the advanced technology of the Special Mapping Center of the U.S. Geological Survey, high altitude NASA photographs, aerial photographs acquired for the USGS Topographic Division's mapping program, and LANDSAT data in complementary ways.

Anderson, J. R.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Satellite information on Orlando, Florida

A land use map of Orange County, Florida was prepared from EREP photography while LANDSAT and EREP multispectral scanner data were used to provide more detailed information on Orlando and its suburbs. The generalized maps were prepared by tracing the patterns on an overlay, using an enlarging viewer. Digital analysis of the multispectral scanner data was basically the maximum likelihood classification method with training sample input and computer printer mapping of the results. Urban features delineated by the maps are discussed. It is concluded that computer classification, accompanied by human interpretation and manual simplification can produce land use maps which are useful on a regional, county, and city basis.

Hannah, J. W.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Improved resource use decisions and actions through remote sensing

Operational uses of remote sensing for improving management decisions and actions concerning resource uses are considered in terms of first generation, or direct-action; and second generation or indirect, delayed-action applications. From among applications completed during 1974-75, seven case studies are offered in illustration of the many contrasts which can be drawn between first and second generation application studies. These include: (1) multi-agency river basin planning; (2) corridor assessment and route location for highway location together with improvement of county-level planning decisions; (3) improving timber management practices; (4) enforcement of new state statutes; (5) county-wide open space preservation; (6) land value reappraisal relative to property tax equalization; and (7) optimizing agri-business processing plant locations.

Hill-Rowley, R.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Satellite data for surface-mine inventory

To determine the feasibility of satellite data for surface-mine inventory, particularly as it applies to coal, a case study was conducted in Maryland. A band-ratio method was developed to measure disturbed surface areas, and it proved to be extendible both temporally and geographically. This method was used to measure area changes in the region over three time periods from September 1972 through July 1974 and to map the entire two-county area for 1973. For mines ranging between 31 and 244 acres (12 to 98 hectares) the measurement accuracy of total affected acreage was determined to be 92%. Mines of 120 acres (50 hectares) and larger were measured with greater accuracy, some within one percent of the actual area. The ability to identify, classify, and measure strip-mine surfaces in a two-county area (1,541 square kilometers - 595 square miles) of western Maryland was demonstrated through the use of computer processing. On the basis of these results the use of LANDSAT satellite data and multilevel sampling of aircraft and field verification inspections, multispectral analysis of digital data is shown to be an effective, rapid, and accurate means of monitoring the surface mining cycle.

Anderson, A. T.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Directional-cosine and related pre-processing techniques - Possibilities and problems in earth-resources surveys

The possibilities of using various pre-processing techniques (directional-cosine, ratios and ratio/sum) have been investigated in relation to an urban land-use problem in Marion County, Indiana (USA) and for geologic applications in the San Juan Mountains of Colorado. For Marion County, it proved possible to classify directional-cosine data from September 1972 into different land uses by applying statistics developed with data from a May 1973 ERTS frame, thereby demonstrating the possibilities of using this type of data for signature-extension purposes. In the Silverton (Colorado) area pre-processed data proved superior to original data when extracting useful information in mountainous areas without corresponding ground observations. This approach allowed meaningful classification and interpretation of the data. The main problems encountered as a result of atmospheric effects, mixing of different surface materials, and the performance characteristics of ERTS are elucidated.

Quiel, F.↗

NASA NTRS1976

The use of remote sensing imagery for environmental land use and flood hazard mapping

Flood hazard maps have been constructed for Graham, Yuma, and Yavapai Counties in Arizona using remote sensing techniques. Watershed maps of priority areas were selected on the basis of their interest to the county planning staff and represented areas of imminent or ongoing development and those known to be subject to inundation by storm runoff. Landsat color infrared imagery at scales of 1:1,000,000, 1:500,000, and 1:250,000 was used together with high-altitude aerial photography at scales of 1:120,000 and 1:60,000 to determine drainage patterns and erosional features, soil type, and the extent and type of ground cover. The satellite imagery was used in the form of 70 mm chips for enhancement in a color additive viewer and in all available enlargement modes. Field checking served as the main backup to the interpretations. Areas with high susceptibility to flooding were determined with a high level of confidence from the remotely sensed imagery.

Mouat, D. A.↗

NASA NTRS1976

What's the use of land? (a secondary school social studies project)

The concept of a student land use survey was discussed with the curriculum development team of the Jefferson County Public Schools in Colorado. In these discussions it soon became apparent that the curriculum potentials included much more than a classroom activity involving mapping the features on the ground in the area of study. A new flood control dam to be located in the area of Denver, Colorado, became the central topic in a program involving a wide variety of curriculum fields, such as mapmaking, local community history, physical geography, mathematics, and environmental studies. Consequently, a prototype of a multidisciplinary unit concept was developed for later incorporation by the Jefferson County curriculum team.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1976

Illinois crop-acreage estimation experiment

The University of Illinois and the U.S. Department of Agriculture have collaborated to examine the feasibility of Landsat imagery analysis for USDA crop-acreage estimation purposes. The region chosen for the experiment was ten western counties of Illinois. Preliminary crop-acreage estimates derived from the ILLIAC IV-ARPA Network analysis of Landsat data are presented for these ten counties. Assuming the practicality of similar analyses covering the entire state, a procedure is discussed for evaluating statistically the information to be gained by estimating state crop-acreage totals from Landsat imagery classification results where SRS sample survey data are used as ground truth information for classification training as opposed to estimating state crop-acreage totals directly from SRS survey data alone.

Ray, R. M., III↗

NASA NTRS1977

Application of aerial photography to water-related programs in Michigan

Aerial photography and information system technology were used to generate information required for the effective operation of three water-related programs in Michigan. Potential mosquito breeding sites were identified from specially acquired low altitude 70 mm color photography for the city of Lansing; the inventory identified 35% more surface water areas than indicated on existing field maps. A comprehensive inventory of surface water sources and potential access sites was prepared to assist fire departments in Antrim County with fire truck water-recharge operations. Remotely-sensed land cover/use data for Windsor Township, Eaton County, were integrated with other resource data into a computer-based information system for regional water quality studies. Eleven thematic maps focusing on landscape features affecting non-point water pollution and waste disposal were generated from analyses of a four-hectare grid-based data file containing land cover/use, soils, topographic and geologic (well-log) data.

Enslin, W. R.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Cornell University remote sensing program

The author has identified the following significant results. Available aerial photographs were used to characterize mosquito breeding sites in Oswego County, New York. Numerous wetlands are contained within this county; this area is the only inland area in North America to have confirmed outbreaks of eastern equine encephalitis. This photocharacterization of primary mosquito breeding sites will be used to develop effective spraying. Large scale color and color infrared aerial photographs were used to assess changes in aquatic vegetation that accompanied phosphorus reduction in an eutrophic lake in New York.

Liang, T.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Application of aerial photography to water-related programs in Michigan

The paper describes the use of aerial photography and information system technology in the provision of information required for the effective operation of three water-related programs in Michigan. Potential mosquito breeding sites were identified from specially acquired low altitude 70 mm color photography for the City of Lansing Vector Control Area. A comprehensive inventory of surface water sources and potential access sites was prepared to assist fire departments in Antrim County with fire truck water-recharge operations. Remotely-sensed land cover/use data for Windsor Township, Eaton County were integrated with other resource data into a computer-based information system for regional water quality studies. Eleven thematic maps specifically focussed on landscape features affecting non-point water pollution and waste disposal were generated from analyses of a four-hectare grid-based data file containing land cover/use, soils, topographic and geologic (well-log) data.

Enslin, W. R.↗

NASA NTRS1977

The use of temporal data in Landsat crop surveys

Multidate Landsat imagery has been applied for crop identification purposes in Kern County, California. The county's arid climate provides complete sets of cloud-free imagery throughout the crop-growing season. Both manual and digital techniques are used to study the value of the data, and a semiautomated video system is used to extract densitometric data from Landsat transparencies. It is noted that temporal variations in single-date classification performance and increases in multidate performance are caused by the physiological and phenological differences between types of crops. These differences may be used to introduce crop calendar data into satellite crop surveys.

Tinney, L. R.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Identification of wild areas in southern lower Michigan

An inventory methodology was developed to identify potential wild area sites. A list of site criteria were formulated and tested in six selected counties. Potential sites were initially identified from LANDSAT satellite imagery. A detailed study of the soil, vegetation and relief characteristics of each site based on both high-altitude aerial photographs and existing map data was conducted to eliminate unsuitable sites. Ground reconnaissance of the remaining wild areas was made to verify suitability and acquire information on wildlife and general aesthetics. Physical characteristics of the wild areas in each county are presented in tables. Maps show the potential sites to be set aside for natural preservation and regulation by the state under the Wilderness and Natural Areas Act of 1972.

Habowski, S.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Identification and area estimation of agricultural crops by computer classification of Landsat MSS data

Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) data covering a three-county area in northern Illinois were classified using computer-aided techniques as corn, soybeans, or 'other.' Recognition of test fields was 80% accurate. County estimates of the area of corn and soybeans agreed closely with those made by the USDA. Results of the use of a priori information in classification, techniques to produce unbiased area estimates, and the use of temporal and spatial features for classification are discussed. The extendability, variability, and size of training sets, wavelength band selection, and spectral characteristics of crops were also investigated.

Bauer, M. E.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Origin and history of the adcumulate eucrite, Moama as inferred from REE abundances, Sm-Nd and U-Pb systematics

The abundances of Sm-Nd and U-Pb isotopes and of rare earth elements (REE) in Moama cumulate eucrite were investigated. The Sm-Nd data plotted on a Nd-143/Nd-144 vs Sm-147/Nd-144 evolution diagram define a line with a slope corresponding to an age of 4.58 plus or minus 0.05 billion years and an initial Nd-143/Nd-144 ratio of about 0.50684. Moama was found to contain the lowest overall trivalent REE abundances, the most light REE-depleted abundance pattern, and largest positive Eu anomaly of any eucrite yet studied. The REE data indicate that Moama could have been derived by about 1 to 5% fractional crystallization from a liquid with REE contents similar to Juvinas, or about 20 to 30% fractional crystallization from a Sioux County-like liquid. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the Moama, Serra de Mage, and Moore county cumulate meteorites could have been derived from the same parent liquid. Results of the U-Th-Pb study indicate that the majority of the Pb in Moama is of terrestrial origin, and suggest that the meteorite has undergone a minor thermal event causing re-equilibration of the U-Pb system.

Hamet, J.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Crystallization of pyroxenes in lunar KREEP basalt 15386 and meteoritic basalts

Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies and electron microprobe analyses of pyroxenes from the meteorites Pasamonte, Yamato 74450 and Yamato 74159 and in lunar KREEP basalt 15386 show similarities of pyroxene crystallization history. They each began crystallization with magnesian pyroxene (pigeonite in the meteorites, orthopyroxene in 15386) followed by strong zonation toward iron-rich and calcium-rich compositions. These data appear to be understandable in terms of dynamic crystallization experiments on liquids of similar composition to the meteorites. In contrast, pyroxene compositions in the meteorites Juvinas, Sioux County and Nuevo Laredo lie along an apparent tie line between calcium-poor and calcium-rich end members with no iron-enrichment trend. In Sioux County and Juvinas, the primary pyroxene is calcium-poor, with exsolved augite. In Nuevo Laredo, pigeonite and augite occur as separate grains with exsolution of augite in the pigeonite. The development of prominent exsolution lamellae is consistent with a long thermal annealing after the primary crystallization event, which may also explain the absence of iron/magnesium zonation in the pigeonites.

Takeda, H.↗

NASA NTRS1979

A methodology for dam inventory and inspection with remotely sensed data

A methodology is presented to increase the efficiency and accuracy of dam inspection by incorporating remote sensing techniques into field-based monitoring programs. The methodology focuses on New York State and places emphasis on readily available remotely sensed data aerial photographs and Landsat data. Aerial photographs are employed in establishing a state-wide data base, referenced on county highway and U.S. Geological Survey 1:24,000 scale, topographic maps. Data base updates are conducted by county or region, using aerial photographs or Landsat as a primary source of information. Field investigations are generally limited to high-hazard or special problem dams, or to dams which cannot be assessed adequately with aerial photographs. Although emphasis is placed on available data, parameters for acquiring new aircraft data for assessing dam condition are outlined. Large scale (1:10,000) vertical, stereoscopic, color-infrared photography, flown during the spring or fall, is recommended.

Berger, J. P.↗

NASA NTRS1979

An evaluation of several different classification schemes - Their parameters and performance

The overall objective of this study was to apply and evaluate several of the currently available classification schemes for crop identification. The approaches examined were: (1) a per point Gaussian maximum likelihood classifier, (2) a per point sum of normal densities classifier, (3) a per point linear classifier, (4) a per point Gaussian maximum likelihood decision tree classifier, and (5) a texture sensitive per field Gaussian maximum likelihood classifier. Three agricultural data sets were used in the study: areas from Fayette County, Illinois, and Pottawattamie and Shelby Counties in Iowa. The segments were located in two distinct regions of the Corn Belt to sample variability in soils, climate, and agricultural practices.

Scholz, D.↗