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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 325 records · Page 18
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Microwave-assistant hydrothermal synthesis of SnO2@ZnO hierarchical nanostructures enhanced photocatalytic performance under visible light irradiation

Highlights: • A photocatalyst of SnO{sub 2}@ZnO HNSs is prepared via a microwave-assistant hydrothermal method. • Enhanced photodegradation of methylene blue under the visible light irradiation has been observed. • The defect in photocatalyst is the main photocatalytic mechanism under the visible light irradiation. • The superoxide radical is the main photoactive species. - Abstract: In this paper, for the first time, SnO{sub 2}@ZnO hierarchical nanostructures (HNSs) were synthesized by a simple two-step microwave-assistant hydrothermal method. Systematical characterization of the SnO{sub 2}@ZnO HNSs revealed that the rutile SnO{sub 2} nanowires (NWs) were uniformly and tightly grown on the entire surface of each ZnO nanoflowers (NFs). The photocatalytic performance of the SnO{sub 2}@ZnO HNSs showed a remarkably enhanced photocatalytic performance under visible light irradiation (400 nm≤λ ≤ 800 nm). The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum results indicated that the defect related energy level is the main mechanism of the photocatalytic performance under the visible light irradiation. The unique morphology and heterojunction structures in SnO{sub 2}@ZnO HNSs were the core enhanced mechanism in photodegradation process. The advantage endowed with the microwave-assistant hydrothermal method can result in the efficient spatial charge separation between ZnO nanorods (NRs) and SnO{sub 2} NWs and reduce the charge recombination along the heterojunction, which makes SnO{sub 2}@ZnO HNSs a highly promising for photocatalytic applications.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2018

In-situ microwave-assisted heating synthesis of a high-performance g-C3N4/carbon nanotubes composite photocatalyst with good contact interfaces

Highlights: • One-pot microwave-assisted heating synthesis method prepared g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4} based CNTs composite photocatalyst. • Closely contact interfaces between g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4} and CNTs were prepared and observed. • WCN/CNTs exhibits a photocatalytic H{sub 2} evolution rate of 45.1 μmol/h, showing 10.02 folds of that for bulk g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4}. • WCN/CNTs exhibits a photocatalytic O{sub 2} evolution rate of 7.14 μmol/h, showing 4.61 folds of that for bulk g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4}. - Abstract: Herein, a one-pot microwave-assisted heating synthesis route was explored to prepare a g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4} based composite photocatalyst, which involved just treating of a mixture consisting of dicyandiamide and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using a microwave oven. The composite photocatalyst prepared by this route exhibits closely contact interfaces between g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4} and CNTs, as compared with the two ones obtained from the two-step and one-step methods previously reported, which lead to the reduced photoluminescence emission and longer lifetime of the photogenerated carriers, and the increased photocurrent response. As a result, the hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution rates of the WCN/CNTs composite are up to 45.1 μmol/h and 7.14 μmol/h, 10.02 and 4.61 times that of BCN, respectively, which are higher than those of the other two ones prepared by the previously reported methods. This one-pot microwave-assisted heating synthesis route is suitable for preparing the g-C{sub 3}N{sub 4} based composite photocatalysts.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Bimetallic-Derived Catalytic Structures for CO 2 -Assisted Ethane Activation

In recent years, the simultaneous upgrading of CO 2 and ethane has emerged as a promising approach for generating valuable gaseous (CO, H 2 , and ethylene) and liquid (aromatics and C 3 oxygenates) chemicals from the greenhouse gas CO 2 and large-reserved shale gas. The key challenges for controlling product selectivity lie in the selective C-H and C-C bond cleavage of ethane with the assistance of CO 2 . Bimetallic-derived catalysts likely undergo alloying or oxygen-induced segregation under reaction conditions, thus providing diverse types of interfacial sites, e.g., metal/support (M/M'O x ) interface and metal oxide/metal (M'O x /M) inverse interface, that are beneficial for selective CO 2 -assisted ethane upgrading. The alloying extent can be initially predicted by cohesive energy and atomic radius (or Wigner-Seitz radius), while the preference for segregation to form the on-top suboxide can be approximated using the work function, electronegativity, and binding strength of adsorbed oxygen. Furthermore, bimetallic-derived catalysts are typically supported on high surface area oxides. Modifying the reducibility and acidity/basicity of the oxide supports and introducing surface defects facilitate CO 2 activation and oxygen supplies for ethane activation. Using in situ synchrotron characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we found that the electronic properties of oxygen species influence the selective cleavage of C-H/C-C bonds in ethane, with electron-deficient oxygen over the metal (or alloy) surface promoting nonselective bond scission to produce syngas and electron-enriched oxygen over the metal oxide/metal interface enhancing selective C-H scission to yield ethylene. Here, we further demonstrate that the preferred structures of the catalyst surfaces, either alloy surfaces or metal oxide/metal inverse interfaces, can be controlled through the appropriate choice of metal combinations and their atomic ratios. Through a comprehensive comparison of experimental results and DFT calculations, the selectivity of C-C/C-H bond scission is correlated with the thermodynamically favorable bimetallic-derived structures (i.e., alloy surfaces or metal oxide/metal inverse interfaces) under reaction conditions over a wide range of bimetallic catalysts. These findings not only offer structural and mechanistic insights into bimetallic-derived catalysts but also provide design principles for selective catalysts for CO 2 -assisted activation of ethane and other light alkanes. This Account concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in designing advanced bimetallic-derived catalysts, incorporating new reaction chemistries for other products, employing precise synthesis strategies for well-defined structures with optimized site densities, and leveraging time/spatial/energy-resolved in situ spectroscopy/scattering/microscopy techniques for comprehensive structural analysis. The research methodologies established here are helpful for the investigation of dynamic alloy and interfacial structures and should inspire more efforts toward the simultaneous upgrading of CO 2 and shale gas.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Chain Conformation and Dynamics in Spin-Assisted Weak Polyelectrolyte Multilayers

In this paper, we report on the effect of the deposition technique on film layering, stability, and chain mobility in weak polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer (LbL) films. Ellipsometry and neutron reflectometry (NR) showed that shear forces arising during spin-assisted assembly lead to smaller amounts of adsorbed polyelectrolytes within LbL films, result in a higher degree of internal film order, and dramatically improve stability of assemblies in salt solutions as compared to dip-assisted LbL assemblies. The underlying flattening of polyelectrolyte chains in spin-assisted LbL films was also revealed as an increase in ionization degree of the assembled weak polyelectrolytes. As demonstrated by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), strong binding between spin-deposited polyelectrolytes results in a significant slowdown of chain diffusion in salt solutions as compared to dip-deposited films. Moreover, salt-induced chain intermixing in the direction perpendicular to the substrate is largely inhibited in spin-deposited films, resulting in only subdiffusional (<2 Å) chain displacements even after 200 h exposure to 1 M NaCl solutions. Finally, this persistence of polyelectrolyte layering has important ramifications for multistage drug delivery and optical applications of LbL assemblies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Dislocation-Assisted Quasi-Two-Dimensional Semiconducting Nanochannels Embedded in Perovskite Thin Films

Defect engineering in perovskite thin films has attracted extensive attention recently due to the films’ atomic-scale modification, allowing for remarkable flexibility to design novel nanostructures for next generation nanodevices. However, the defect-assisted three-dimensional nanostructures in thin film matrices usually has large misfit strain and thus causes unstable thin film structures. In contrast, defect-assisted one- or two-dimensional nanostructures embedded in thin films can sustain large misfit strains without relaxation, which make them suitable for defect engineering in perovskite thin films. Here, we reported the fabrication and characterization of edge-type misfit dislocation-assisted two-dimensional BiMnO x nanochannels embedded in SrTiO 3 /La 0.7 Sr 0.3 MnO 3 /TbScO 3 perovskite thin films. The nanochannels are epitaxially grown from the surrounding films without noticeable misfit strain. Diode-like current rectification was spatially observed at nanochannels due to the formation of Schottky junctions between BiMnO x nanochannels and conducting La 0.7 Sr 0.3 MnO 3 thin films. Such atomically scaled heterostructures constitute more flexible ultimate functional units for nanoscale electronic devices.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Swelling-Assisted Sequential Infiltration Synthesis of Nanoporous ZnO Films with Highly Accessible Pores and Their Sensing Potential for Ethanol

Here, we report a swelling-assisted sequential infiltration synthesis (SIS) approach for the design of highly porous zinc oxide (ZnO) films by infiltration of block copolymer templates such as polystyrene-block- polyvinyl pyridine with inorganic precursors followed by UV ozone-assisted removal of the polymer template. We show that porous ZnO coatings with the thickness in the range between 140 and 420 nm can be obtained using only five cycles of SIS. The pores in ZnO fabricated via swelling-assisted SIS are highly accessible, and up to 98% of pores are available for solvent penetration. The XPS data indicate that the surface of nanoporous ZnO films is terminated with -OH groups. Density functional theory calculations show a lower energy barrier for ethanol-induced release of the oxygen restricted depletion layer in the case of the presence of -OH groups at the ZnO surface, and hence, it can lead to higher sensitivity in sensing of ethanol. We monitored the response of ZnO porous coatings with different thicknesses and porosities to ethanol vapors using combined mass-based and chemiresistive approaches at room temperature and 90 °C. The porous ZnO conformal coatings reveal a promising sensitivity toward detection of ethanol at low temperatures. In conclusion our results suggest the excellent potential of the SIS approach for the design of conformal ZnO coatings with controlled porosity, thickness, and composition that can be adapted for sensing applications.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Evaluating Limits of Machine Learning-Assisted Raman Spectroscopy in Classification of Biological Samples

Machine learning (ML)-assisted Raman spectroscopy has become a powerful analytical tool for the classification and identification of analytes; however, technical challenges impacting its detection accuracy have not been thoroughly investigated. This study explores experimental factors affecting classification performance. Among the evaluated ML models, ML algorithms show minimal impact on classification accuracy. Instead, experimental factors, including spectral similarity between tested samples and data quality, dominate detection performance. Increases in spectral noise and spectral similarity significantly reduce classification accuracy. In well-controlled samples with low experimental noise, ML-assisted Raman spectroscopy can discriminate lipid mixtures with a composition difference of 1.85 mol %. To assess the effect of biological heterogeneity, we analyzed single-cell Raman spectra from Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains carrying single, double, or triple gene mutations. Intrinsic cell-to-cell variability introduced substantial spectral differences, severely reducing the accuracy of multiclass classification of these genetically similar strains at the single-cell level. Averaging Raman spectra across multiple cells improved classification accuracy by reducing this spectral variability. We also assess the effectiveness of transfer learning across different Raman spectrometers, specifically by applying an ML model trained on one instrument to another Raman spectrometer. Transfer learning can be improved with proper instrument calibration, highlighting the importance of instrument standardization. Overall, our results demonstrate that data quality and spectral similarity are the primary bottlenecks in ML-assisted Raman spectroscopy. Careful attention to sample preparation, data acquisition, measurement conditions, and instrument calibration is critical to achieving robust and reliable classification performance.

Fungi↗
DOE OSTI2024

Suppressing strain propagation in ultrahigh-Ni cathodes during fast charging via epitaxial entropy-assisted coating

Surface reconstruction and the associated severe strain propagation have long been reported as the major cause of cathode failure during fast charging and long-term cycling. Despite tremendous attempts, no known strategies can simultaneously address the electro-chemomechanical instability without sacrificing energy and power density. Here we report an epitaxial entropy-assisted coating strategy for ultrahigh-Ni LiNi x Co y Mn 1-x-y O 2 (x ≥ 0.9) cathodes via an oriented attachment-driven reaction between Wadsley-Roth phase-based oxides and the layered-oxide cathodes. Further, the high anti-cracking and anti-corrosion tolerances as well as the fast ionic transport of the entropy-assisted surface effectively improved the fast charging/discharging capability, wide temperature tolerance and thermal stability of the ultrahigh-Ni cathodes. Comprehensive analysis from the primary and secondary particle level to the electrode level using multi-scale in situ synchrotron X-ray probes reveals greatly reduced lattice dislocations, anisotropic lattice strain and oxygen release as well as improved bulk/local structural stability, even when charging beyond the threshold state of charge (75%) of layered cathodes. Layered Ni-rich oxide cathodes are susceptible to challenges with surface reconstruction and strain propagation, limiting their cyclability. The authors propose a solution involving oriented attachment-driven reactions, utilizing Wadsley-Roth nanocrystals and layered oxide to induce an epitaxial entropy-assisted coating, effectively addressing these issues.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Monte Carlo simulation of nanoscale material focused ion beam gas-assisted etching: Ga + and Ne + etching of SiO 2 in the presence of a XeF 2 precursor gas

Elucidating energetic particle-precursor gas–solid interactions is critical to many atomic and nanoscale synthesis approaches. Focused ion beam sputtering and gas-assisted etching are among the more commonly used direct-write nanomachining techniques that have been developed. Here, we demonstrate a method to simulate gas-assisted focused ion beam (FIB) induced etching for editing/machining materials at the nanoscale. The method consists of an ion–solid Monte Carlo simulation, to which we have added additional routines to emulate detailed gas precursor–solid interactions, including the gas flux, adsorption, and desorption. Furthermore, for the reactive etching component, a model is presented by which energetic ions/target atoms, and secondary electrons, transfer energy to adsorbed gas molecules. The simulation is described in detail, and is validated using analytical and experimental data for surface gas adsorption, and etching yields. The method is used to study XeF 2 assisted FIB induced etching of nanoscale vias, using both a 35 keV Ga + , and a 10 keV Ne + beam. Remarkable agreement between experimental and simulated nanoscale vias is demonstrated over a range of experimental conditions. Importantly, we demonstrate that the resolution depends strongly on the XeF 2 gas flux, with optimal resolution obtained for either pure sputtering, or saturated gas coverage; saturated gas coverage has the clear advantage of lower overall dose, and thus lower implant damage, and much faster processing.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Double bonus: surfactant-assisted biomass pelleting benefits both the pelleting process and subsequent enzymatic saccharification of the pretreated pellets

Pelleting overcomes the utilization limitation of lignocellulosic biomass due to its low density and related processing costs. Efficiently combining biomass pelleting and enzymatic saccharification is a challenge for applying biomass with low density in a biorefinery. In this study, we propose a novel biomass processing approach involving the addition of surfactant during pelleting and using the pellets for pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification. Here, we investigated the effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 assisted pelleting on pelleting specific energy consumption and friction, and on subsequent pretreatment as well as on enzymatic saccharification of the pretreated pellets. The results showed that PEG 6000 assisted pelleting decreased the total pelleting specific energy consumption by about 14% for wheat straw and 18% for pine, and reduced the maximum friction during ejection of pellets by about 34% for wheat straw and 29% for pine. PEG 6000 assisted pelleting enhanced subsequent enzymatic sugar yield effectively for both acid and alkaline pretreated wheat straw and pine, especially for acid-treated pine pellets, where a 256% increase in glucose yield was obtained. The results suggest that PEG 6000 decreases the cleavage of β-O-4' linkages during pretreatment and thus hinders the formation of phenolic hydroxyl groups, contributing to the enhanced sugar yield in enzymatic saccharification. As surfactants were found to have beneficial effects on both biomass pelleting and the sugar yield obtained from the enzymatic saccharification of the pretreated pellets, it would be advantageous to add surfactants during pelletizing when the pellets are intended for application in a biorefinery.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Tracking the reaction networks of acetaldehyde oxide and glyoxal oxide Criegee intermediates in the ozone-assisted oxidation reaction of crotonaldehyde

The reaction of unsaturated compounds with ozone (O 3 ) is recognized to lead to the formation of Criegee intermediates (CIs), which play a key role in controlling the atmospheric budget of hydroxyl radicals and secondary organic aerosols. The reaction network of two CIs with different functionality, i.e. acetaldehyde oxide (CH 3 CHOO) and glyoxal oxide (CHOCHOO) formed in the ozone-assisted oxidation reaction of crotanaldehyde (CA), is investigated over a temperature range between 390 K and 840 K in an atmospheric pressure jet-stirred reactor (JSR) at a residence time of 1.3 s, stoichiometry of 0.5 with a mixture of 1% crotonaldehyde, 10% O 2 , at an fixed ozone concentration of 1000 ppm and 89% Ar dilution. Molecular-beam mass spectrometry in conjunction with single photon tunable synchrotron vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) radiation is used to identify elusive intermediates by means of experimental photoionization energy scans and ab initio threshold energy calculations for isomer identification. Addition of ozone (1000 ppm) is observed to trigger the oxidation of CA already at 390 K, which is below the temperature where the oxidation reaction of CA was observed in the absence of ozone. The observed CA + O 3 product, C 4 H 6 O 4 , is found to be linked to a ketohydroperoxide (2-hydroperoxy-3-oxobutanal) resulting from the isomerization of the primary ozonide. Products corresponding to the CIs uni- and bi-molecular reactions were observed and identified. A network of CI reactions is identified in the temperature region below 600 K, characterized by CIs bimolecular reactions with species like aldehydes, i.e., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and crotonaldehyde and alkenes, i.e., ethene and propene. The region below 600 K is also characterized by the formation of important amounts of typical low-temperature oxidation products, such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), methyl hydroperoxide (CH 3 OOH), and ethyl hydroperoxide (C 2 H 5 OOH). Detection of additional oxygenated species such as alcohols, ketene, and aldehydes are indicative of multiple active oxidation routes. This study provides important information about the initial step involved in the CIs assisted oligomerization reactions in complex reactive environments where CIs with different functionalities are reacting simultaneously. It provides new mechanistic insights into ozone-assisted oxidation reactions of unsaturated aldehydes, which is critical for the development of improved atmospheric and combustion kinetics models.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2012

Tilting of carbon encapsulated metallic nanocolumns in carbon-nickel nanocomposite films by ion beam assisted deposition

The influence of assisting low-energy ({approx}50-100 eV) ion irradiation effects on the morphology of C:Ni ({approx}15 at. %) nanocomposite films during ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) is investigated. It is shown that IBAD promotes the columnar growth of carbon encapsulated metallic nanoparticles. The momentum transfer from assisting ions results in tilting of the columns in relation to the growing film surface. Complex secondary structures are obtained, in which a significant part of the columns grows under local epitaxy via the junction of sequentially deposited thin film fractions. The influence of such anisotropic film morphology on the optical properties is highlighted.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Electric field assisted sputtering of Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} thin films and reduction in anti-phase boundaries

Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} thin films have been prepared by a new approach of in-situ electric field assisted sputtering. Raman shift, {rho}(T), and M(T) measurements reveal a reduction in anti-phase boundaries (APBs), which is explained by the electric field induced surface diffusion favouring [111] oriented growth with lesser defects. Early magnetization saturation (4 kOe) and its higher value (441 emu/cm{sup 3}), low electron phonon coupling constant (0.48), sharp Verwey transition {Delta}T{sub V} = 12 K, Arrhenius law of conduction via delocalized states above T{sub V} and lower value of localization radius (1.5 nm) below T{sub V} compared to that observed in un-assisted films confirmed that the electric field assisted grown films are nearly free from anti-phase boundaries.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2013

Effective dopant activation by susceptor-assisted microwave annealing of low energy boron implanted and phosphorus implanted silicon

Rapid processing and reduced end-of-range diffusion result from susceptor-assisted microwave (MW) annealing, making this technique an efficient processing alternative for electrically activating dopants within ion-implanted semiconductors. Sheet resistance and Hall measurements provide evidence of electrical activation. Susceptor-assisted MW annealing, of ion-implanted Si, enables more effective dopant activation and at lower temperatures than required for rapid thermal annealing (RTA). Raman spectroscopy and ion channeling analyses are used to monitor the extent of ion implantation damage and recrystallization. The presence and behavior of extended defects are monitored by cross-section transmission electron microscopy. Phosphorus implanted Si samples experience effective electrical activation upon MW annealing. On the other hand, when boron implanted Si is MW annealed, the growth of extended defects results in reduced crystalline quality that hinders the electrical activation process. Further comparison of dopant diffusion resulting from MW annealing and rapid thermal annealing is performed using secondary ion mass spectroscopy. MW annealed ion implanted samples show less end-of-range diffusion when compared to RTA samples. In particular, MW annealed P{sup +} implanted samples achieve no visible diffusion and equivalent electrical activation at a lower temperature and with a shorter time-duration of annealing compared to RTA. In this study, the peak temperature attained during annealing does not depend on the dopant species or dose, for susceptor-assisted MW annealing of ion-implanted Si.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Band structure engineering of anatase TiO{sub 2} by metal-assisted P-O coupling

In this work, we demonstrate that the metal-assisted P-O coupling is an effective approach to improve the photoelectrochemical properties of TiO{sub 2}. The (Sc + P) and (In + P) codoping effects on electronic structures and photocatalytic activities of anatase TiO{sub 2} are examined by performing hybrid density functional theory calculations. It is found that the coupling of P dopant with the second-nearest neighboring O atom assisted by acceptor metals (Sc/In) leads to the fully occupied and delocalized intermediate bands within the band gap of anatase TiO{sub 2}, which is driven by the P-O antibonding states (π*). This metal-assisted P-O coupling can prevent the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and effectively reduce the band gap of TiO{sub 2}. Moreover, the band edge alignments in (Sc + P) and (In + P) codoped anatase TiO{sub 2} are desirable for water-splitting. The calculated optical absorption curves indicate that (Sc + P) and (In + P) codoping in anatase TiO{sub 2} can also effectively enhance the visible light absorption.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Development of an assisting detection system for early infarct diagnosis

In this paper, a detection assisting system for early infarct detection is developed. This new developed method is used to assist the medical practitioners to diagnose infarct from computed tomography images of brain. Using this assisting system, the infarct could be diagnosed at earlier stages. The non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) brain images are the data set used for this system. Detection module extracts the pixel data from NCCT brain images, and produces the colourized version of images. The proposed method showed great potential in detecting infarct, and helps medical practitioners to make earlier and better diagnoses.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Influence of cooling rate in planar thermally assisted magnetic random access memory: Improved writeability due to spin-transfer-torque influence

This paper investigates the effect of a controlled cooling rate on magnetic field reversal assisted by spin transfer torque (STT) in thermally assisted magnetic random access memory. By using a gradual linear decrease of the voltage at the end of the write pulse, the STT decays more slowly or at least at the same rate as the temperature. This condition is necessary to make sure that the storage layer magnetization remains in the desired written direction during cooling of the cell. The influence of the write current pulse decay rate was investigated on two exchange biased synthetic ferrimagnet (SyF) electrodes. For a NiFe based electrode, a significant improvement in writing reproducibility was observed using a gradual linear voltage transition. The write error rate decreases by a factor of 10 when increasing the write pulse fall-time from ∼3 ns to 70 ns. For comparison, a second CoFe/NiFe based electrode was also reversed by magnetic field assisted by STT. In this case, no difference between sharp and linear write pulse fall shape was observed. We attribute this observation to the higher thermal stability of the CoFe/NiFe electrode during cooling. In real-time measurements of the magnetization reversal, it was found that Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) coupling in the SyF electrode vanishes for the highest pulse voltages that were used due to the high temperature reached during write. As a result, during the cooling phase, the final state is reached through a spin-flop transition of the SyF storage layer.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2023

Modeling of the spray-induced wall stress acting on the ignition assistance device

This research introduces a novel wall-stress model called the Spray-Induced Wall Stress (SIWS) model, which considers the effects of spray-wall impingement and the resulting formation of wall stress within the Lagrangian spray modeling framework. The primary objective of this paper is to provide a mathematical description of the fundamental physics underlying the model. Subsequently, the proposed model is validated using existing experimental data. Here, the remainder of the study focuses on the practical application of the model to an ignition assistance device. Specifically, this device is installed in a compression ignition engine and designed to enhance ignition in aviation-fueled high-altitude aircraft propulsion systems. The research sheds light on the mechanical impulse caused by the high-speed impact of the spray jet, leading to the accumulation of mechanical stress on the rigid body of the ignition assistance device. Previous studies on fluid-structure interaction have only considered the interaction between the gas phase and the solid wall. However, the SIWS model incorporates the additional impact of the impinging liquid spray jet. Consequently, the simulated stress distribution on the ignition assistance device can be estimated by considering both the gas-phase-induced term and the spray-induced term simultaneously.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗