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At least 307 records · Page 17
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1984

Automated mesoscale winds derived from GOES multispectral imagery

An automated technique for extracting mesoscale winds from sequences of GOES VISSR image pairs was developed, tested and configured for quasi-real time/research applications on a computing system which gives mesoscale wind estimates at the highest spatial/temporal resolution possible from the VISSR imagery down to a wind vector separation of 10 km. Preprocessing of imagery using IR resampling, VIS edge preserving filtering, and reduced VIS resolution averaging improved height assignments and vector extraction for 10, 15, and 30 min imagery. An objective quality control system provides much greater than 99% accuracy in eliminating questionable wind estimates. Automated winds generally have better spatial coverage and density, and have random error estimates half as large as the manual winds. Dynamical analysis of cloud wind divergence revealed temporally consistent convergence centers on the meso beta scale that are highly correlated with on going and future developing convective storms. The entire system of computer codes was successfully vectorized for execution on an array processor resulting in job turnaround in less than one hour.

Wilson, G. S.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Monitoring arid lands using AVHRR-observed visible reflectance and SMMR37-GHz polarization difference

Visible reflectance along a transect through the Sahel and Sudan zones of Africa has been derived from observations by the AVHRR on the NOAA-7 and NOAA-9 satellites and compared with concurrent observations of the 37-GHz polarization difference by the SMMR on the Nimbus-7 satellite. The study period was January 1982 to December 1986, which included an unprecedented drought during 1984 over the Sahel zone. While spatial and temporal patterns of these two data sets are found to be highly correlated, there are also quantitative differences which need to be understood.

Choudhury, B. J.↗
NASA NTRS2003

Laser Velocimeter for Studies of Microgravity Combustion Flowfields

A velocimeter was developed based on modulated filtered Rayleigh scattering (MFRS). The MFRS velocimeter was successfully demonstrated by making one-component velocity measurements in a supersonic expansion using molecular Rayleigh scattering in a jet of N2. These measurements were made in a sweep mode where the Rayleigh scattered profile is cross-correlated with absorption in a static cell to determine velocity. To improve temporal resolution the frequency-locked mode of operation was developed, with an in-situ referencing scheme to compensate for signal fluctuations arising from density variations in the probe volume. Spectroscopic grade (i.e. continuously tunable, single-mode) laser sources with high power (greater than 100 mW) are not commercially available at the wavelength of interest (780 nm). We developed an all-solid-state system with a low power (approximately 10 mW) spectroscopic grade laser source in a Littrow cavity is amplified by a broad-area diode laser. We have demonstrated that the slaved output tracks the injected input but have not yet demonstrated power gain by the end of the grant period.

Varghese, Philip L.↗
NASA NTRS2003

The Masses of Mars/Seasonal Polar Icecaps

Radio tracking of the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft has revealed temporal changes in the long-wavelength gravity field of Mars that correlate, to first order, with the pattern expected for the seasonal redistribution of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and surface. Detecting these gravity field changes requires isolating very small perturbations in the velocity of the spacecraft and estimating the very low degree zonal coefficients of the field. A comparison of these coefficients determined every 5 days for a period over 2 Mars years shows annual and semi-annual variations that are similar to those predicted by a General Circulation Model simulation. These changes result from the redistribution of the mass of the planet by the exchange of carbon dioxide between the surface and the atmosphere through deposition and sublimation of CO2 in the polar regions. A simple time-dependent model for the icecaps enables an estimate to be made of the mass of carbon dioxide at each pole as a function of the seasonal parameter, Ls.

Smith, David E.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Real Data and Rapid Results: Ocean Color Data Analysis with Giovanni (GES DISC Interactive Online Visualization and ANalysis Infrastructure)

The NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) has taken a major step addressing the challenge of using archived Earth Observing System (EOS) data for regional or global studies by developing an infrastructure with a World Wide Web interface which allows online, interactive, data analysis: the GES DISC Interactive Online Visualization and ANalysis Infrastructure, or "Giovanni." Giovanni provides a data analysis environment that is largely independent of underlying data file format. The Ocean Color Time-Series Project has created an initial implementation of Giovanni using monthly Standard Mapped Image (SMI) data products from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) mission. Giovanni users select geophysical parameters, and the geographical region and time period of interest. The system rapidly generates a graphical or ASCII numerical data output. Currently available output options are: Area plot (averaged or accumulated over any available data period for any rectangular area); Time plot (time series averaged over any rectangular area); Hovmeller plots (image view of any longitude-time and latitude-time cross sections); ASCII output for all plot types; and area plot animations. Future plans include correlation plots, output formats compatible with Geographical Information Systems (GIs), and higher temporal resolution data. The Ocean Color Time-Series Project will produce sensor-independent ocean color data beginning with the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) mission and extending through SeaWiFS and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data sets, and will enable incorporation of Visible/lnfrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) data, which will be added to Giovanni. The first phase of Giovanni will also include tutorials demonstrating the use of Giovanni and collaborative assistance in the development of research projects using the SeaWiFS and Ocean Color Time-Series Project data in the online Laboratory for Ocean Color Users (LOCUS). The synergy of Giovanni with high-quality ocean color data provides users with the ability to investigate a variety of important oceanic phenomena, such as coastal primary productivity related to pelagic fisheries, seasonal patterns and interannual variability, interdependence of atmospheric dust aerosols and harmful algal blooms, and the potential effects of climate change on oceanic productivity.

Acker, J. G.↗
NASA NTRS2008

Vibration Analysis of the Space Shuttle External Tank Cable Tray Flight Data with and without PAL Ramp

External Tank Cable Tray vibration data for three successive Space Shuttle flights were analyzed to assess response to buffet and the effect of removal of the Protuberance Air Loads (PAL) ramp. Waveform integration, spectral analysis, cross-correlation analysis and wavelet analysis were employed to estimate vibration modes and temporal development of vibration motion from a sparse array of accelerometers and an on-board system that acquired 16 channels of data for approximately the first two minutes of each flight. The flight data indicated that PAL ramp removal had minimal effect on the fluctuating loads on the cable tray. The measured vibration frequencies and modes agreed well with predicted structural response.

Walker, B. E.↗
NASA NTRS2008

Vibration Analysis of the Space Shuttle External Tank Cable Tray Flight Data With and Without PAL Ramp

External Tank Cable Tray vibration data for three successive Space Shuttle flights were analyzed to assess response to buffet and the effect of removal of the Protuberance Air Loads (PAL) ramp. Waveform integration, spectral analysis, cross-correlation analysis and wavelet analysis were employed to estimate vibration modes and temporal development of vibration motion from a sparse array of accelerometers and an on-board system that acquired 16 channels of data for approximately the first 2 min of each flight. The flight data indicated that PAL ramp removal had minimal effect on the fluctuating loads on the cable tray. The measured vibration frequencies and modes agreed well with predicted structural response.

Walker, Bruce E.↗
NASA NTRS2014

Preliminary Results from a Coordinated Hisaki/Chandra/XMM-Newton Study of the Jovian Aurora and Io Plasma Torus

We present preliminary results from a coordinated Hisaki/Chandra/XMM-Newton observational campaign of the Jovian aurora and Io plasma torus. The data were taken over a three week period in April, 2014. Jupiter was observed continuously with Hisaki, six times with the Chandra/HRC instrument for roughly 12 hours per observation, and twice by XMM-Newton. The goal of this observational campaign was to understand how energy and matter are exchanged between the Jovian aurora, the IPT, and the Solar wind. X-ray observations provide key diagnostics on highly stripped ions and keV electrons in the Jovian magnetosphere. We use the temporal, spatial, and spectral capabilities of the three instruments to search for correlated variability between the Solar wind, the EUV-emitting plasma of the IPT and UV aurora, and the ions responsible for the X-ray aurora. Preliminary analysis suggests a strong 45 min periodicity in the EUV emission from the electron aurora. There is some evidence for complex variability of the X-ray auroras on scales of tens of minutes. There is also clear morphological changes in the X-ray aurora that do not appear to be correlated with either variations in the IPT or Solar wind.

Kraft, Ralph↗
NASA NTRS2012

Understanding Changes in Water Availability in the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo del Norte Basin Under the Influence of Large-Scale Circulation Indices Using the Noah Land Surface Model

Water availability plays an important role in the socio-economic development of a region. It is however, subject to the influence of large-scale circulation indices, resulting in periodic excesses and deficits. An assessment of the degree of correlation between climate indices and water availability, and the quantification of changes with respect to major climate events is important for long-term water resources planning and management, especially in transboundary basins as it can help in conflict avoidance. In this study we first establish the correlation of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) with gauged precipitation in the Rio Grande basin, and quantify the changes in water availability using runoff generated from the Noah land surface model. Both spatial and temporal variations are noted, with winter and spring being most influenced by conditions in the Pacific Ocean. Negative correlation is observed at the headwaters and positive correlation across the rest of the basin. The influence of individual ENSO events, classified using four different criteria, is also examined. El Ninos (La Ninas) generally cause an increase (decrease) in runoff, but the pattern is not consistent; percentage change in water availability varies across events. Further, positive PDO enhances the effect of El Nino and dampens that of La Nina, but during neutral/transitioning PDO, La Nina dominates meteorological conditions. Long El Ninos have more influence on water availability than short duration high intensity events. We also note that the percentage increase during El Ninos significantly offsets the drought-causing effect of La Ninas.

Khedun, C. Prakash↗
NASA NTRS1997

Nonlinear pattern analysis of ventricular premature beats by mutual information

The frequency of ventricular premature beats (VPBs) has been related to the risk of mortality. However, little is known about the temporal pattern of occurrence of VPBs and its relationship to autonomic activity. Hence, we applied a general correlation measure, mutual information, to quantify how VPBs are generated over time. We also used mutual information to determine the correlation between VPB production and heart rate in order to evaluate effects of autonomic activity on VPB production. We examined twenty subjects with more than 3000 VPBs/day and simulated random time series of VPB occurrence. We found that mutual information values could be used to characterize quantitatively the temporal patterns of VPB generation. Our data suggest that VPB production is not random and VPBs generated with a higher value of mutual information may be more greatly affected by autonomic activity.

NASA Discipline Regulatory Physiology↗
NASA NTRS2012

Interannual Variability of OLR as Observed by AIRS and CERES

This paper compares spatial anomaly time series of OLR (Outgoing Longwave Radiation) and OLR(sub CLR) (Clear Sky OLR) as determined using observations from CERES Terra and AIRS over the time period September 2002 through June 2011. Both AIRS and CERES show a significant decrease in global mean and tropical mean OLR over this time period. We find excellent agreement of the anomaly time-series of the two OLR data sets in almost every detail, down to 1 deg X 1 deg spatial grid point level. The extremely close agreement of OLR anomaly time series derived from observations by two different instruments implies that both sets of results must be highly stable. This agreement also validates to some extent the anomaly time series of the AIRS derived products used in the computation of the AIRS OLR product. The paper also examines the correlations of anomaly time series of AIRS and CERES OLR, on different spatial scales, as well as those of other AIRS derived products, with that of the NOAA Sea Surface Temperature (SST) product averaged over the NOAA Nino-4 spatial region. We refer to these SST anomalies as the El Nino Index. Large spatially coherent positive and negative correlations of OLR anomaly time series with that of the El Nino Index are found in different spatial regions. Anomalies of global mean, and especially tropical mean, OLR are highly positively correlated with the El Nino Index. These correlations explain that the recent global and tropical mean decreases in OLR over the period September 2002 through June 2011, as observed by both AIRS and CERES, are primarily the result of a transition from an El Nino condition at the beginning of the data record to La Nina conditions toward the end of the data period. We show that the close correlation of global mean, and especially tropical mean, OLR anomalies with the El Nino Index can be well accounted for by temporal changes of OLR within two spatial regions which lie outside the NOAA Nino-4 region, in which anomalies of cloud cover and mid-tropospheric water vapor are both highly negatively correlated with the El Nino Index. Agreement of the AIRS and CERES OLR(sub CLR) anomaly time series is less good, which may be a result of the large sampling differences in the ensemble of cases included in each OLR(sub CLR) data set.

Susskind, Joel↗
NASA NTRS1979

Interplanetary discontinuities - Temporal variations and the radial gradient from 1 to 8.5 AU

A dependence of the rate of occurrence and properties of interplanetary discontinuities on radial distance were investigated using Pioneer 10 and 11 vector helium magnetometer observations. Spatial and temporal variations were separated and discontinuities identified, noting that their rate of occurrence undergoes large variations well outside the deviations expected from statistical fluctuations. Temporal changes in the occurrence rate averaged over Bartels solar rotations were well correlated at Pioneer 10 and 11, separated by a distance of 2 AU, and time variations consisted of slow modulation of the occurrence rate due to changing solar conditions. The correlation over widely separated distances is interpreted by a model in which the discontinuities originate inside 1 AU and are convected outward by the solar wind. Evidence of spatial dependence was provided by a decrease in the rates of occurrence at both spacecraft with increasing radial distance, and it was shown that the Pioneer 11 rate, nearer the sun, exceeded the Pioneer 10 rate at greater distances.

Tsurutani, B. T.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Longitudinal variability of methane and ammonia bands on Jupiter. II - Temporal variations

A set of spectra has been obtained of the Jovian equatorial zone central meridian 6190 A CH4 and 6450 A NH3 bands on the nights of February 26, 27, and 28, 1980, a year after the data reported by Cochran and Cochran (1980), in order to check the previous results and search for possible temporal variations. The new data confirm the results of the previous study. A correlation of the NH3 and CH4 equivalent widths, as well as a lack of any strong correlation of red continuum reflectivity with equivalent width, are found. Longitude regions of larger or smaller than average equivalent width still seem to exist a year later, with some slight drift in longitude. An increase in the average CH4 and NH3 equivalent width over the entire planet was detected during the one year interval. This is easily understood as the result of a global decrease in the mean altitude of the NH3 cloud.

Cochran, W. D.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Automated mesoscale winds derived from GOES multispectral imagery

An automated technique for extracting mesoscale winds from sequences of GOES visible infrared spin scan radiatiometer (VISSR) image pairs has been developed, tested extensively, and configured for quasi-real time research applications on the Atmospheric Sciences Division's research computing sytem. The entire system of computer codes was successfully vectorized for execution on an array processor resulting in job turnaround in less than 1 hour. An objective quality control system provides much greater than 99 percent accuracy in eliminating questionable wind estimates. Dynamical analysis of cloud wind divergence has revealed temporally consistent convergence centers on the meso-beta scale that are highly correlated with ongoing and future developing convective storms.

Wilson, G. S.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Comparison of remote measurements of infrared surface temperatures and microwave soil moisture

Scatterometric measurements of active microwave soil water content and radiometric measurements of thermal IR surface temperatures were made simultaneously fron an aircraft flying 400 m over an agricultural region of France after harvesting. The surface temperatures were used to deterine soil moisture availability estimates according to the Carlson (1986) model. Surface temperature or soil moisture availability and microwave soil moisture were correlated. The standard error in the IR temperature and soil moisture availability due to influences other than soil moisture is found to be + or - 2 C. The standard deviation of the temperature/moisture availability is greater than this standard error. It is shown that correlations between soil water content and moisture availability improve with increasing spatial or temporal variance in the measure surface temperatures.

Perry, Eileen M.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Structure of magnetic fields on the quiet sun

To obtain quantitative temporal and spatial information on the network magnetic fields, auto- and cross-correlation techniques are applied to the Big Bear videomagnetogram data. The average size of the network magnetic elements derived from the auto-correlation curve is about 5700 km. The distance between the primary and secondary peak in the auto-correlation curve is about 17,000 km, which is half of the size of the supergranule as determined from the velocity map. The canceling features and the emergence of ephemeral regions are the major sources for the loss and replenishment of magnetic flux on the quiet sun.

Wang, Haimin↗
NASA NTRS1988

Capacity for patterns and sequences in Kanerva's SDM as compared to other associative memory models

The information capacity of Kanerva's Sparse Distributed Memory (SDM) and Hopfield-type neural networks is investigated. Under the approximations used here, it is shown that the total information stored in these systems is proportional to the number connections in the network. The proportionality constant is the same for the SDM and Hopfield-type models independent of the particular model, or the order of the model. The approximations are checked numerically. This same analysis can be used to show that the SDM can store sequences of spatiotemporal patterns, and the addition of time-delayed connections allows the retrieval of context dependent temporal patterns. A minor modification of the SDM can be used to store correlated patterns.

Keeler, James D.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Capacity for patterns and sequences in Kanerva's SDM as compared to other associative memory models

The information capacity of Kanerva's Sparse Distributed Memory (SDM) and Hopfield-type neural networks is investigated. Under the approximations used, it is shown that the total information stored in these systems is proportional to the number connections in the network. The proportionality constant is the same for the SDM and Hopfield-type models independent of the particular model, or the order of the model. The approximations are checked numerically. This same analysis can be used to show that the SDM can store sequences of spatiotemporal patterns, and the addition of time-delayed connections allows the retrieval of context dependent temporal patterns. A minor modification of the SDM can be used to store correlated patterns.

Keeler, James D.↗