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At least 307 records · Page 17

The interpretation of crustal dynamics data in terms of plate interactions and active tectonics of the Anatolian Plate and surrounding regions in the Middle East

The long-term objective of this project is to interpret NASA's Crustal Dynamics measurements (SLR) in the Eastern Mediterranean region in terms of relative plate movements and intraplate deformation. The approach is to combine realistic modeling studies with analysis of available geophysical and geological observations to provide a framework for interpreting NASA's measurements. This semi-annual report concentrates on recent results regarding the tectonics of Anatolia and surrounding regions from ground based observations. Also reported on briefly is progress in the use of the Global Positioning System to densify SLR observations in the Eastern Mediterranean. Reference is made to the previous annual report for a discussion of modeling results.

Toksoz, M. Nafi↗

Diapirs of the Mediterranean ridge: The tectonic regime of an incipient accreted terrane

The occurrence of diapirs in the Mediterranean ridge stems mostly from the massive deposition of salt and gypsum in the Mediterranean basin during the late Miocean. The diapiric emplacement of the evaporitic sequence is not obvious, because the mobilization of the salt beds and the initiation of the diapiric upward flow are constrained by the relatively shallow thickness of the Plio-Pleistocene sedimentary overburden and by the low heat flow that prevails in the eastern Mediterranean. The diapirs consist also of early Cretaceous shales as well as other gravitationally metastable strata which are less mobile than salt. Studies of subduction trenches and their surroundings show that shallow ridges occur seaward of the trenches in many places. The collisional motion between the African and the Eurasian plates would further enhance accretion of sediments in the Mediterranean ridge, which would attain subaerial exposure, and eventually would become a mountain range accreted to southern Europe. The numerous diapirs of salt and shales that occur in the ridge would be common features in the future accreted terrane, indicating an intermediate extensional phase in the tectonic history of the development of crustal growth.

Mart, Y.↗

Earthquake source mechanisms and transform fault tectonics in the Gulf of California

The source parameters of 19 earthquakes in the Gulf of California were determined from an inversion of long-period P and SH waveforms. The inversion procedure is described and the estimated precision of the derived source parameters is examined, with particular attention given to source complexity, the resolution of slip vector azimuth, and the resolution of centroid depth. The implications of these earthquake source characteristics for the tectonic evolution of the gulf are discussed.

Goff, John A.↗

Tectonics of Tharsis Dorsa on Mars

The tectonics of the Tharsis and adjoining areas is considered to be associated with the convection in the Martian mantle. Convection and mantle plume have been responsible for the primary uplift and volcanism of the Tharsis area. The radial compressional forces generated by the tendency for downslope movement of surface strata, vertical volcanic intrusions, and traction of mantle spreading beneath Tharsis were transmitted through the lithosphere to form peripheral mare ridge zones. The locations of mare ridges were thus mainly controlled by the Tharsis-radial compression. The load-induced stresses then contributed to further ridge formation over an extended period of time by the isostatic readjustment, which was responsible for long-term stresses in the adjoining areas. Extrusions, changes in internal temperature, and possible phase changes may also have caused changes in mantle volume, giving rise to additional compressional forces and crustal deformations.

Raitala, J.↗

Tectonic implications of radiogenic noble gases in planetary atmospheres

An account is given of the ways in which the He-4 and Ar-40 radiogenic isotopes furnish important constraints on planetary interior tectonics. In the case of the earth, where there are such independent constraints on radiogenic isotope concentrations as observed surface heat flow, the specification of radiogenic isotope concentration allows the interpretation of data on the Ar-40 atmospheric mass and mantle He-4 in terms of models for the entire mantle and of layered mantle convection. He loss rate estimates through the Venus atmosphere indicate a flux that is nearly equal to that through the earth atmosphere.

Turcotte, D. L.↗

Tectonic evolution of the Caribbean

The development of the Caribbean is discussed in terms of modern tectonic theory. The nature of the site on which the Caribbean formed is examined, and the development of the rifted margins of the Caribbean is described. Constraints on Caribbean evolution from the relative motions of North and South America are briefly examined, and the Caribbean Oceanic Plateau is discussed. The great island-arc system of the Caribbean is addressed in detail, emphasizing the way the Great Arc of the Caribbean was segmented. The role of Central America in Caribbean history is briefly considered.

Burke, Kevin↗

Tectonic setting of the Kolar Schist Belt, Karnataka, India

The tectonic setting of the Kolar Schist Belt and why the belt may represent a late Archean suture was discussed. The isotopic and chronological evidence that suggest diverse origins of the various packages of supracrustal rocks within the schist belt and the two gneiss terrains adjoining the belt were summarized. The eastern and western amphibolites were derived from sources at similar depths in the mantle (probably at similar ages, ca. 2.7 Ga), but these sources had distinct trace element compositions and histories. A distinctive feature of these differences was shown by the differences between the east and west amphibolites on a Ce vs. Nd diagram. In the gneisses the age and isotopic evidence suggest that the two terranes had distinct histories until after 2520 Ma and by 2420 Ma (Ar-40/Ar-39 age of muscovite in the sheared margin of the schist belt). Based on these data, the schist belt probably represents the site of accretion of diverse fragments (terrains) to the margin of the craton in the latest Archean, possibly as an Archean analog to the Phanerozoic North American Cordillera.

Hanson, G. N.↗

Tectonic implications of Archean anorthosite occurrences

The occurrences of megacrystic anorthosite and basalt in a variety of geologic settings were reviewed and it was found that these rock types occur in a variety of tectonic settings. Anorthosites and megacrystic basalts are petrogenetically related and are found in oceanic volcanic crust, cratons, and shelf environments. Although megacrystic basalts are most common in Archean terranes, similar occurrences are observed in rocks of early Proterozoic age, and even in young terranes such as the Galapagos hotspot. Based on inferences from experimental petrology, all of the occurrences are apparently associated with similar parental melts that are relatively Fe-rich tholeiites. The megacrystic rocks exhibit a two- (or more)-stage development of plagioclase, with the megacrysts having relatively uniform composition produced under nearly isothermal and isochemical conditions over substantial periods of time. The anorthosites appear to have intruded various crustal levels from very deep to very shallow. The petrogenetic indicators, however, suggest that conditions of formation of the Precambrian examples were different from Phanerozoic occurrences.

Phinney, W. C.↗

Petrology and tectonic development of supracrustal sequence of Kerala Khondalite Belt, Southern India

The granulite terrain of southern India, of which the Kerala Khondalite belt (KKB) is a part, is unique in exposing crustal sections with arrested charnockite growth in different stages of transformation and in varied lithological association. The KKB with rocks of surficial origin and incipient charnockite development, poses several problems relating to the tectonics of burial of vast area and mechanisms involved in expelling initial H2O (causes of dryness) for granulite facies metamorphism. It is possible to infer the following sequence of events based on the field and laboratory studies: (1) derivation of protoliths of KKB from granitic uplands and deposition in fault bounded basin (cratonic rift); (2) subhorizontal deep burial of sediments; (3) intense deformation of infra and supracrustal rocks; (4) early granulite facies metamorphism predating F sub 2 - loss of primary structure in sediments and formation of charnockites from amphibole bearing gneisses and khondalites from pelites; (5) migmatisation and deformation of metasediments and gneisses; (6) second event of charnockite formation probably aided by internal CO2 build-up; and (7) isothermal uplift, entrapment of late CO2 and mixed CO2-H2O fluids, formation of second generation cordierites and cordierite symplectites.

Kumar, G. R. Ravindra↗

Plate tectonics 2.5 billion years ago - Evidence at Kolar, south India

The Archean Kolar Schist Belt, south India, is a suture zone where two gneiss terranes and at least two amphibolite terranes with distinct histories were accreted. Amphibolites from the eastern and western sides of the schist belt have distinct incompatible element and isotopic characteristics suggesting that their volcanic protoliths were derived from different mantle sources. The amphibolite and gneiss terranes were juxtaposed by horizontal compression and shearing between 2530 and 2420 million years ago (Ma) along a zone marked by the Kolar Schist Belt. This history of accretion of discrete crustal terranes resembles those of Phanerozoic convergent margins and thus suggests that plate tectonics operated on earth by 2500 Ma.

Krogstad, E. J.↗

Tectonic wedging in the forearc basin - Accretionary prism transition, Lesser Antilles forearc

This paper describes regional structure of the inner forearc of the southern Lesser Antilles, which contains an extensive 50-70 km wide inner forearc deformation belt (IFDB) developed above crystalline basement of the undeformed forearc basin (FAB), close to and perhaps above its probable subduction trace with Atlantic lithosphere. The IFDB is analyzed, with emphasis placed on five transects across the belt, using mainly migrated seismic sections and balanced model cross sections. The IFDB features and its evolution are discussed, with special attention given to the major structures divided by early and late stages of development, paleobathymetric history, event timing, displacement and strain, and alternative tectonic explanations.

Torrini, Rudolph, Jr.↗

Tectonism on Venus: A review

Venus is more similar to Earth than to any other planet. It has elevated regions associated with marginal fold and thrust belts, fracture zones that extend tens of thousands of kilometers, crustal swells and shields that are hundreds of kilometers in diameter and 1 to 2 km high, and sublinear accumulations of volcanic cones and domes that stretch for thousands of kilometers across the plains. The Venusian surface is, however, distinctly different from Earth's in that: (1) its elevated terrains cannot be distinguished from its low plains on a hypsometric curve; (2) trenches have not been found plainsward of the marginal belts; (3) fracture zones bear no resemblance to mid-oceanic ridges; and (4) some features, such as the ridge-belt zone near 210 deg E, seem to have no terrestrial analog. Various theories about tectonism on Venus and Earth of other authors are reviewed.

Kozak, Richard C.↗

Eastern Ishtar Terra: Tectonic evolution derived from recognized features

Previous analyses have recognized several styles and orientations of compressional deformation, crustal convergence, and crustal thickening in Eastern Ishtar Terra. An east to west sense of crustal convergence through small scale folding, thrusting, and buckling is reflected in the high topography and ridge-and-valley morphology of Maxwell Montes and the adjacent portion of Fortuna Tessera. This east to west convergence was accompanied by up to 1000 km of lateral motion and large scale strike-slip faulting within two converging shear zones which has resulted in the present morphology of Maxwell Montes. A more northeast to southwest sense of convergence through large scale buckling and imbrication is reflected in large, northwest-trending scarps along the entire northern boundary of Ishtar Terra, with up to 2 km of relief present at many of the scarps. It was previously suggested that both styles of compression have occurred at the expense of pre-existing tessera regions which have then been overprinted by the latest convergence event. The difference in style is attributed mostly to differences in the properties of the crust converging with the tessera blocks. If one, presumably thick, tessera block converges with another tessera region, then the widespread, distributed style of deformation occurs, as observed in western Fortuna Tessera. However, if relatively thin crust (such as suggested for the North Polar Plains converges with thicker tessera regions, then localized deformation occurs, as reflected in the scarps along Northern Ishtar Terra. The purpose is to identify the types of features observed in Eastern Ishtar Terra. Their potential temporal and spatial relationships, is described, possible origins for them is suggested, and how the interpretation of some of these features has led to the multiple-style tectonic evolution model described is shown.

Vorderbruegge, R. W.↗

Tectonic history of the terrestrial planets

It is impossible in a single brief summary to convey the full range of research results that have come from this project over the last 13 years. The sweep of subjects covered ranges widely over the broad areas of the thermal and tectonic evolution of the terrestrial planets. A full list of all publications supported by this grant is presented. The list includes 48 published journal articles, 2 papers currently in press, 3 chapters of books, 4 M.I.T. theses, 1 technical report, and 107 published abstracts and extended abstracts. All of these publications were submitted separately to NASA at the time of publication or submission.

Solomon, Sean C.↗

MEVTV Workshop on Tectonic Features on Mars

The state of knowledge of tectonic features on Mars was determined and kinematic and mechanical models were assessed for their origin. Three sessions were held: wrinkle ridges and compressional structure; strike-slip faults; and extensional structures. Each session began with an overview of the features under discussion. In the case of wrinkle ridges and extensional structures, the overview was followed by keynote addresses by specialists working on similar structures on the Earth. The first session of the workshop focused on the controversy over the relative importance of folding, faulting, and intrusive volcanism in the origin of wrinkle ridges. The session ended with discussions of the origin of compressional flank structures associated with Martian volcanoes and the relationship between the volcanic complexes and the inferred regional stress field. The second day of the workshop began with the presentation and discussion of evidence for strike-slip faults on Mars at various scales. In the last session, the discussion of extensional structures ranged from the origin of grabens, tension cracks, and pit-crater chains to the origin of Valles Marineris canyons. Shear and tensile modes of brittle failure in the formation of extensional features and the role of these failure modes in the formation of pit-crater chains and the canyons of Valles Marineris were debated. The relationship of extensional features to other surface processes, such as carbonate dissolution (karst) were also discussed.

Watters, Thomas R.↗

Tectonics and volcanism in central Mexico - A Landsat Thematic Mapper perspective

Digitally enhanced Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images were used to map neotectonic deformation in central Mexico. This region has been studied for decades using a variety of geological and geophysical techniques, but synoptic mapping of neotectonic activity and major fault zones there, and an evaluation of their regional relationship to the character and location of volcanism were not previously possible until the application of synoptic, high resolution satellite imagery. Interpretation of the TM images shows that the tectonic deformation is closely linked in time and space to the dominantly calc-alkaline volcanics of the Mexican Volcanic Belt (MVB). The eruptive style and distribution of the volcanics is clearly related to the deformation resulting from relative motions of three large crustal blocks south of the MVB. Therefore, zones of weakness within the crust of central Mexico, which may be inherited from earlier episodes of deformation, are a principal factor controlling the oblique orientation of the MVB relative to the Acapulco Trench.

Johnson, C. A.↗

Geodetic measurement of tectonic deformation in the Santa Maria Fold and Thrust Belt, California

Geodetic observations taken over the last 100 years were analyzed to quantify active tectonic deformations in the Santa Maria Fold and Thrust Belt (SMFTB), California. Three different types of data were combined to estimate two-dimensioanl station positions and strain rate parameters simultaneously: (1) historical triangulation from the 1880s, 1920s, and 1950s; (2) electronic distance measurement trilateration from 1971 and 1985; and (3) GPS observations from 1986 and 1987. Results imply that the SMFTB is the primary active element in transforming motion from the Coast Ranges to the western Transverse Ranges and the Santa Barbara Channel.

Feigl, Kurt L.↗