On the effect of subsonic trailing edges on damping in roll and pitch of thin sweptback wings in a supersonic stream
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DAMPING IN ROLL↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
Results for “stream stability”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Supersonic boundary layer stability analysis with and without suction on aircraft wings
An analysis of the boundary layer and its stability with and without suction on a supersonic cruise fighter wing having biconvex 5 percent thick airfoils is conducted for a free-stream Mach number of 2.0 and an angle of attack of 4.0 deg. It is found that the largest amplification is due to the highly oblique traveling cross flow type waves, oriented approximately 80 deg without suction, and 87.5 deg with suction, from the local external velocity vector. It is concluded that with the biconvex airfoil section on the thin swept wing, this type of instability would be the likely cause of transition. The approximate values of the frequency, wave orientation angle, and wavelength/chord ratio for the most amplified disturbance are given for the cases of suction and no suction. The largest amplifications are found for highly oblique traveling crossflow type waves oriented at approximately 80 deg without suction and 87.5 deg with suction, measured from the local external velocity vector.
Agrawal, Shreekant↗
Electromagnetic instabilities attributed to a cross-field ion drift
Instabilities due to a cross-field ion flow are reexamined by including the electromagnetic response of the ions, which has been ignored in existing discussions. It is found that this effect can lead to significant enhancement of the growth rate. Among the new results, a purely growing, electromagnetic unstable mode with a wave vector k parallel to the ambient magnetic field is found. The plasma configuration under consideration is similar to that used in the discussion of the well-known modified-two-stream instability. This instability has a growth rate faster than the ion cyclotron frequency, and is not susceptible to high-plasma-beta stabilization.
Chang, C. L.↗
The effect of entrance radius and film injection on wall heating in scramjet nozzles
An experimental study has been performed with a scramjet combustor and nozzle model to determine the effect of nozzle radii on relaminarization, and the effectiveness of film injection in reducing wall heat flux. The nozzle model was installed downstream of a swept-ramp scramjet combustor model, operated at Mach 2.7 with vitiated air, simulating Mach 6-7 flight enthalpies. Results from tests conducted with three nozzle radii, varying in curvature from a sharp Prandtl-Meyer expansion to a radius of two scramjet combustor exit heights, showed little or no effect on the downstream wall heat flux, which is not in agreement with both subsonic and supersonic relaminarization correlations in the available literature. In contrast, film injection upstream of all three radii produced reductions of 70 percent in the entire nozzle model heating rate, for the nominal film-to-free stream pressure matched condition. Results from film injection, with and without pressure gradient, but without wall curvature, show that the gradients appear to stabilize the film, with the resulting reductions in wall heat transfer rates apparent far downstream of the point of injection.
Baker, N. R.↗
Velocity and drop size measurements in a confined, swirl-stabilized, combusting spray
Drop size and velocity measurements in a confined, swirl-stabilized, reacting spray are presented. The configuration consisted of a center-mounted research air-assist atomizer surrounded by a coflowing air stream. A quartz tube surrounded the burner and provided the confinement. Both the air-assist and coflow streams had swirl imparted to them in the same direction with 45-degree-angle swirlers. The fuel and air entered the combustor at ambient temperature. The gas-phase measurements reported were obtained from the velocity drops with a mean diameter of four microns. Heptane fuel was used for all the experiments. Measurements of drop size and velocity, gas-phase velocity and drop number flux are reported for axial distances of 23, 5, 10, 15, 25, and 50 mm downstream of the nozzle. The measurements were performed using a two-component phase/Doppler particle analyzer. Profiles across the entire flowfield are presented.
Bulzan, Daniel L.↗
PROCESS DEVELOPMENT FOR THE RECOVERY OF CRITICAL MATERIALS FROM ELECTRONIC WASTE
As electronic technology continues to evolve there is a growing need to develop processes which recover valuable material from antiquated technology. This need follows from the environmental challenges associated with the availability of raw materials and fast growing generation of electronic waste. Although just present in small quantities in electronic devices, the availability of raw materials, such as rare earths and precious metals, becomes critical for the production of high tech electronic devices and the development of green technologies (i.e. wind turbines, electric motors, and solar panels). Therefore, the proper recycling and processing of increasing volumes of electronic waste present an opportunity to stabilize the market of critical materials, reducing the demand of mined products, and providing a proper disposal and treatment of a hazardous waste stream. This paper will describe development and techno-economic assessment of a comprehensive process for the recovery of value and critical materials from electronic waste. This hydrometallurgical scheme aims to selectively recover different value segments in the materials streams (base metals, precious metals, and rare earths). The economic feasibility for the recovery of rare earths from electronic waste is mostly driven by the efficient recovery of precious metals, such as Au and Pd (ca. 80 % of the total recoverable value). Rare earth elements contained in magnets (speakers, vibrators and hard disk storage) can be recovered as a mixture of rare earths oxides which can later be reduced to the production of new magnets.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Direct Catalytic Conversion of Ethanol to C[subscript 5+] Ketones: Role of Pd-Zn Alloy on Catalytic Activity and Stability
Abstract not provided
Subramaniam, Senthil↗
Stability of Supersonic Boundary Layers on a Cone at an Angle of Attack
The stability and receptivity of three-dimensional supersonic boundary layers over a 7deg sharp tipped straight cone at an angle of attack of 4.2deg is numerically investigated at a free stream Mach number of 3.5 and at two high Reynolds numbers, 0.25 and 0.50x10(exp 6)/inch. The generation and evolution of stationary crossflow vortices are also investigated by performing simulations with three-dimensional roughness elements located on the surface of the cone. The flow fields with and without the roughness elements are obtained by solving the full Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates using the fifth-order accurate weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme for spatial discretization and using the third-order total-variation-diminishing (TVD) Runge-Kutta scheme for temporal integration. Stability computations reveal that the azimuthal wavenumbers are in the range of m approx. 25-50 for the most amplified traveling disturbances and in the range of m approx. 40-70 for the stationary disturbances. The N-Factor computations predicted that transition would occur further forward in the middle of the cone compared to the transition fronts near the windward and the leeward planes. The simulations revealed that the crossflow vortices originating from the nose region propagate towards the leeward plane. No perturbations were observed in the lower part of the cone.
Balakumar, Ponnampalam↗
Effects of free-stream turbulence on boundary-layer transition
Traditional methods for the prediction of the transition location rest either on lump parameters like the momentum thickness or on N factors obtained from the approximate linear stability characteristics of the flow. These methods account for the effects of the disturbance environment by empirical correlation with observed transition locations. We have developed a highly efficient and accurate approach to stability analysis and transition simulation based on parabolized stability equations (PSE). Here we present a first application of this approach to realistic problems of practical interest. We study the effects of the turbulence level on transition and heat transfer in flows over flat plates, curved plates, and the stator blade of a gas-turbine model. We discuss the formulation of an input model for the PSE analysis in the light of the present knowledge of receptivity mechanisms. The input model is used to compute transition locations for various configurations and flow conditions. The results compare favorably with experimental data.
Herbert, TH.↗
A comparison of Eulerian and semi-Lagrangian approaches for modeling stream water quality
This paper describes and compares some of the advantages and limitations of Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches to water quality modeling and introduces a mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian (or semi-Lagrangian) methodology that captures the strengths of both approaches. The semi-Lagrangian modeling approach is applied to advection-dominated rivers, and flexibly ensures unconditional stability for all time step durations and grid segmentations. The semi-Lagrangian modeling approach is demonstrated by applying it to estimate the dissolved oxygen concentrations in the Sava River in Slovenia, focusing on aspects of the methodology and findings that would be of broad interest to managers of water quality in fluvial water bodies. Results of comparisons of the semi-Lagrangian model with the Eulerian-based QUAL2K model in steady and non-steady scenarios demonstrate that while both models are fully capable of producing satisfactory results when optimally configured, the semi-Lagrangian approach offers accuracy and stability without sensitivity to the interaction of time step size and computational grid segmentation scheme.
Sava River↗
A Novel Zwitterionic Chromatography Approach to Separate Lithium from Unconventional Resources
Lithium (Li) is a key element for clean energy technologies, and, accordingly, the global lithium demand has been increasing rapidly. Therefore, to meet the Li demand and maintain supply chain stability, it is critical to develop efficient lithium extraction technologies that allow exploitation of unconventional lithium resources, such as geothermal brines and inland brine streams. However, the recovery of Li from these resources is challenging due to low Li concentration, low ratios of Li/Na, Li/Mg, or Li/Ca, and complex feed compositions. To address this, we introduced a new Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) process using Zwitterionic Chromatography (ZIC) to separate Li from other salts. Since salts are partitioned on ZIC under water elution, no reagent chemicals are needed, and the Li separation is not limited by the adsorption capacity. We prepared 13 different zwitterionic (ZI) resins to investigate the salt retention on various ZI groups and then screened out promising sorbents for efficient Li separation. It was found that salt retention was synergistically affected by the pore size and ZI configurations. Using carboxybetaine (QAC3CA) sorbents, multicomponent separations showed that Li can be partitioned from divalent salts or Na with selectivities of 1.8 or 1.9, respectively. Although the selectivity is relatively low, in real brine tests, Li was separated from Ca and Mg with 79.2 % yield, showing the potential for a continuous process to achieve high productivity and high yield. Simulation studies suggest the salt elution mechanism is related to the hydration reaction energy and the effective hydrated radius of cations.
critical minerals↗
Role of ring-enlargement reactions in the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons
Ring-enlargement reactions can provide a fast route towards the formation of six-membered single-ring or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To investigate the participation of the cyclopentadienyl (C 5 H 5 ) radical in ring-enlargement reactions in high-temperature environments, a mass-spectrometric study was conducted. Experimental access to the C 5 H 5 high-temperature chemistry was provided by two counterflow diffusion flames. Cyclopentene was chosen as a primary fuel given the large amount of resonantly stabilized cyclopentadienyl radicals produced by its decomposition and its high tendency to form PAHs. In a second experiment, methane was added to the fuel stream to promote methyl addition pathways and to assess the importance of ring-enlargement reactions for PAH growth. The experimental dataset includes mole fraction profiles of small intermediate hydrocarbons and of several larger species featuring up to four condensed aromatic rings. Results show that, while the addition of methane enhances the production of methylcyclopentadiene and benzene, the concentration of larger polycyclic hydrocarbons is reduced. The increase of benzene is probably attributable to the interaction between the methyl and the cyclopentadienyl radicals. However, the formation of larger aromatics seems to be dominated only by the cyclopentadienyl driven molecular-growth routes which are hampered by the addition of methane. Furthermore, in addition to the experimental work, two chemical mechanisms were tested and newly calculated reaction rates for cyclopentadiene reactions were included. In an attempt to assess the impact of cyclopentadienyl ring-enlargement chemistry on the mechanisms’ predictivity, pathways to form benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene were investigated. Results show that the updated mechanism provides an improved agreement between the computed and measured aromatics concentrations. Nevertheless, a detailed study of the single reaction steps leading to toluene, styrene, and ethylbenzene would be certainly beneficial.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Study of mesoscale phenomena, winter monsoon clouds and snow area based on LANDSAT data
The author has identified the following significant results. Most longitudinal clouds which appear as continuous linear clouds are composed of small transversal clouds. There are mountain waves of different wavelength in a comparatively narrow area indicating complicated orographical effects on wind and temperature distribution or on both dynamical and static stability condition. There is a particular shape of cirrus cloud suggestive of turbulence in the vicinity of CAT in the upper troposphere near jet stream level and its cold air side. Thin cirrus of overcast condition can be distinguished by MSS; however, extremely thin cirrus of partly cloudy condition cannot be detected even in LANDSAT data. This presents a serious problem in the interpretation of satellite thermal infrared radiation data since they affect the value.
Tsuchiya, K.↗
On the design of a new Mach 3.5 quiet nozzle
To advance boundary-layer stability and transition research and to ultimately provide reliable predictions of transition for supersonic flight vehicles, a wind tunnel is required with very low stream disturbance levels comparable to free flight conditions. A new concept for nozzle design is presented which promises a large increase in the length of the quiet test core. The Advanced Mach 3.5 Axisymmetric Quiet Nozzle is the first prototype built to prove the new design concept. The Reynolds numbers based on the measured length of the quiet test core for this new nozzle are in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Chen, Fang-Jenq↗
Electron-ion hybrid instabilities driven by velocity shear in a magnetized plasma
The stability of a magnetized plasma is investigated in which a sheared electron flow channel is present. The flow's peak velocity and shear scale length are denoted by V and L, respectively. If the velocity channel is perpendicular to the confining magnetic field and L is less than the ion Larmor radius, an electrostatic instability develops whose frequency is on the order of the lower hybrid frequency. It is concluded that velocity shear is the only source of free energy. Further, it is shown that density gradients do not stabilize this mode. It follows that the mode presented in this work can not be identified with the well-known modified two-stream instability. If the velocity channel is parallel to the confining magnetic field and the plasma is weakly magnetized, an instability driven by velocity shear is shown to exist.
Romero, H.↗
Instability and transition in three-dimensional supersonic boundary layers
Linear stability of three-dimensional flow past a 5 deg semi-vertex sharp cone at 2 deg incidence in Mach 3.5 free-stream is studied. Computed laminar mean flow profiles along the leeward line of symmetry are highly inflectional and, hence, much more unstable than the profiles along the windward line of symmetry. Accordingly, transition occurs much earlier along the leeward line both in the present calculations (based upon eN approach) and in the experiments of King (1991) performed in NASA Langley 'quiet' tunnel. Boundary-layer transition in the region between the two symmetry lines is influenced by the crossflow generated due to the angle of attack and, as a consequence, it progressively moves upstream with increasing azimuthal angle measured from the windward line. The computed transition front is qualitatively similar to the experimental results, although some differences remain.
Malik, M. R.↗
Theoretical method for solution of aerodynamic forces on thin wings in nonuniform supersonic stream with an application to tail surfaces
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THEORIES - WINGS↗
Structure of a Swirl-stabilized, Combusting Spray
Measurements of the structure of a swirl-stabilized, reacting spray are presented. The configuration consisted of a research air-assist atomizer located in the center surrounded by a coflowing air stream. Both the air assist and coflow streams had swirl imparted to them in the same direction with 45 degree angle swirlers. The fuel and air entered the combustor at ambient temperature and the combustor was operated in an unconfined environment. The gas phase was seeded with aluminum oxide particles in order to obtain velocity measurements. Velocity measurements for the gas phase are reported for both an isothermal, single-phase case without drops and a reacting spray case at axial distances from 2.5 to 350 mm downstream of the nozzle. Both mean and fluctuating values are reported. Heptane fuel was used for all the experiments. Drop size and velocity, and drop number flux are also reported for five axial distances downstream. Both mean and fluctuating values are reported for the drops. The measurements were performed using a two-component phase/Doppler particle analyzer. Profiles across the entire flowfield where velocities were significant are presented. Mean gas phase temperatures were also measured intrusively using a single pt/pt-13 percent rh thermocouple and are reported at axial distances from 2.5 to 200 mm downstream of the nozzle.
Bulzan, Daniel L.↗