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At least 307 records · Page 17

Study of photon emission by electron capture during solar nuclei acceleration, 1: Temperature-dependent cross section for charge changing processes

The study of charge changing cross sections of fast ions colliding with matter provides the fundamental basis for the analysis of the charge states produced in such interactions. Given the high degree of complexity of the phenomena, there is no theoretical treatment able to give a comprehensive description. In fact, the involved processes are very dependent on the basic parameters of the projectile, such as velocity charge state, and atomic number, and on the target parameters, the physical state (molecular, atomic or ionized matter) and density. The target velocity, may have also incidence on the process, through the temperature of the traversed medium. In addition, multiple electron transfer in single collisions intrincates more the phenomena. Though, in simplified cases, such as protons moving through atomic hydrogen, considerable agreement has been obtained between theory and experiments However, in general the available theoretical approaches have only limited validity in restricted regions of the basic parameters. Since most measurements of charge changing cross sections are performed in atomic matter at ambient temperature, models are commonly based on the assumption of targets at rest, however at Astrophysical scales, temperature displays a wide range in atomic and ionized matter. Therefore, due to the lack of experimental data , an attempt is made here to quantify temperature dependent cross sections on basis to somewhat arbitrary, but physically reasonable assumptions.

Perez-Peraza, J.↗

NuSTAR Observations of Abell 2163: Constraints on Non-thermal Emission

Since the first non-thermal reports of inverse Compton (IC) emission from the intracluster medium (ICM) of galaxy clusters at hard X-ray energies, we have yet to unambiguously confirm IC emission in observations with newer facilities. RXTE detected IC emission in one of the hottest known clusters, Abell 2163 (A2163), a massive merging cluster with a giant radio halo—the presumed source of relativistic electrons IC scattering CMB photons to X-ray energies. The cluster's redshift (z ~ 0.2) allows its thermal and non-thermal radio emission to fit the field of view of the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR), permitting a deep observation capable of confirming or ruling out the RXTE report. The IC flux provides constraints on the average magnetic field strength in a cluster. To determine the global diffuse IC emission in A2163, we fit its global NuSTAR spectrum with four models: single- (1T) and two-temperature (2T), 1T+power-law component (T+IC), and multi-temperature+power law (9T+IC). Each represents different characterizations of the thermal ICM emission, with power-law components added to represent IC emission. We find that the 3–30 keV spectrum can be described by purely thermal emission, with a global average temperature of kT = (11.8 ± 0.2) keV. The IC flux is constrained to <4.0 × 10 –12 erg s –1 cm –2 using the 1T+IC model and <1.6 × 10 –12 erg s –1 cm –2 with the more physical 9T+IC model, both to 90% confidence levels. Here, combining these limits with 1.4 GHz diffuse radio data from the VLA, we find the average magnetic field strength to be >0.22 μG and >0.35 μG, respectively, providing the strongest constraints on these values in A2163 to date.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

The implications of hydrogen emission line ratios in quasi-stellar objects

The results of multilevel, depth-dependent, fully interlocked radiative transfer calculations for hydrogen emission line strengths in a single QSO emission line cloud (ELC) are summarized. The hydrogen-line forming region of the ELC is found to be quite thick (tau sub el between 1,000 and 100,000), which is consistent with heating of a pure hydrogen cloud by photoionization. Results indicate that the volume-averaged escape probability approach introduces large errors by assuming, in effect, that a single point in the ELC is representative of the emergent radiation; that the influence of frequency redistribution on the photon escape probability in resonance and subordinate lines must be explicitly recognized, and that full consistency between excitation and ionization processes must be maintained.

Canfield, R. C.↗

Coronal Dynamics and Complete Flare Energy Budget for the M Dwarf AD Leo

This grant supported the observing and data analysis for FUSE Cycle 3 project C114 to observe the flare star AD Leo for 50 ksec coordinated with HST (Hubble Space Telescope) STIS ultraviolet spectroscopy and Chandra X-ray spectroscopy. Unfortunately, it was impossible to obtain the planned FUSE observations because AD Leo is a low declination target (delta approximately 20 degrees) and was rendered unobservable by restrictions in the sky coverage for FUSE observations. In April 2002 another M dwarf star, EV Lac, which is at significantly higher declination, was substituted for this project. EV Lac was observed by FUSE for a cumulative exposure of 35 ksec on 2002 July 1. The observation used the large LWRS aperture and collected data in time-tagged mode. The LWRS aperture is large enough that the target should remain within the aperture despite the normal level of pointing jitter and target drift experienced during FUSE observing. Our examination of the stellar signal showed that the target was well within the aperture throughout the observation. The data were split into night-time and day-time data so that the effects of airglow emission were recognizable. No obvious flaring, the primary science objective, was detected during the observation. The only stellar lines detected are 0 VI 1031.9, 1037.6 Angstrom, and the C III 1175 Angstrom, UV multiplet and the 977 Angstrom, resonance line. A comparison of the day-time and night-time spectra show that the 0 VI lines and the C III intersystem multiplet are unaffected by airglow features. The day-time data 977 Angstrom profile shows the presence of significant scattered solar C III photons, which should not be present in the night time spectrum. Emission fluxes for these lines were measured by direct summation of the emission lines. No continuum signal was detected in the region of these lines. The cleanest emission line profiles are for the O VI lines and we performed Gaussian fitting for these profiles. Both lines are clearly skewed with the emission peak shifted shortward of the line centroid and with emission extending further in the longward wing than for the shortward wing. A single Gaussian fits the 1032 Angstrom line profile reasonably and gives a line flux similar to that from direct integration with a line width (FWHM) of 0.16 Angstrom, (46 kilometers per second).

Brown, Alexander↗

MBE growth and donor doping of coherent ultrawide bandgap AlGaN alloy layers on single-crystal AlN substrates

Single-crystal Aluminum Nitride (AlN) crystals enable the epitaxial growth of ultrawide bandgap Al(Ga)N alloys with drastically lower extended defect densities. Here, we report the plasma-MBE growth conditions for high Al-composition AlGaN alloys on single-crystal AlN substrates. An AlGaN growth guideline map is developed, leading to pseudomorphic Al x Ga 1–x N epitaxial layers with x ~0.6–1.0 Al contents at a growth rate of ~0.3 μm/h. These epitaxial layers exhibit atomic steps, indicating step flow epitaxial growth, and room-temperature band edge emission from ~4.5 to 5.9 eV. Growth conditions are identified in which the background impurity concentrations of O, C, Si, and H in the MBE layers are found to be very near or below detection limits. An interesting Si segregation and gettering behavior is observed at the epitaxial AlGaN/AlN heterojunction with significant implications for the formation and transport of 2D electron or hole gases. Well-controlled intentional Si doping ranging from ~2 × 10 17 to 3 × 10 19 atoms/cm 3 is obtained, with sharp dopant density transition profiles. In Si-doped Al 0.6 Ga 0.4 N epilayers, a room-temperature free electron concentration of ~3 × 10 19 /cm 3 , an electron mobility of ~27 cm 2 /V s, and an n-type resistivity of ~7.5 m Ω cm are obtained. Here, the implications of these findings on electronic and photonic devices on single-crystal AlN substrates are discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Observations of the hard X-ray spectrum of the impulsive phase of solar flares

The impulsive solar hard X-ray spectrum provides a direct diagnostic on the impulsive energy release of the flare. The data from the hard X-ray (14-342 keV) spectrometer on OSO 7 have been examined for events covering a wide energy range to determine the photon spectrum more precisely. This resulted in a sample of 38 events. The data have been fitted with either single- or double-power laws, and with an exponential spectrum, as from thermal bremsstrahlung. The chi-squared statistic between two-parameter fits strongly favors the exponential fit, particularly at peak intensity when the widest energy range is sampled. This result supports a single-temperature thermal source of the impulsive solar hard X-rays with temperatures in the range 4.7-31 keV and emission measures in the range from 8.4 x 10 to the 43rd to 6.0 x 10 to the 46th per cu cm. The temperature reaches a single maximum and then rapidly decays, but the emission measure usually increases throughout, even after temperature maximum, for data with 10-s resolution.

Elcan, M. J.↗

Efficient prediction of attosecond two-colour pulses from an X-ray free-electron laser with machine learning

Abstract X-ray free-electron lasers are sources of coherent, high-intensity X-rays with numerous applications in ultra-fast measurements and dynamic structural imaging. Due to the stochastic nature of the self-amplified spontaneous emission process and the difficulty in controlling injection of electrons, output pulses exhibit significant noise and limited temporal coherence. Standard measurement techniques used for characterizing two-coloured X-ray pulses are challenging, as they are either invasive or diagnostically expensive. In this work, we employ machine learning methods such as neural networks and decision trees to predict the central photon energies of pairs of attosecond fundamental and second harmonic pulses using parameters that are easily recorded at the high-repetition rate of a single shot. Using real experimental data, we apply a detailed feature analysis on the input parameters while optimizing the training time of the machine learning methods. Our predictive models are able to make predictions of central photon energy for one of the pulses without measuring the other pulse, thereby leveraging the use of the spectrometer without having to extend its detection window. We anticipate applications in X-ray spectroscopy using XFELs, such as in time-resolved X-ray absorption and photoemission spectroscopy, where improved measurement of input spectra will lead to better experimental outcomes.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Computing Temperatures in Optically Thick Protoplanetary Disks

We worked with a Monte Carlo radiative transfer code to simulate the transfer of energy through protoplanetary disks, where planet formation occurs. The code tracks photons from the star into the disk, through scattering, absorption and re-emission, until they escape to infinity. High optical depths in the disk interior dominate the computation time because it takes the photon packet many interactions to get out of the region. High optical depths also receive few photons and therefore do not have well-estimated temperatures. We applied a modified random walk (MRW) approximation for treating high optical depths and to speed up the Monte Carlo calculations. The MRW is implemented by calculating the average number of interactions the photon packet will undergo in diffusing within a single cell of the spatial grid and then updating the packet position, packet frequencies, and local radiation absorption rate appropriately. The MRW approximation was then tested for accuracy and speed compared to the original code. We determined that MRW provides accurate answers to Monte Carlo Radiative transfer simulations. The speed gained from using MRW is shown to be proportional to the disk mass.

radiative transfer↗

Photon-recoil and laser-focusing limits to Rydberg gate fidelity

Limits to Rydberg gate fidelity that arise from the entanglement of internal states of neutral atoms with the motional degrees of freedom due to the momentum kick from photon absorption and re-emission is quantified. This occurs when the atom is in a superposition of internal states but only one of these states is manipulated by visible or UV photons. The Schrödinger equation that describes this situation is presented and two cases are explored. In the first case, the entanglement arises because the spatial wave function shifts due to the separation in time between excitation and stimulated emission. For neutral atoms in a harmonic trap, the decoherence can be expressed within a sudden approximation when the duration of the laser pulses are shorter than the harmonic oscillator period. In this limit, the decoherence is given by simple analytic formulas that account for the momentum of the photon, the temperature of the atoms, the harmonic oscillator frequency, and atomic mass. In the second case, there is a reduction in gate fidelity because the photons causing absorption and stimulated emission are in focused beam modes. This leads to a dependence of the optically induced changes in the internal states on the center of mass atomic position. In the limit where the time between pulses is short, the decoherence can be expressed as a simple analytic formula involving the laser waist, temperature of the atoms, the trap frequency, and the atomic mass. These limits on gate fidelity are studied for the standard π-2π-π Rydberg gate and a protocol based on a single adiabatic pulse with a Gaussian envelope.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

Predicted performance of a tangential viewing hard x-ray camera for the DIII-D high field side lower hybrid current drive experiment

High field side launch of lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) has improved accessibility and penetration over low field side launch on DIII-D. Simulations predict single pass absorption under a wide range of plasma conditions. Hard x-ray (HXR) measurement of LHCD generated fast electron bremsstrahlung (50–250 keV) will validate wave propagation and absorption. Emissivity profiles are recovered from one-dimensional inversion of HXR brightness to determine LH damping location, fast electron slowing down time, and some indication of the fast electron energy. The camera will be implemented by populating 32 tangential sightlines of the existing Gamma Ray Imager with Kromek SPEARTM Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) detectors sensitive to 10–1000 keV photons with 10 keV energy resolution. Expected count rates allow for <0.5 ms time resolution. Pulses are processed using 50 ns shaping time Cremat CR-200 Gaussian shaping modules and are digitized by 25 MHz D-TACQ ACQ216 digitizers. The performance of the HXR camera is evaluated by comparing predicted fast electron density profiles and inverted synthetic brightnesses obtained from the ray-tracing/Fokker–Planck codes GENRAY/CQL3D. Inversions closely matched predicted fast electron profiles for a range of experimental parameters.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Observations with the SMM gamma-ray spectrometer - The impulsive solar flares of 1980 March 29

Gamma-ray continuum emission from 0.3 to 1 MeV was observed with the gamma-ray spectrometer on the Solar Maximum Mission satellite during two impulsive solar flares on 1980 March 29, from active region 2363 at 0918 UT and from active region 2357 at 0955 UT. Evidence is presented for a hardening of the spectrum during the impulsive phase of the flares. The photon intensity greater than 100 keV appears to decay at a slower rate than that at lower energies. Time-integrated photon spectra for both flares are incompatible with a single-temperature thermal-bremsstrahlung model. Upper limits for prompt and delayed gamma-ray lines are presented.

Ryan, J. M.↗

Calibration of the SHERLOC Deep Ultraviolet Fluorescence–Raman Spectrometer on the Perseverance Rover

We describe the wavelength calibration of the spectrometer for the scanning of habitable environments with Raman and luminescence for organics and chemicals (SHERLOC) instrument onboard NASA’s Perseverance Rover. SHERLOC utilizes deep ultraviolet Raman and fluorescence (DUV R/F) spectroscopy to enable analysis of samples from the Martian surface. SHERLOC employs a 248.6 nm deep ultraviolet laser to generate Raman-scattered photons and native fluorescence emission photons from near-surface material to detect and classify chemical and mineralogical compositions. The collected photons are focused on a charge-coupled device and the data are returned to Earth for analysis. The compact DUV R/F spectrometer has a spectral range from 249.9 nm to 353.6 nm (200 cm1 to 12, 000 cm1) (with a spectral resolution of 0.296 nm (40 cm1)). The compact spectrometer uses a custom design to project a high-resolution Raman spectrum and a low-resolution fluorescence spectrum on a single charge-coupled device. The natural spectral separation enabled by deep ultraviolet excitation enables wavelength separation of the Raman/fluorescence spectra. The SHERLOC spectrometer was designed to optimize the resolution of the Raman spectral region and the wavelength range of the fluorescence region. The resulting illumination on the charge-coupled device is curved, requiring a segmented, nonlinear wavelength calibration in order to understand the mineralogy and chemistry of Martian materials.

Kyle Uckert↗

Single photon emitters in van der Waals solids for quantum photonics: materials, theory and molecular-scale characterization probes

Strong light–matter interactions in two-dimensional layered materials (2D materials) have attracted the interest of researchers from interdisciplinary fields for more than a decade now. A unique phenomenon in some 2D materials is their large exciton binding energies (BEs), increasing the likelihood of exciton survival at room temperature. It is this large BE that mediates the intense light–matter interactions of many of the 2D materials, particularly in their monolayer limit, where the interplay of excitonic phenomena poses a wealth of opportunities for high-performance optoelectronics and quantum photonics. Within quantum photonics, quantum information science (QIS) is growing rapidly, where photons are a promising platform for information processing due to their low-noise properties, excellent modal control, and long-distance propagation. A central element for QIS applications is a single photon emitter (SPE) source, where an ideal on-demand SPE emits exactly one photon at a time into a given spatiotemporal mode. Recently, 2D materials have shown practical appeal for QIS which is directly driven from their unique layered crystalline structure. This structural attribute of 2D materials facilitates their integration with optical elements more easily than the SPEs in conventional three-dimensional solid state materials, such as diamond and SiC. In this review article, we will discuss recent advances made with 2D materials towards their use as quantum emitters, where the SPE emission properties maybe modulated deterministically. Here, the use of unique scanning tunneling microscopy tools for the in-situ generation and characterization of defects is presented, along with theoretical first-principles frameworks and machine learning approaches to model the structure-property relationship of exciton–defect interactions within the lattice towards SPEs. Given the rapid progress made in this area, the SPEs in 2D materials are emerging as promising sources of nonclassical light emitters, well-poised to advance quantum photonics in the future.

2D layered materials↗

A balloon-borne Ge/Li/ spectrometer for gamma-ray astronomy

On June 10, 1974, a new high-resolution gamma ray spectrometer operating in the energy range of 0.05 to 10 MeV was successfully balloon-flight tested. This system uses four 40 cu cm Ge(Li) crystals in a single cryostat as prime sensors. A 6.35 cm thick CsI (Na) shield provides background rejection and collimation, defining a solid angle of 0.095 sr. Cooling is provided by a liquid-nitrogen dewar. The system was highly stable with spectral resolution of better than 2.5 keV at 1 MeV for the flight duration. The background total count rate was about 20 counts/sec. Numerous lines were observed, most of which originated from secondary neutron interactions in the spectrometer. The sensitivity of the system to line emissions originating in cosmic point sources is 0.0001 to 0.001 photons per sq cm s over the energy range.

Jacobson, A. S.↗

High Resolution, Non-Dispersive X-Ray Calorimeter Spectrometers on EBITs and Orbiting Observatories

X-ray spectroscopy is the primary tool for performing atomic physics with Electron beam ion trap (EBITs). X-ray instruments have generally fallen into two general categories, 1) dispersive instruments with very high spectral resolving powers but limited spectral range, limited count rates, and require an entrance slit, generally, for EBITs, defined by the electron beam itself, and 2) non-dispersive solid-state detectors with much lower spectral resolving powers but that have a broad dynamic range, high count rate ability and do not require a slit. Both of these approaches have compromises that limit the type and efficiency of measurements that can be performed. In 1984 NASA initiated a program to produce a non-dispersive instrument with high spectral resolving power for x-ray astrophysics based on the cryogenic x-ray calorimeter. This program produced the XRS non-dispersive spectrometers on the Astro-E, Astro-E2 (Suzaku) orbiting observatories, the SXS instrument on the Astro-H observatory, and the planned XMS instrument on the International X-ray Observatory. Complimenting these spaceflight programs, a permanent high-resolution x-ray calorimeter spectrometer, the XRS/EBIT, was installed on the LLNL EBIT in 2000. This unique instrument was upgraded to a spectral resolving power of 1000 at 6 keV in 2003 and replaced by a nearly autonomous production-class spectrometer, the EBIT Calorimeter Spectrometer (ECS), in 2007. The ECS spectrometer has a simultaneous bandpass from 0.07 to over 100 keV with a spectral resolving power of 1300 at 6 keV with unit quantum efficiency, and 1900 at 60 keV with a quantum efficiency of 30%. X-ray calorimeters are event based, single photon spectrometers with event time tagging to better than 10 us. We are currently developing a follow-on instrument based on a newer generation of x-ray calorimeters with a spectral resolving power of 3000 at 6 keV, and improved timing and measurement cadence. The unique capabilities of the x-ray calorimeter spectrometer, coupled with higher spectral resolution dispersive spectrometers to resolve line blends, has enabled many science investigations, to date mostly in our x-ray laboratory astrophysics program. These include measurements of absolute cross sections for Land K shell emission from Fe and Ni, charge exchange measurements in many astrophysically abundant elements, lifetime measurements, line ratios, and wavelength measurements. In addition, we have performed many additional measurements in nuclear physics, and in support of diagnostics for laser fusion, for example. In this presentation we will give a detailed overview of x-ray calorimeter instruments in general and in our EBIT laboratory astrophysics program in particular. We will also discuss the science yield of our measurements at EBIT over the last decade) prospects for future science enabled by the current generation of spectrometers and that will be expanded in the near future by the next generation of spectrometers starting in 2611.

Porter, Frederick S.↗

Chiral Spectroscopy of Nanostructures

Chirality is ubiquitous in the universe and in living creatures over detectable length scales from the subatomic to the galactic, as exemplified in the two extremes by subatomic particles (neutrinos) and spiral galaxies. Between them are living creatures that display multiple levels of chirality emerging from hierarchically assembled asymmetric building blocks. Not too far from the bottom of this pyramid are the foundational building blocks with chiral atomic centers on sp 3 carbon atoms exemplified by L-amino acids and D-sugars that are self-assembled into higher-order structures with increasing dimensions forming highly complex, amazingly functional, and energy-efficient living systems. The organization and materials employed in their construction inspired scientists to replicate complex living systems via the self-assembly of chiral components. Multiple studies pointed to unexpected and unique electromagnetic properties of chiral structures with nanoscale and microscale dimensions, including giant circular dichroism and collective circularly polarized scattering that their constituent units did not possess. To address the wide variety of chiral geometries observed in continuous materials, singular particles, and their complex systems, multiple analytic techniques are needed. Simultaneously, their spectroscopic properties create a pathway to multiple applications. For example, mirror-asymmetric vibrations at chiral centers formed by sp 3 carbon atoms lead to optical activity for the infrared (IR) wavelength regions. At the same time, understanding the optical activity in, for example, the IR region enables biomedical applications because multiple modalities of biomedical imaging and vibrational optical activity (VOA) of biomolecules are known for IR range. In turn, VOA can be realized in both absorption and emission modalities due to large magnetic transition moments, as vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) or Raman optical activity (ROA) spectroscopy. In addition to the VOA, in the range of longer wavelengths, lattice vibrational mode or phononic behavior occurs in chiral crystals and nanoassemblies, which can be readily detected by terahertz circular dichroism (TCD) spectroscopy. Meanwhile, chiral self-assembly can induce circularly polarized light emission (CPLE) regardless of the existence of chirality in coassembled fluorophores. The CPLE from self-assembled chiral materials is particularly interesting because the CPLE can originate from both circularly polarized luminescence and circularly polarized scattering (CPS). Furthermore, because self-assembled nanostructures often exhibit stronger optical activity than their building blocks owing to dimension and resonance effects, the optical activity of single assembled nanostructures can be investigated by using microscopic technology combined with chiral optics. Here, we describe the state of the art for spectroscopic methods for the comprehensive analysis of chiral nanomaterials at various photon wavelengths, addressed with special attention given to new tools emerging both for materials with self-organized hierarchical chirality and single-particle spectroscopy.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Degenerate parametric down-conversion facilitated by exciton-plasmon polariton states in a nonlinear plasmonic cavity

Abstract We study the effect of degenerate parametric down-conversion (DPDC) in an ensemble of two-level quantum emitters (QEs) coupled via near-field interactions to a single surface plasmon (SP) mode of a nonlinear plasmonic cavity. For this purpose, we develop a quantum driven-dissipative model capturing non-equilibrium dynamics of the system in which incoherently pumped QEs have transition frequency tuned near the second-harmonic response of the SPs. Considering the strong coupling regime, i.e. the SP-QE interaction rate exceeds system dissipation rates, we find a critical SP-QE coupling attributed to the phase transition between normal and lasing steady states. Examining fluctuations above the system’s steady states, we predict new elementary excitations, namely, the exciton-plasmon polaritons formed by the two-SP quanta and single-exciton states of QEs. The contribution of two-SP quanta results in the linear scaling of the SP-QE interaction rate with the number of QEs,  o , as opposed to the  o -scaling known for the Dicke and Tavis–Cummings models. We further examine how SP-QE interaction scaling affects the polariton dispersions and power spectra in the vicinity of the critical coupling. For this purpose, we compare the calculation results assuming a finite ensemble of QEs and the model thermodynamic limit. The calculated power spectra predict an interplay of coherent photon emission by QEs near the second-harmonic frequency and correlated photon-pair emission at the fundamental frequency by the SPs (i.e. the photonic DPDC effect).

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

Single-Shot Readout and Weak Measurement of a Tin-Vacancy Qubit in Diamond

The negatively charged tin-vacancy center in diamond (SnV − ) is an emerging platform for building the next generation of long-distance quantum networks. This is due to the SnV − ’s favorable optical and spin properties including bright emission, insensitivity to electronic noise, and long spin coherence times at temperatures above 1 K. Here, we demonstrate measurement of a single SnV − electronic spin with a single-shot readout fidelity of 87.4%, which can be further improved to 98.5% by conditioning on multiple readouts. In the process, we develop understanding of the relationship between strain, magnetic field, spin readout, and microwave spin control. We show that high-fidelity readout is compatible with rapid microwave spin control, demonstrating a favorable parameter regime for use of the SnV − center as a high-quality spin-photon interface. Finally, we use weak quantum measurement to study measurement-induced dephasing; this illuminates the fundamental interplay between measurement and decoherence in quantum mechanics, and provides a universal method to characterize the efficiency of color-center spin readout. Taken together, these results overcome an important hurdle in the development of the SnV − -based quantum technologies and, in the process, develop techniques and understanding broadly applicable to the study of solid-state quantum emitters.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗