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At least 307 records · Page 17

Mobile robot exploration and navigation of indoor spaces using sonar and vision

Integration of skills into an autonomous robot that performs a complex task is described. Time constraints prevented complete integration of all the described skills. The biggest problem was tuning the sensor-based region-finding algorithm to the environment involved. Since localization depended on matching regions found with the a priori map, the robot became lost very quickly. If the low level sensing of the world is not working, then high level reasoning or map making will be unsuccessful.

Kortenkamp, David↗

Automated Sorghum Phenotyping and Trait Development Platform

There is an urgent need to accelerate energy crop development for the production of renewable transportation fuels from biomass. Our interdisciplinary team developed mobile, ground-based and aerial phenotyping platforms and advanced remote sensing data analysis tools to acquire and process imagery from different types of cameras (e.g. RGB, multispectral, hyperspectral, and thermal sensors) and LiDAR point cloud data in large-scale sorghum field trials during phase 1 of the project. Phase 2 focused on Technology to Market activities to deliver these systems to the market place coupled with targeted research programs to address specific limitations or challenges for these systems.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

UAV Research at NASA Langley: Towards Safe, Reliable, and Autonomous Operations

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are fundamental components in several aspects of research at NASA Langley, such as flight dynamics, mission-driven airframe design, airspace integration demonstrations, atmospheric science projects, and more. In particular, NASA Langley Research Center (Langley) is using UAVs to develop and demonstrate innovative capabilities that meet the autonomy and robotics challenges that are anticipated in science, space exploration, and aeronautics. These capabilities will enable new NASA missions such as asteroid rendezvous and retrieval (ARRM), Mars exploration, in-situ resource utilization (ISRU), pollution measurements in historically inaccessible areas, and the integration of UAVs into our everyday lives all missions of increasing complexity, distance, pace, and/or accessibility. Building on decades of NASA experience and success in the design, fabrication, and integration of robust and reliable automated systems for space and aeronautics, Langley Autonomy Incubator seeks to bridge the gap between automation and autonomy by enabling safe autonomous operations via onboard sensing and perception systems in both data-rich and data-deprived environments. The Autonomy Incubator is focused on the challenge of mobility and manipulation in dynamic and unstructured environments by integrating technologies such as computer vision, visual odometry, real-time mapping, path planning, object detection and avoidance, object classification, adaptive control, sensor fusion, machine learning, and natural human-machine teaming. These technologies are implemented in an architectural framework developed in-house for easy integration and interoperability of cutting-edge hardware and software.

Davila, Carlos G.↗

Who's Got the Bridge? - Towards Safe, Robust Autonomous Operations at NASA Langley's Autonomy Incubator

NASA aeronautics research has made decades of contributions to aviation. Both aircraft and air traffic management (ATM) systems in use today contain NASA-developed and NASA sponsored technologies that improve safety and efficiency. Recent innovations in robotics and autonomy for automobiles and unmanned systems point to a future with increased personal mobility and access to transportation, including aviation. Automation and autonomous operations will transform the way we move people and goods. Achieving this mobility will require safe, robust, reliable operations for both the vehicle and the airspace and challenges to this inevitable future are being addressed now in government labs, universities, and industry. These challenges are the focus of NASA Langley Research Center's Autonomy Incubator whose R&D portfolio includes mission planning, trajectory and path planning, object detection and avoidance, object classification, sensor fusion, controls, machine learning, computer vision, human-machine teaming, geo-containment, open architecture design and development, as well as the test and evaluation environment that will be critical to prove system reliability and support certification. Safe autonomous operations will be enabled via onboard sensing and perception systems in both data-rich and data-deprived environments. Applied autonomy will enable safety, efficiency and unprecedented mobility as people and goods take to the skies tomorrow just as we do on the road today.

Allen, B. Danette↗

Catching the Killer: Dynamic Disorder Design Rules for Small–Molecule Organic Semiconductors

Small-molecule organic semiconductors are promising materials for applications ranging from solar cells to medical sensors. Their nearly infinite design space means that, in theory, it is possible to tailor the material to the exact specifications of a particular application. In reality; however, design rules to improve mobility (μ) remain elusive because of the complex calculations required to understand its limiters. Transient localization theory posits that charge carriers are slowed down by the collective phonon motions, called dynamic disorder, which localize charge carriers temporarily. Traditionally, a mode-by-mode analysis is performed to try and identify “killer” modes. Herein, the flaws are demonstrated with this analysis and present a streamlined simulation workflow that simplifies simulation of dynamic disorder and enables engineering of new molecular structures based on phonon dynamics. This workflow is combined with a novel visualization technique that enables per-atom insights into how μ is limited. Furthermore, this workflow is applied and analyzed to a series of -acenes and a series of BTBT-based molecules. Then design rules are identified in each series that identify possible ways to improve the μ beyond current experimental limits using phonon engineering.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Techniques for Improving the Performance of Future EVA Maneuvering Systems

The Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue (SAFER) is a small propulsive backpack that was developed as an in-house effort at Johnson Space Center; it is a lightweight system which attaches to the underside of the Primary Life Support Subsystem (PLSS) backpack of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU). SAFER provides full six-axis control, as well as Automatic Attitude Hold (AAH), by means of a set of cold-gas nitrogen thrusters and a rate sensor-based control system. For compactness, a single hand controller is used, together with mode switching, to command all six axes. SAFER was successfully test-flown on the STS-64 mission in September 1994 as a Development Test Objective (DTO); development of an operational version is now proceeding. This version will be available for EVA self-rescue on the International Space Station and Mir, starting with the STS-86/Mir-7 mission in September 1997. The DTO SAFER was heavily instrumented, and produced in-flight data that was stored in a 12 MB computer memory on-board. This has allowed post-flight analysis to yield good estimates for the actual mass properties (moments and products of inertia and center of mass location) encountered on-orbit. By contrast, Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) post-flight results were generated mainly from analysis of video images, and so were not very accurate. The main goal of the research reported here was to use the detailed SAFER on-orbit mass properties data to optimize the design of future EVA maneuvering systems, with the aim being to improve flying qualities and/or reduce propellant consumption. The Automation, Robotics and Simulation Division Virtual Reality (VR) Laboratory proved to be a valuable research tool for such studies. A second objective of the grant was to generate an accurate dynamics model in support of the reflight of the DTO SAFER on STS-76/Mir-3. One complicating factor was the fact that a hand controller stowage box was added to the underside of SAFER on this flight; the position of this box was such that two of the SAFER jets plume it. A second complication was that the EVA astronaut will sometimes be transporting a massive experiment package. This will not only alter the overall mass properties significantly, but can itself also be plumed.

Williams, Trevor W.↗

Lightning Instrumentation System

A new comprehensive lightning instrumentation system has been designed for the Mobile Launcher 1 (ML-1) at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. This new instrumentation system includes the synchronized recording of three B-dot, 3-axis measurement stations, one D-dot sensor and eighteen vehicle measurement channels. Each vehicle measurement channel is comprised of two currents and one voltage measurements. The instrumentation system is composed of centralized transient recorders and digitizers, connected to the transient recorders via fiber optic cables. The transient recorders are triggered by the B-dot or D-dot sensors. When the Space Launch System (SLS) vehicle is present at the ML-1, the transient recorders record data on a dual sampling rate mode, continuous slow 5 kilo-samples per second (per channel) and event driven fast 100 mega-samples per second (per channel). Without the presence of the vehicle at the ML-1, the instrumentation system operates only as an event driven fast 100 mega-samples per second (per channel). In the absence of the vehicle, the only measurements recorded are the B-dot and D-dot stations. Additionally, a portable Lightning Monitoring System (LMS) is temporarily installed inside the Orion Crew Capsule module monitoring one portable B-dot, 3-axis measurement station, and 2 Crew Capsule BUS voltages. The portable LMS has a transient recorder independent of the ML-1 transient recorders, that is triggered by the portable B-dot sensor or transients on the vehicle BUS voltages. This portable instrumentation is removed while performing close out operations before the vehicle launch. For the ML-1 lightning instrumentation system, new custom B-dot and D-dot sensors were designed and prototypes were tested at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing (ICLRT) at Camp Blanding, Florida. The Ground Special Power (GSP) vehicle measurement channels monitoring on the ML-1 is done via 1) Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) current shunts and 2) custom Voltage Dividers. The new ML-1 lightning instrumentation system was designed, fabricated, deployed, and tested prior to the summer of 2019, in preparation for the first NASA's SLS mission to be launched from the Launch Complex 39B (LC-39B). The ML-1 lightning instrumentation was designed to complement the LC-39B lightning instrumentation system providing electromagnetic measurements closer to the vehicle, at different heights and inside the Crew capsule module.

Angel G Mata↗

Mars Umbilical Technology Demonstrator

The objective of this project is to develop a autonomous umbilical mating for the mars umbilical technology demonstrator. The Mars Umbilical Technology Demonstrator (MUTD) shall provide electrical power and fiber optic data cable connections between two simulated mars vehicles. The Omnibot is used to provide the mobile base for the system. The mate to umbilical plate is mounted on a three axis Cartesian table, which is installed on the Omnibot mobile base. The Omnibot is controlled in a teleoperated mode. The operator using the vision system will guide the Omnibot to get close to the mate to plate. The information received from four ultrasonic sensors is used to identify the position of mate to plate and mate the umbilical plates autonomously. A successful experimentation verifies the approach.

Houshangi, Nasser↗

Lights Out Operations of a Space, Ground, Sensorweb

We have been operating an autonomous, integrated sensorweb linking numerous space and ground sensors in 24/7 operations since 2004. This sensorweb includes elements of space data acquisition (MODIS, GOES, and EO-1), space asset retasking (EO-1), integration of data acquired from ground sensor networks with on-demand ground processing of data into science products. These assets are being integrated using web service standards from the Open Geospatial Consortium. Future plans include extension to fixed and mobile surface and subsurface sea assets as part of the NSF's ORION Program.

Chien, Steve↗

AmeriFlux Measurement Component Instrument Handbook

An AMC system was installed at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility’s North Slope Alaska (NSA) Barrow site, also known as NSA C1 at the ARM Data Archive, in August 2012. A second AMC system was installed at the third ARM Mobile Facility deployment at Oliktok Point, also known as NSA M1. This in situ system consists of 12 combination soil temperature and volumetric water content (VWC) reflectometers and one set of upwelling and downwelling PAR sensors, all deployed within the fetch of the Eddy Correlation Flux Measurement System. Soil temperature and VWC sensors placed at two depths (10 and 30 cm below the vegetation layer) at six locations (or microsites) allow soil property inhomogeneity to be monitored across a landscape. The soil VWC and temperature sensors used at NSA C1 are the Campbell Scientific CS650L and the sensors at NSA M1 use the Campbell Scientific CS655. The two sensors are nearly identical in function, and vendor specifications are based on the CS650 unless otherwise stated.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Targeted Observations of Blowing Snow during SAIL (SAIL-TOBS) Field Campaign Report

Blowing snow research at high-latitude U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility observatories and mobile campaigns demonstrated the need for ground truth during falling and blowing snow events. The purpose of the Targeted Observations of Blowing Snow during SAIL (SAIL-TOBS) field campaign was to affordably deploy additional instruments to observe mixed-phase and frozen hydrometeors, including falling and blowing snow, during the second winter of the Surface Atmosphere Integrated Field Laboratory (SAIL) campaign. Instruments included two installations of the Open Snowflake Camera for Research and Education (OSCRE), one at the Gothic, Colorado main site (second ARM Mobile Facility [AMF2]) and a second at the Kettle Ponds external field site in support of the Study of Precipitation, the Lower Atmosphere and Surface for Hydrometeorology (SPLASH) campaign. Two FlowCapt FC4 acoustic mass flux sensors were also deployed at AMF2 in proximity to OSCRE on top of the instrumented hill (Figure 1).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Controlling Herds of Cooperative Robots

A document poses, and suggests a program of research for answering, questions of how to achieve autonomous operation of herds of cooperative robots to be used in exploration and/or colonization of remote planets. In a typical scenario, a flock of mobile sensory robots would be deployed in a previously unexplored region, one of the robots would be designated the leader, and the leader would issue commands to move the robots to different locations or aim sensors at different targets to maximize scientific return. It would be necessary to provide for this hierarchical, cooperative behavior even in the face of such unpredictable factors as terrain obstacles. A potential-fields approach is proposed as a theoretical basis for developing methods of autonomous command and guidance of a herd. A survival-of-the-fittest approach is suggested as a theoretical basis for selection, mutation, and adaptation of a description of (1) the body, joints, sensors, actuators, and control computer of each robot, and (2) the connectivity of each robot with the rest of the herd, such that the herd could be regarded as consisting of a set of artificial creatures that evolve to adapt to a previously unknown environment. A distributed simulation environment has been developed to test the proposed approaches in the Titan environment. One blimp guides three surface sondes via a potential field approach. The results of the simulation demonstrate that the method used for control is feasible, even if significant uncertainty exists in the dynamics and environmental models, and that the control architecture provides the autonomy needed to enable surface science data collection.

Quadrelli, Marco B.↗

Thinking outside the box: The human role in increasingly automated aviation systems

Rapid advances in artificial intelligence are enabling automated systems to operate in an increasingly autonomous manner in domains that previously required the involvement of human operators. Examples are rail transport systems, self-driving cars, and warehouse delivery systems. From time to time, such automation encounters operational conditions that fall outside a “competency box” within which the system has been designed to operate. Human operators add resilience because they can see and act outside the competency box of scenarios and environments for which the system was designed. The system’s competencies can be expanded over time with modifications to software, sensors, etc.; however, it is unclear at what point the competency box becomes large enough to safely eliminate the role of the human operator. One area where advanced automation may be applied is Urban Air Mobility (UAM). Current UAM concepts envision fleets of highly automated air vehicles providing on-demand transport for people and goods. A phased development of UAM has been proposed, beginning with on-board pilots and transitioning to a future state where automated vehicles operate with minimal human involvement. Proponents of UAM note that this final state reduces cost as well as eliminating pilot error, identified as a contributing factor in many aircraft accidents. However, eliminating human involvement also risks eliminating their positive contributions to system resilience. Here we examine Concepts of Operation proposed for future UAM systems and explore how humans can best be incorporated to maintain resilience while minimizing cost and risk. A human-autonomy teaming approach is suggested.

Advanced Air Mobility↗

Evolution of Space Station EMU PLSS technology recommendations

Viewgraphs on extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) portable life support system (PLSS) technology recommendations are presented. Topics covered include: oxygen supply storage; oxygen supply regulators; carbon dioxide control; prime movers; crew comfort; heat rejection; power sources; controls; display devices; and sensor technology.

Wilde, Richard C.↗

NASA Tech Briefs, November 2013

Topics include: Cryogenic Liquid Sample Acquisition System for Remote Space Applications; 5 Spatial Statistical Data Fusion (SSDF); GPS Estimates of Integrated Precipitable Water Aid Weather Forecasters; Integrating a Microwave Radiometer into Radar Hardware for Simultaneous Data Collection Between the Instruments; Rapid Detection of Herpes Viruses for Clinical Applications; High-Speed Data Recorder for Space, Geodesy, and Other High-Speed Recording Applications; Datacasting V3.0; An All-Solid-State, Room-Temperature, Heterodyne Receiver for Atmospheric Spectroscopy at 1.2 THz; Stacked Transformer for Driver Gain and Receive Signal Splitting; Wireless Integrated Microelectronic Vacuum Sensor System; Fabrication Method for LOBSTER-Eye Optics in <110> Silicon; Compact Focal Plane Assembly for Planetary Science; Fabrication Methods for Adaptive Deformable Mirrors; Visiting Vehicle Ground Trajectory Tool; Workflow-Based Software Development Environment; Mobile Thread Task Manager; A Kinematic Calibration Process for Flight Robotic Arms; Magnetostrictive Alternator; Bulk Metallic Glasses and Composites for Optical and Compliant Mechanisms; Detection of Only Viable Bacterial Spores Using a Live/Dead Indicator in Mixed Populations; and Intravenous Fluid Generation System.

Source record↗

Modular Interface for CLPS-Scale Excavators (MICE) – Feasibility Testing of a Modular Disconnect System for Regolith Manipulation Implements Focused on Excavation and Site Preparation Activies

The Artemis Program seeks to establish a sustained lunar presence and robust economy driven by re-sources available on the Moon and enabled by sup-porting infrastructure. This will require robotic manipulation of tens of thousands of metric tons of regolith. Excavation and site preparation tasks in the unforgiving lunar environment will inevitably lead to component wear and necessitate periodic maintenance and repair. System modularity and standard interfaces are key components of enabling robotic repair and maintenance. The Modular Interface for CLPS (Commercial Lunar Payloads Services) -scale Excavators (MICE) project is a funded fiscal year 2024 Internal Research and Development (IRAD) project at NASA KSC. The MICE project seeks to test concepts for modular re-configuration of a CLPS-scale excavation and site preparation rover. These concepts, henceforth referred to as Modular Disconnect Systems (MDS), allow a mobility platform to interface with regolith manipulation implements such as a bucket drum excavator or compactor. The MDS concepts allow the mobility platform to detect one implement and swap to another implement in-situ. Power and communications is fed through a dust-tolerant electrical connection on the MDS to the implement’s actuator(s) and sensors.

MICE↗

Development and Evaluation of Sensor Concepts for Ageless Aerospace Vehicles: Report 6 - Development and Demonstration of a Self-Organizing Diagnostic System for Structural Health Monitoring

This report describes a significant advance in the capability of the CSIRO/NASA structural health monitoring Concept Demonstrator (CD). The main thrust of the work has been the development of a mobile robotic agent, and the hardware and software modifications and developments required to enable the demonstrator to operate as a single, self-organizing, multi-agent system. This single-robot system is seen as the forerunner of a system in which larger numbers of small robots perform inspection and repair tasks cooperatively, by self-organization. While the goal of demonstrating self-organized damage diagnosis was not fully achieved in the time available, much of the work required for the final element that enables the robot to point the video camera and transmit an image has been completed. A demonstration video of the CD and robotic systems operating will be made and forwarded to NASA.

Batten, Adam↗

The Gandalf Staff: A Mobile Tool for Lunar Exploration (2nd year of development)

The Gandalf Staff is a mobile tool designed to be a flexible device supporting crewed and uncrewed operations on the lunar surface. The core of the device is a 24v battery with communications and data storage systems. Initial optional components supporting crewed Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA) include a LiDAR and 360˚ camera. These provide 3D mapping of the traverse for documentation, and to aid future planning. The mapping also creates outreach opportunities for the public to “stand beside” the astronaut in Virtual Reality (VR). The staff provides external lighting for field site illumination in the south polar region low sun angle environment. Navigation instruments for crew position determination with Lunar Search and Rescue (LunaSAR) are also included. The staff itself can be used as a walking aid or as a splint for Incapacitated Crew Rescue (ICR). As a stand-alone device, the staff operates as a long duration untended science platform collecting environmental data and sending it to a lunar base station. The stand-alone mode requires connection to an auxiliary power source (e.g. solar array) and energy storage system (e.g. battery), so it could become an electrical recharging station. To make rapid progress in the 1st year, and also to demonstrate innovative project management techniques, NASA guided a private industry partner, T STAR, in leading Capstone Engineering student teams at Texas A&M University (TAMU) for proof-of-concept development and testing. These teams developed the power system and demonstrated successful integration of LiDAR, WiFi communications, and external lighting subsystems. Another industry team at Jacobs Technology prototyped a tripod to hold the staff upright. For the 2nd year (FY’22), NASA will again collaborate with partners to prototype enhanced power and lighting concepts. Year 2 will also add new capability for LunaSAR and geophysical science instrumentation using a heat probe. The heat probe is based upon Apollo heritage but modified to measure subsurface volatile ice regimes at the Artemis landing site. Components of the Gandalf Staff can be developed, tested, and deployed independently, or on the integrated staff, rovers, or utility trailers. The project supports crew safety, lunar sample curation, mission science, and public outreach goals of NASA. PLAIN TEST SUMMARY: Gandalf Staff is a 24v battery powered mobile tool for the lunar surface supporting crewed geologic field site exploration, or as a stand-alone science platform. As a tool assisting astronauts conducting field geology, the Gandalf Staff provides external lighting to illuminate shadowed regions on the surface. It also documents the process of collecting rocks and dust samples using a LiDAR (laser range instrument) and cameras. The staff provides a beacon for emergency location of astronauts and augments communications when the astronauts are blocked by large boulders. As a standalone science platform, the Gandalf Staff provides a power system for instruments and sensors to measure the lunar environment over long periods of time. The staff gathers data and sends the results to a lunar base station for analysis.

External Lighting↗