Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “distributed voltage regulation”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

305 records · Page 17
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

Study of the Protection Improvements for a Weak Grid Area With High Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs)

This project designs enhanced protection scheme for the real-world weak grid area with a high penetration of IBRs. As the existing protection schemes are originally designed for traditional synchronous machines, we first evaluate if the protection scheme will continue to operate reliably in systems with high levels of IBRs. Hardware relays are tested using a controller-hardware-in-the-loop setup. PSCAD electromagnetic transient simulation with IBR original equipment manufacturer black-box models is used to perform fault studies and generate COMTRADE data, which are replayed by a real-time digital simulator (RTDS) to feed input to the hardware relays. Three scenarios are analyzed: normal operation, an N-1 contingency, and an IBR-only scenario. The evaluation results reveal the following: 1) the protection scheme remains reliable under normal conditions and N-1 contingencies and 2) in IBR-only scenarios, differential protection (87L) continues to operate reliably, whereas local protection elements, such as distance and directional elements, fail because of the lack of regulated negative sequence current contributed by IBRs. Enhanced protection is designed to address the challenge of lack of negative sequence current from IBRs, including increased restraining factors a2 and k2 to block 32Q or using V instead QV ORDER for ground faults, enhanced mho distance element with voltage and phase angle supervision for L-L faults. The efficacy of enhanced protection logic is validated and proven to work reliably. Additionally, IEEE Std. 2800-2022 negative sequence current compliant GFL and GFM IBRs from another vendor are tested and proven to work reliably without need for enhanced logic. Therefore, this work provides valuable decision-making for utilities facing protection system challenges due to IBRs, either designing enhanced protection scheme or requesting their IBRs being IEEE Std. 2800-2022 compliant to produce regulated negative sequence current for protection relay to make correct decision.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Using a Grid-Forming Inverter to Stabilize a Low-Inertia Power System - Maui Hawaiian Island

As power systems around the world integrate greater amounts of wind and solar photovoltaic power, periods of very high instantaneous power shares of inverters, the primary interfacing technology for these generation sources, are complicating system stability and control. The contemporary, primary mode of inverter operation, grid-following, which explicitly assumes the presence of a local, stable voltage waveform, yields operational inadequacy at high instantaneous power shares potentially leading to instability due to the low-inertia conditions, as well as the correlated reduced voltage forming capacity on the respective system. Parallel connected grid-forming inverters, which directly regulate the local voltage, are a solution that is expected to bolster system stability and mitigate the shortcomings of the grid-following technology. In this paper, grid-following and two types of grid-forming inverter control, the traditional linear droop and the recently introduced nonlinear exponential droop (Droop-e), are simulated on a low-inertia, H = 0.48s, high inverter-based resource scenario, 97%, with a validated electromagentic transient domain model of the Hawaiian island of Maui power system. The benefit of a single grid-forming device over its grid-following counterpart is significant, both in terms frequency deviation and voltage stability. Further, the superiority of the Droop-e and the associated secondary power sharing control over both grid-following and linear droop grid-forming technologies is displayed, with improved nadir and rate of change of frequency over the linear droop control.

droop control↗
DOE OSTI2020

An Optimal Power Control Strategy for Grid-Following Inverters in a Synchronous Frame

This work proposes a power control strategy based on the linear quadratic regulator with optimal reference tracking (LQR-ORT) for a three-phase inverter-based generator (IBG) using an LCL filter. The use of an LQR-ORT controller increases robustness margins and reduces the quadratic value of the power error and control inputs during transient response. A model in a synchronous reference frame that integrates power sharing and voltage–current (V–I) dynamics is also proposed. This model allows for analyzing closed-loop eigenvalue location and robustness margins. The proposed controller was compared against a classical droop approach using proportional-resonant controllers for the inner loops. Mathematical analysis and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiments under variations in the LCL filter components demonstrate fulfillment of robustness and performance bounds of the LQR-ORT controller. Experimental results demonstrate accuracy of the proposed model and the effectiveness of the LQR-ORT controller in improving transient response, robustness, and power decoupling.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Searching for Grid-Forming Technologies That Do Not Impact Protection Systems: A promising technology

The design of legacy-line protection elements has been guided by the behavior of synchronous machines during faults. Because of the significant field-winding inductance and rotating mass, the magnitude, angular frequency, and phase angle of the back-electromotive force (EMF) voltage waveforms of synchronous machines remain practically constant for several hundreds of milliseconds after a fault occurs. Furthermore this has facilitated the engineering of the memory-polarization technique in mho distance elements, which has been effective for machine-dominant power grids. However, this assumption is no longer held for inverter-based resources (IBRs) because of the lack of field winding and moment of inertia in power electronics devices. Notably, the negative-sequence directional overcurrent protection and the quadrilateral distance elements have been impacted by early IBRs with grid-following (GFL) controls because they did not inject negative-sequence currents during asymmetrical faults.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Control Design of Series-connected PV-powered Grid-forming Converters via Singular Perturbation

We report modular architectures that consist of several series-connected dc-ac converters have been a focal point of recent innovations in transformerless medium-voltage applications. In this paper, we consider an architecture consisting of dc-ac modules containing a quadruple active bridge dc-dc converter, which generates three floating dc links that feed grid-side dc-ac inverters. Practical implementation of such a converter module in PV systems requires a variety of controllers that collectively achieve maximum power point tracking, dc-link regulation, and ac-side power control. Design of such multi-loop systems is generally quite challenging due to the potential for destabilizing interactions among loops. Here we propose a design approach where singular perturbation theory is used to decompose the timescales at which each control loop operates and provides a systematic framework for parametric selection. Our approach also ensures system stability of multiple modules with identical controls connected in series across a grid. The paper concludes with experimental results of three 1000 W series-connected converter modules across a stiff grid.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Assessing Dynamic Behaviors in Converter- Dominated Power Systems via RMS and EMT Simulations: A Study of Hawaii’s NELHA Microgrid

The transition from conventional power systems to converter-based microgrids has significantly advanced sustainability, clean energy integration, and operational reliability. However, this paradigm shift introduces operational challenges due to the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources and the non-linear characteristics of power electronic loads, inducing voltage fluctuations and harmonic distortions that complicate voltage and frequency regulation. Accurate dynamic modeling is hypothesized to be critical for capturing such effects, enabling reliable simulation and control strategy development. This study introduces an innovative dynamic modeling framework for a real-world converter-based microgrid, utilizing both root mean square (RMS) and electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation methods. The microgrid was modeled in DIgSILENT PowerFactory, with simulations calibrated against high-resolution field measurements from SEL-735 power quality meters. Results show that RMS simulations effectively characterize steady-state dynamics, while EMT simulations are essential for capturing high-frequency transients and non-linear effects from photovoltaic inverters and variable frequency drives (VFDs). This complementary approach provides a comprehensive understanding of microgrid behavior, providing critical insights for improving simulation accuracy, advancing protection schemes, and improving resilience in future low-inertia power networks.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Enabling Technology for Energy Sustainability: Power Electronic Converter Control for Renewables

To ensure high penetration of renewable energy sources into power grids, their interfacing inverters need to be designed to provide grid support functions. Important grid support functions include frequency and voltage support. To this end, the research community has recently invested heavily on grid-forming control pilot projects. Grid forming control aims to replace traditional grid following control, which is based on phase-locked loop and can achieve decoupled real and reactive power control. Here, in this article, we review the state-of-the-art grid following and forming technology and point out some deficiencies in dynamic performance in the widely adopted grid-forming control design. We also examine how to ensure that the vector control capable of decoupled real and reactive power regulation can also be achieved in the grid forming design. This type of design has been prototyped and shown great potential to enable retrofitting of large amounts of grid-following controllers through purely software algorithm update. The technology ensures reliable operation of power grids with high penetration of IBRs, thereby further reducing fossil fueled energy sources and cut down carbon emission.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2021

EMOS (Energy Management Optimization System) [SWR-21-46]

EMOS software performs a real-time hierarchal optimal control for energy systems like multi-port electric vehicles charging site with distributed energy resources (DERs) and energy storage systems (ESSs). It gathers information in real-time from electric vehicles, power grid, and DERs, solves a multi-objective energy management optimization problem, and output setpoint for chargers, ESS converters, DERs converters, and grid converters. The software incorporates a novel integration of two control tasks: a) An Energy Management Optimization (EMO), which is the brain of EMOS controller that gathers information in real-time from EVs [e.g., battery size, state-of-charge (SOC), desired SOC, and charge acceptance curve], grid (e.g., electricity price, allowed feeder capacity, ramp rate limit, and reactive power), and DERs (e.g., prediction for solar generation for PV systems). It solves a control optimization problem in real-time to find optimal setpoint for ESSs power dispatch, EVs charging rate, and grid inverters. The objectives are to (1) minimize the charging cost considering grid energy, demand charges, and battery energy, (2) minimize charging time to meet fast charging criterion, (3) keep high energy level on ESSs at the end of an operating period, while satisfying constraints related to grid, EVs, and power converters. b) Real-Time Energy Management System (RT-EMS) is a rule-based algorithm that has faster response than EMO. It receives optimal setpoint from EMO and actual measurements from the system and modify the setpoint to compensate for any fast disturbance in the system, until a new optimum solution is received. Fast disturbances may include vehicle connect/disconnect, unpredicted variation in DERs profiles, variation in grid voltage, errors in PV generation prediction, and others. In addition, RT-EMS regulates voltage at point of common coupling (PCC) by managing reactive power of grid converters.

Mohamed, Ahmed↗
DOE OSTI2021

Advanced control techniques for modern inertia based inverters

In this research three artificial intelligent (AI)-based techniques are proposed to regulate the voltage and frequency of a grid-connected inverter. The increase in the penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into the power grid has led to the increase in the penetration of fast-responding inertia-less power converters. The increase in the penetration of these power electronics converters changes the nature of the conventional grid, in which the existing kinetic inertia in the rotating parts of the enormous generators plays a vital role. The concept of virtual inertia control scheme is proposed to make the behavior of grid connected inverters more similar to the synchronous generators, by mimicking the mechanical behavior of a synchronous generator. Conventional control techniques lack to perform optimally in nonlinear, uncertain, inaccurate power grids. Besides, the decoupled control assumption in conventional VSGs makes them nonoptimal in resistive grids. The neural network predictive controller, the heuristic dynamic programming, and the dual heuristic dynamic programming techniques are presented in this research to overcome the draw backs of conventional VSGs. The nonlinear characteristics of neural networks, and the online training enable the proposed methods to perform as robust and optimal controllers. The simulation and the experimental laboratory prototype results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed techniques.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Development of a Hardware-in-The-Loop Testbed for a Decentralized, Data-Driven Electric Vehicle Charging Control Algorithm

This study presents the design of an electric vehicle (EV)-grid integration (EVGI) hardware test-bed to implement smart EV charging algorithms. Here, the proposed test-bed also allows to create different grid events via flexible integration of other power hardware (e.g., controllable loads and battery energy storage systems) and test their impacts on EV charging. The design uses a real-time digital simulator to realize a complex distribution grid model with primary and secondary networks. A grid simulator physically realizes the selected nodes of the simulated grid to power an actual EV, forming a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test setup. The EV-grid integration is demonstrated based on the custom hardware and software implementation of the J1772 charging protocol using dSPACE MicroLabBox, operating as a custom EV Supply Equipment (EVSE). The HIL test-bed features a novel testing platform for accurate implementation and analysis of scalable charging algorithms. To this end, a data-driven, decentralized, model-free charging controller based on the Additive Increase and Multiplicative Decrease (AIMD) algorithm is presented and validated on an EV using the HIL test-bed. We tested the proposed algorithm under various case studies, and presented a comparison study with an existing droop-based, decentralized charging solution. The results showed that the EV successfully performed charging commands generated by the EVSE and regulated its charging power to effectively reduce the system loading caused by high EV penetration.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Impedance sources (Z sources) with inherent fault protection for resilient and fire-free electricity grids

Modern societies would not survive without electricity and at the same time electrical faults could cause and have caused many catastrophes—mainly deadly fires—to our societies. There are two types of electricity sources: the voltage source such as generators, charged batteries and capacitors, and the current source such as charged inductors, current-regulated rectifiers, and superconducting magnetic energy storage. An “ideal” voltage source—that is often-sought-or-intentionally engineered—generates a constant voltage irrespective of its load current, and an “ideal” current source injects a constant current irrespective of its load voltage. However, two problems exist: (1) voltage or current sources do not represent many emerging natural/renewable energy sources such as wind turbine generators, photovoltaic cells, and fuel cells, whose output voltage and current are strongly dependent on each other, and (2) a short-circuit fault to an artificially-made and controlled “ideal” voltage source or an open-circuit fault to an “ideal” current source can cause catastrophic failures of the source itself and its surrounding circuits due to large (theoretically infinite) short-circuit current or open-circuit voltage. Here we introduce an impedance source concept to represent, characterize, and model those electricity sources whose output voltage and current are strongly dependent on each other. First, we found that many electric sources with no feedback (or active) control of their output voltage and/or current are a natural impedance source with inherent fault protection at short-circuit or open-circuit faults. Second, any electrical source can be artificially controlled to mimic a natural impedance source. Finally, we show how to apply natural impedance sources and nature-mimicking artificially-controlled sources to the electricity grid—the most complex machine ever made by human beings—to realize electricity grids that are naturally stable, self-protected against electrical faults, and resilient to natural and human-made events.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Robust Optimal Control of Inverter-Based Resources Under Grid-Forming Operation

In this paper, we propose and solve a robust control problem for inverter-based resources under grid-forming operation to regulate the voltage and frequency. One major challenge is to mitigate the effect of unmeasurable load current disturbance, grid and load parametric uncertainties. Moreover, strong coupling between the state variables on both the AC and DC sides, as well as between the modulating control input and the frequency impose additional challenges. To address these challenges, first, a robust control problem is solved at the high level via transformation into an equivalent, but more tractable, optimal control problem. Then, in the middle layer a voltage control law is designed on the one side, and a frequency control law on the other side. Finally, an inverter filter current controller is designed to complete the controller design. Theoretical results are derived to provide stability guarantees for the resulting closed-loop system. Specifically, we show that the inverter current injection error is dissipative, the frequency error is semi-globally asymptotically stable, and the inverter terminal voltage error is globally asymptotically stable, all with provided sufficient conditions. Here, numerical simulation experiments are used to validate the theoretical claims. Furthermore, the developed controller is compared with existing work in literature to show the efficacy of the proposed approach.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Virtual Self-Excited Induction Generator-Based Grid-Forming Inverter Control for Robust Voltage Regulation Under Nonideal Loading

This paper presents a generator-inspired control methodology for grid-forming (GFM) inverters that deliberately emulates a self-excited induction generator so that the inverter can hold its voltage and frequency under difficult loading and severe terminal disturbances across wide voltage and frequency ranges. The design integrates a Lyapunov energy function-based inner loop to provide high bandwidth and strong disturbance rejection, and it complements this with a passivity-based argument that furnishes a coherent large-signal stability guarantee beyond small-signal limits. Analytical insights are developed via the Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolsky averaging method, which reveals an intrinsic resistive droop characteristic; these closed-form relations both explain the observed dynamics and yield simple, decentralized tuning rules. The methodology is validated on a controller-hardware-in-the-loop platform and exercised in real time across balanced, unbalanced, and nonlinear loads, as well as during parallel operation. Across these scenarios, the inverter maintains balanced three-phase voltages, limits harmonic content, settles quickly with well-damped transients, and remains resilient when multiple units operate in parallel. The contributions are a self-excited-machine-inspired GFM controller with enhanced dynamic performance and robustness, a single stability rationale grounded in passivity, closed-form expressions that guide tuning, and comprehensive hardware-in-the-loop validations demonstrating effectiveness and superiority under challenging operating conditions.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

WAMS-Based HVDC Damping Control for Cyber Attack Defense

Owing to the fast and large power regulating the capacity of the HVDC system, the wide-area measurement system (WAMS) based high voltage direct current (HVDC) system has been regarded as a prospective solution to deal with the low-frequency oscillation issue. However, due to the vulnerability of the WAMS communication, WAMS based HVDC system control can be a prime target of malicious penetrations that could lead to disastrous events. To remediate this adverse effect, an improved WAMS based HVDC damping control framework is proposed in this paper. First, a lightweight network named Attack Shuffle convolutional neural Networks (ASNet) is proposed to learn the characteristics of cyber attacks. Then, a model-free-based cyber attack defense framework is introduced to quickly identify the attack types based on the continuous wavelet transform and ASNet. Additionally, an improved control framework of the WAMS and HVDC-based wide-area power oscillation damping control (WH-PODC) is developed to provide different response control for mitigation of the impact of cyber attacks. Finally, the performance of the proposed WH-PODC control framework is evaluated with real PMU data in multiple scenarios in RTDS, where the results indicate that the response intensity can be kept under multiple types of cyber attacks while providing similar effectiveness in oscillation suppression to conventional controls.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Nanosecond Gated CMOS Camera (NSGCC) ICD (Rev. 2.1)

The Ultra-Fast X-ray Imager (UXI) program is an ongoing effort at Sandia National Laboratories to create high speed, multi-frame, time-gated Read Out Integrated Circuits (ROICs), and a corresponding suite of photodetectors to image a wide variety of High Energy Density (HED) physics experiments on both Sandia’s Z-Machine and LLNL’s National Ignition Facility (NIF). Several cameras have been designed over the length of the program; one of the most recent is the Icarus, which is an improvement on past imagers (Furi and Hippogriff). A second sensor that can be connected is the Daedalus sensor. The Icarus is a 1024 × 512-pixel array with either 25 μm or 8 µm spatial resolution containing four frames of storage per pixel and has improved timing generation and distribution components while achieved 2 ns time gating. The Daedalus sensor is also a 1024 x 512-pixel array with 25 µm special resolution containing three frames of storage per pixel and has an increased set of features for a wider variety of applications from interlacing of rows in each frame to configurability of all shutters. See Section 14 for details regarding the Icarus implementation of the firmware and Section 15 for details regarding the Daedalus implementation. Due to the unique test environments UXI sensors are targeted for, full custom hardware was required to physically mount an Icarus or Daedalus sensor, manage its various functions, and read out pixel data for transfer to a host computer. Beyond experimental functionality, the hardware also needed to accommodate sensor characterization requirements. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s ‘Version 4.0 Board’ was the result of these efforts. It mounts all the components required to fully utilize the Icarus and Daedalus sensors including analog to digital converters to convert pixel data and various system voltages to digital form for readout and analysis, DAC channels for remote configuration of critical bias voltages, static random-access memories to buffer pixel data, RS422 and Gigabit Ethernet communications for remote access, and an FPGA to tie these components together. This document describes the FPGA electrical interfaces in detail to allow the reader a greater understanding of the device, and to facilitate implementation of custom software to control and manage it. The Version 4.0 Board is a continuation of the Nano-second Gated CMOS hardware design that retains much of the functionality of the Version 1.0 Board while adding features including a DAC instead of digital potentiometers, as well as sensors for pressure and radiation. The Version 4.0 board is intended for applications requiring tight form-factor enclosures. It is composed of two stacking boards; one holds the FPGA and regulators to power the various components of the board while the other contains the mating connector to the sensor, image-readoff ADCs, the DAC, and other components.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Solid State Transformer Architecture and Control Compensation for Common Mode Currents

A high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) or similar geomagnetic disturbance (GMD) has the potential to impact the operation of large-scale electric power grids. By introducing low-frequency common-mode (CM) currents, these events can degrade the performance of critical system components, such as large power transformers by introducing CM currents which can lead to magnetic saturation of the transformer core. In this work, a solid-state transformer (SST) is developed to replace susceptible equipment and improve grid resiliency by safely absorbing these CM disturbances. This device will be referred to as a common-mode solid-state transformer (CM-SST). An SST architecture based on a four-legged AC/DC converter is developed. This architecture enables active control of CM signals without disturbing the AC voltages or the real and reactive power delivery capabilities. A system-level model of this architecture is created, and time-domain simulations are performed to evaluate the SST’s performance in response to simulated CM disturbances. A control strategy for mitigating CM current is also investigated. Hamiltonian surface shaping and power flow control (HSSPFC) is used to design a nonlinear controller for the SST’s output inverter. The objectives of the controller are to suppress CM-induced AC current offsets and regulate AC currents to desired setpoints. Nonlinear system analysis is applied to design and validate the controller. Two cases are tested: (a) the proposed four-leg inverter and (b) a standard three-leg inverter. The results show that the proposed controller rapidly mitigates CM disturbances while maintaining high-quality AC current waveforms in the four-leg configuration. Finally, the hardware performance of an SST prototype is evaluated. In particular, the ability of the SST to safely redirect and absorb CM currents is demonstrated, showing how it can protect neighboring conventional transformers in the system. The study confirms that appropriate control laws allow the SST to protect both itself and adjacent transformers during a HEMP or GMD event.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Synchronous Machine Governor Upgrade

Conventional generation sources play a critical role in the stability and reliability of the electrical grid, particularly as we transition towards more renewable energy sources. To understand and accurately emulate their behavior for optimizing grid operations and ensuring seamless integration with renewable technologies, it is essential to better emulate the grid- and plant-level impacts of conventional generation sources, such as natural gas (NG) driven heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs) and combustion turbines (CTs). Therefore, a governor model is developed in a programmable logic controller (PLC) to investigate the performance of the conventional generator under various dynamic operating conditions and to identify the impact on grid stability in a controlled environment. The governor model aims to enable the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) based emulation of these conventional generation sources using the existing 2 MVA synchronous machine/generator that is driven by a flexible 2.5 MW variable speed drive. This setup will allow us to replicate the dynamic characteristics and response behaviors of NG-driven HRSGs and CTs. The controls for the emulated conventional plants follow the industry standard and are adjustable, ensuring they accurately reflect the operational capabilities and limitations of real-world systems. These controls include load-following capabilities, ramp rates, startup and shutdown sequences, and emissions characteristics. By incorporating these adjustable controls, we aim to capture the nuanced impacts of conventional generation, such as their ability to provide ancillary services like frequency regulation, voltage support, and spinning reserve. In this report, we simulate two types of dynamic operations: grid-connected and islanding. For each dynamic operation, representative starting sequences are tested, including turbine purge, ignition, speed ramping up, generator excitation and synchronizing, and breaker close. The HIL based tests provides insights for field deployment, specifically the high-fidelity governor model provides results to predict the potential stability and reliability risk and suggest possible integration measures (e.g., generation and load balancing, tuning of governor control parameters). Ultimately, this enhanced emulation capability will be integrated into our Advanced Research on Integrated Energy Systems (ARIES), enabling us to conduct comprehensive studies on the interactions between conventional and renewable energy sources. By better understanding these interactions, we can develop strategies to optimize the overall performance and reliability of the grid. This will support the deployment of advanced grid management techniques, such as demand response, grid-forming inverters, and energy storage systems. The main contributions are summarized as follows: (1) This report introduces a PLC-based governor model for gas turbines. This model accurately simulates the dynamic behavior of conventional generation sources under various operational scenarios; (2) The model is integrated with an HIL testbed that includes a 2.5 MW variable speed drive and a 2 MVA synchronous machine. This setup enables realistic, real-time emulation of conventional power plants, particularly NG driven HRSGs and CTs; (3) The developed model is adaptable to various gas turbine configurations and allows for precise control over parameters such as MW ramp rates. This flexibility makes it a valuable tool for future research and industry collaboration; and (4) By incorporating the model into the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Advanced Research on Integrated Energy Systems, the report lays the groundwork for future studies on interactions between conventional and renewable energy sources, enhancing the ability to develop advanced grid management strategies.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗