Onset of phase separation in the double perovskite oxide La 2 MnNiO 6
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Spurgeon, Steven R.↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
Results for “Strain mapping”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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An experimental method to obtain the elastic strain energy function from torsion-tension tests
It is shown that by employing a torsion-tension test, it is possible to have a complete mapping near the origin of the two principal strain invariants associated with the rate of change of the strain energy function. However, the mathematical representation of the twist moment and normal forces vs strain and the strain energy function are complex. This problem is solved by using a set of solid cylindrical bars with different diameters such that the difference in diameter of two successive bars is small. The stress-strain equations can be grossly oversimplified by considering differences in twist moment and normal force as a function of difference in radius.
Peng, S. T. J.↗
Data clustering for the high-resolution alignment of microstructure and strain fields
The emergence of small-scale deformation mapping by a combination of scanning electron microscopy and digital image correlation (SEM-DIC) has enabled full-field investigations into the complex roles of microstructure on microscale deformation mechanisms. However, these investigations are hindered by errors in alignment between the microstructure data, generally acquired by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and the microscale strain data obtained by SEM-DIC. Distortions, stitching artifacts, and spatial resolution differences between microstructure and strain fields can lead to misalignments on the order of μms. This alignment uncertainty introduces error into microstructure-strain localization analyses and precludes the examination of deformation mechanisms near grain boundaries. To improve alignment between EBSD-obtained grain boundaries and SEM-DIC strain data, an approach was created wherein a mantle was first established around the EBSD-acquired grain boundaries. Strain data was then clustered within this mantle using a k-means algorithm to identify grain boundary strain localization, and these boundary points were fit to obtain a continuous curve for each individual boundary. Clustered point outliers, such as those due to grain boundary-local dislocation slip, were statistically identified by using an absolute error threshold and removed from the grain boundary fit. The ending identification of grain boundaries in the microscale strain data is significantly improved from EBSD-identified boundaries.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Study on the Hot Deformation Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of Cu-Cr-In Alloy
Based on the hot compressive tests in the temperature range of 700-900 °C and strain rate range of 0.01-10 s{sup −1}, the hot deformation behavior of a Cu-Cr-In alloy was investigated. The true stress–strain curves of the alloy were obtained, and a constitutive equation for the alloy was established by the method of equivalent stress. The processing maps were constructed based on the constitutive equation, and the microstructural evolutions were analyzed and correlated with the processing maps. The results show that the true stress of the alloy increased with decreasing strain rate and decreased with increasing temperature. The microstructures of the alloy deformed under different conditions were in good accordance with the processing maps results. According to the processing maps and the microstructures of the alloy with true strains of 0.4 and 0.8, the optimal hot deformation conditions lie in the range of 850-900 °C and strain rate range of 0.01-0.1 s{sup −1}.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Interfacial-Strain-Controlled Ferroelectricity in Self-Assembled BiFeO 3 Nanostructures
Self-assembled BiFeO 3 -CoFe 2 O 4 (BFO-CFO) vertically aligned nanocomposites are promising for logic, memory, and multiferroic applications, primarily due to the tunability enabled by strain engineering at the prodigious epitaxial vertical interfaces. However, local investigations directly revealing functional properties in the vicinity of such critical interfaces are often hampered by the size, geometry, microstructure, and concomitant experimental artifacts. Ferroelectric switching in the presence of lateral distributions of vertical strain thus remains relatively unexplored, with broader implications for all strain-engineered functional devices. Additionally, by implementing tomographic atomic force microscopy, 3D domain orientation mapping, and spatially-resolved ferroelectric switching movies, local tensile strain significantly impacts the ferroelectric switching, principally by retarding domain nucleation in the BFO nearest to the vertically epitaxial tensile-strained interfaces. The relaxed centers of the BFO pillars become preferred domain nucleation and growth sites for low biases, with up to an order of magnitude change in the edge:center switching ratio for high biases. The new, multi-dimensional imaging approach—and its corresponding insights especially for directly strained interface effects on local properties—thereby advances the fundamental understanding of polarization switching and provides design principles for optimizing functional response in confined nanoferroic systems.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Bragg coherent diffraction imaging by simultaneous reconstruction of multiple diffraction peaks
Bragg coherent diffractive imaging (BCDI) is a non-invasive microscopy technique that can visualize the morphology and internal lattice deviations of crystals with nanoscale spatial resolution and picometer deformation sensitivity. While BCDI has been successfully applied in various studies of materials, it is less successful for highly-strained crystals. Specifically, it is difficult to correctly reconstruct the electron density of a highly-strained object using conventional phase retrieval algorithms. Although various algorithms have been developed to overcome this challenge, most of them require a priori knowledge that is not always available in practice. Here we report on a new phase retrieval workflow that can invert diffraction patterns from multiple Bragg peaks simultaneously. The new workflow is explored via simulated diffraction from crystals with various strain conditions. Furthermore, reconstructions from the new workflow consistently demonstrate more accurate electron density maps, in comparison with the conventional method. For highly-strained crystals, the new workflow improves the reliability and consistency of BCDI phase retrieval significantly.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Impact of krypton irradiation on a single crystal tungsten: Multi-modal X-ray imaging study
Understanding microstructural and strain evolutions induced by noble gas production in the nuclear fuel matrix or plasma-facing materials is crucial for designing next generation nuclear reactors, as they are responsible for volumetric swelling and catastrophic failure. In this paper we describe a multimodal approach combining synchrotron-based nanoscale X-ray imaging techniques with atomic-scale electron microscopy techniques for mapping chemical composition, morphology and lattice distortion in a single crystal W induced by Kr irradiation. We report that Kr-irradiated single crystal W undergoes surface deformation, forming Kr containing cavities. Furthermore, positive strain fields are observed in Kr-irradiated regions, which lead to compression of underlying W matrix.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Constitutive Model for Hot Deformation of the Cu-Zr-Ce Alloy
Hot compressive deformation behavior of the Cu-Zr-Ce alloy has been investigated according to the hot deformation tests in the 550-900 °C temperature range and 0.001-10 s{sup −1} strain rate range. Based on the true stress–true strain curves, the flow stress behavior of the Cu-Zr-Ce alloy was investigated. Microstructure evolution was observed by optical microscopy. Based on the experimental results, a constitutive equation, which reflects the relationships between the stress, strain, strain rate and temperature, has been established. Material constants n, α, Q and ln A were calculated as functions of strain. The equation predicting the flow stress combined with these materials constants has been proposed. The predicted stress is consistent with experimental stress, indicating that developed constitutive equation can adequately predict the flow stress of the Cu-Zr-Ce alloy. Dynamic recrystallization critical strain was determined using the work hardening rate method. According to the dynamic material model, the processing maps for the Cu-Zr and Cu-Zr-Ce alloy were obtained at 0.4 and 0.5 strain. Based on the processing maps and microstructure observations, the optimal processing parameters for the two alloys were determined, and it was found that the addition of Ce can promote the hot workability of the Cu-Zr alloy.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
An Efficient Algorithm for Mapping Imaging Data to 3D Unstructured Grids in Computational Biomechanics
Geometries for organ scale and multiscale simulations of organ function are now routinely derived from imaging data. However, medical images may also contain spatially heterogeneous information other than geometry that are relevant to such simulations either as initial conditions or in the form of model parameters. In this manuscript, we present an algorithm for the efficient and robust mapping of such data to imaging based unstructured polyhedral grids in parallel. We then illustrate the application of our mapping algorithm to three different mapping problems: 1) the mapping of MRI diffusion tensor data to an unstuctured ventricular grid; 2) the mapping of serial cyro-section histology data to an unstructured mouse brain grid; and 3) the mapping of CT-derived volumetric strain data to an unstructured multiscale lung grid. Execution times and parallel performance are reported for each case.
Einstein, Daniel R.↗
Microstructure of TRISO Coated Particles from the AGR-1 Experiment I: SiC Grain Size and Grain Boundary Character
Pre-irradiation SiC microstructures in TRISO coated fuel particles from the AGR-1 experiment were quantitatively characterized using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). From EBSD it was determined that only the cubic polymorph of as-deposited SiC was present and the SiC had a high fraction of CSL S3 grain boundaries. Additionally, the local area misorientation (LAM), which is a qualitative measurement of strain in the SiC lattice, was mapped for each fuel variant. The morphology of the SiC / IPyC interfaces were characterized by TEM following site-specific focused ion beam (FIB) specimen preparation. It was determined that the SiC layer had a heavily faulted microstructure typical of CVD deposited SiC and that the average grain diameter increased from the SiC/IPyC interface for all the fuel variants, except V3 that showed a constant grain size across the layer.
11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
Measuring residual stress in Ti-6Al-4V with HR-EBSD, using reference patterns from annealed material
In this study, elastic strain and residual stress values in an engineering material were determined by high-resolution EBSD (HR-EBSD) using reference patterns from annealed, recrystallized material. Specifically, rolled Ti-6Al-4V sheet was analyzed using HR EBSD in both an as-annealed and a strained state, the latter established via a static two-point bend fixture. The commercial software CrossCourt4 (CC4) was used to evaluate the relative intragranular strain tensor components of the alpha grains mapped by HR-EBSD. The intragranular reference patterns identified in each grain by the software were then replaced with similarly-oriented patterns from scans of the as-annealed, recrystallized material. The CC4 analysis was then repeated to provide calibrated strain and residual stress values. Elastic strains on the order of 10–3 were detected, with corresponding residual stress values on the order of 1 GPa. Subsequent analyses using high energy synchrotron x-ray diffraction showed good correlation with the elastic strains measured by HR-EBSD using the annealed reference patterns. Additionally, the maximum macroscopic stress analytically predicted for two-point bending was in agreement with the residual stress observed. Good repeatability of the methodology and insight into the state of individual grains were also observed. The findings provide encouraging evidence that accurate intragranular and long-range residual stress measurements of engineering significance can be made with HR-EBSD using a physical reference pattern library.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Dynamics and structure of the B2→B19’ phase transformation in NiTi revealed through in situ 4D-STEM
The structural evolution of NiTi during the B2→B19’ martensitic phase transformation via thermal cycling is investigated using in situ four dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM). With 4D-STEM, we can directly visualize and quantify the nanoscale evolution of the martensitic structure on thermal cycling and also investigate the origin of diffuse scattering of NiTi in the pre-transitional state. Mapping of the martensite orientation and strain visualizes the progression of the transformation front and self-accommodation of the B19’ structure. Diffuse streaking and strain are measured in the pre-transitional austenite (B2) phase and demonstrate no localization or preferential directionality hinting that long-range homogeneous instability rather than nanoscale heterogeneities may be the origin of the pre-transitional anomalies in NiTi. Finally, it is revealed that NiTi does not reform the same martensite nanostructure on thermal cycling but does express similar features. This small variation is likely owing to transformation-induced dislocations.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Extensive 3D mapping of dislocation structures in bulk aluminum
Abstract Thermomechanical processing such as annealing is one of the main methods to tailor the mechanical properties of materials, however, much is unknown about the reorganization of dislocation structures deep inside macroscopic crystals that give rise to those changes. Here, we demonstrate the self-organization of dislocation structures upon high-temperature annealing in a mm-sized single crystal of aluminum. We map a large embedded 3D volume ( $$100\times 300\times 300$$ 100 × 300 × 300 $$\upmu$$ μ m $$^3$$ 3 ) of dislocation structures using dark field X-ray microscopy (DFXM), a diffraction-based imaging technique. Over the wide field of view, DFXM’s high angular resolution allows us to identify subgrains, separated by dislocation boundaries, which we identify and characterize down to the single-dislocation level using computer-vision methods. We demonstrate how even after long annealing times at high temperatures, the remaining low density of dislocations still pack into well-defined, straight dislocation boundaries (DBs) that lie on specific crystallographic planes. In contrast to conventional grain growth models, our results show that the dihedral angles at the triple junctions are not the predicted 120 $$^{\circ }$$ ∘ , suggesting additional complexities in the boundary stabilization mechanisms. Mapping the local misorientation and lattice strain around these boundaries shows that the observed strain is shear, imparting an average misorientation around the DB of $$\approx$$ ≈ 0.003 to 0.006 $$^{\circ }$$ ∘ .
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
High-Energy X-Ray Diffraction Microscopy in Materials Science
High-energy diffraction microscopy (HEDM) is an implementation of three-dimensional X-ray diffraction microscopy. HEDM yields maps of internal crystal orientation fields, strain states, grain shapes and locations as well as intragranular orientation distributions, and grain boundary character. Because it is nondestructive in hard materials, notably metals and ceramics, HEDM has been used to study responses of these materials to external fields including high temperature and mechanical loading. Currently available sources and detectors lead to a spatial resolution of ~1 μm and an orientation resolution of <0.1°. With the penetration characteristic of high energies ( E ≥ 50 keV), sample cross-section dimensions of ~1 mm can be studied in materials containing elements across much of the Periodic Table. This review describes hardware and software associated with HEDM as well as examples of applications. Overall, these applications include studies of grain growth, recrystallization, texture development, orientation gradients, deformation twinning, annealing twinning, plastic deformation, and additive manufacturing. We also describe relationships to other X-ray-based methods as well as prospects for further development.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Microgravity-Driven Optic Nerve/Sheath Biomechanics Simulations
Visual Impairment and Intracranial Pressure (VIIP) syndrome is a concern for long-duration space flight. Current thinking suggests that the ocular changes observed in VIIP syndrome are related to cephalad fluid shifts resulting in altered fluid pressures [1]. In particular, we hypothesize that increased intracranial pressure (ICP) drives connective tissue remodeling of the posterior eye and optic nerve sheath (ONS). We describe here finite element (FE) modeling designed to understand how altered pressures, particularly altered ICP, affect the tissues of the posterior eye and optic nerve sheath (ONS) in VIIP. METHODS: Additional description of the modeling methodology is provided in the companion IWS abstract by Feola et al. In brief, a geometric model of the posterior eye and optic nerve, including the ONS, was created and the effects of fluid pressures on tissue deformations were simulated. We considered three ICP scenarios: an elevated ICP assumed to occur in chronic microgravity, and ICP in the upright and supine positions on earth. Within each scenario we used Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) to consider a range of ICPs, ONH tissue mechanical properties, intraocular pressures (IOPs) and mean arterial pressures (MAPs). The outcome measures were biomechanical strains in the lamina cribrosa, optic nerve and retina; here we focus on peak values of these strains, since elevated strain alters cell phenotype and induce tissue remodeling. In 3D, the strain field can be decomposed into three orthogonal components, denoted as first, second and third principal strains. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: For baseline material properties, increasing ICP from 0 to 20 mmHg significantly changed strains within the posterior eye and ONS (Fig. 1), indicating that elevated ICP affects ocular tissue biomechanics. Notably, strains in the lamina cribrosa and retina became less extreme as ICP increased; however, within the optic nerve, the occurrence of such extreme strains greatly increased as ICP was elevated (Fig. 2). In particular, c. 48 of simulations in the elevated ICP condition showed peak strains in the optic nerve that exceeded the strains expected on earth. Such extreme strains are likely important, since they represent a larger signal for mechano-responsive resident cells [2]. The models predicted little to no anterior motion of the prelaminar neural tissue (optic nerve swelling, or papilledema, secondary to axoplasmic stasis), typically seen with elevated ICP. Specialized FE models to capture axoplasmic stasis would be required to study papilledema. These results suggest that the most notable effect of elevated ICP may occur via direct optic nerve loading, rather than through connective tissue deformation. These FE models can inform the design of future studies designed to bridge the gap between biomechanics and pathophysiological function in VIIP.
biomechanics↗
Curvilinear Displacement Transfer Functions for Deformed Shape Predictions of Curved Structures Using Distributed Surface Strains
Curvilinear Displacement Transfer Functions were formulated for deformed shape predictions of different curved structures using surface strains. The embedded curved beam (depth-wise cross section of a curved structure along a surface strain-sensing line) was discretized into multiple small domains, with domain junctures matching the strain-sensing stations. Thus, the surface strain distribution can be described with a piecewise linear or a piecewise nonlinear function. The discrete approach enabled piecewise integrations of a curvature-strain differential equation for the embedded curved beam to yield closed-form Curvilinear Displacement Transfer Functions, which are written in terms of embedded curved-beam geometrical parameters and surface strains. By inputting the surface strain data, the Curvilinear Displacement Transfer Functions can transform surface strains into deflections along each embedded curved beam for mapping out the overall structural deformed shapes. The finite-element method was used to analytically generate the surface strains of the curved beams. The deformed shape prediction accuracies were then determined by comparing the theoretical deflections with the finite-element-generated deflections, which were used as yardsticks. By introducing the correction factors in simple mathematical forms, the Curvilinear Displacement Transfer Functions can be quite accurate for shape predictions of different curved-beam structures ranging from limit case of straight beam up to semicircular curved beam.
Ko, William L.↗
Deconvoluting thermomechanical effects in X-ray diffraction data using machine learning
X-ray diffraction is ideal for probing the sub-surface state during complex or rapid thermomechanical loading of crystalline materials. However, challenges arise as the size of diffraction volumes increases due to spatial broadening and because of the inability to deconvolute the effects of different lattice deformation mechanisms. Here, we present a novel approach that uses combinations of physics-based modeling and machine learning to deconvolve thermal and mechanical elastic strains for diffraction data analysis. The method builds on a previous effort to extract thermal strain distribution information from diffraction data. The new approach is applied to extract the evolution of the thermomechanical state during laser melting of an Inconel 625 wall specimen which produces significant residual stress upon cooling. A combination of heat transfer and fluid flow, elasto-plasticity and X-ray diffraction simulations is used to generate training data for machine-learning (Gaussian process regression, GPR) models that map diffracted intensity distributions to underlying thermomechanical strain fields. First-principles density functional theory is used to determine accurate temperature-dependent thermal expansion and elastic stiffness used for elasto-plasticity modeling. The trained GPR models are found to be capable of deconvoluting the effects of thermal and mechanical strains, in addition to providing information about underlying strain distributions, even from complex diffraction patterns with irregularly shaped peaks.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗