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At least 307 records · Page 17

Photodissociation dynamics of the methyl perthiyl radical at 248 and 193 nm using fast-beam photofragment translational spectroscopy

The photodissociation dynamics of the methyl perthiyl radical (CH{sub 3}SS) have been investigated using fast-beam coincidence translational spectroscopy. Methyl perthiyl radicals were produced by photodetachment of the CH{sub 3}SS{sup −} anion followed by photodissociation at 248 nm (5.0 eV) and 193 nm (6.4 eV). Photofragment mass distributions and translational energy distributions were measured at each dissociation wavelength. Experimental results show S atom loss as the dominant (96%) dissociation channel at 248 nm with a near parallel, anisotropic angular distribution and translational energy peaking near the maximal energy available to ground state CH{sub 3}S and S fragments, indicating that the dissociation occurs along a repulsive excited state. At 193 nm, S atom loss remains the major fragmentation channel, although S{sub 2} loss becomes more competitive and constitutes 32% of the fragmentation. The translational energy distributions for both channels are very broad at this wavelength, suggesting the formation of the S{sub 2} and S atom products in several excited electronic states.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Theory of scanning tunneling spectroscopy: from Kondo impurities to heavy fermion materials

Kondo systems ranging from the single Kondo impurity to heavy fermion materials present us with a plethora of unconventional properties whose theoretical understanding is still one of the major open problems in condensed matter physics. Over the last few years, groundbreaking scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) experiments have provided unprecedented new insight into the electronic structure of Kondo systems. Interpreting the results of these experiments–the differential conductance and the quasi-particle interference spectrum–however, has been complicated by the fact that electrons tunneling from the STS tip into the system can tunnel either into the heavy magnetic moment or the light conduction band states. In this article, we briefly review the theoretical progress made in understanding how quantum interference between these two tunneling paths affects the experimental STS results. We show how this theoretical insight has allowed to interpret the results of STS experiments on a series of heavy fermion materials providing detailed knowledge of their complex electronic structure. Furthermore, it is this knowledge that is a conditio sine qua non for developing a deeper understanding of the fascinating properties exhibited by heavy fermion materials, ranging from unconventional superconductivity to non-Fermi-liquid behavior in the vicinity of quantum critical points.

heavy fermion materials↗

Consistency between reflection momentum-resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy and optical spectroscopy measurements of the long-wavelength density response of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 + x

The density fluctuation spectrum captures many fundamental properties of strange metals. Using momentum-resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy (M-EELS), we recently showed that the density response of the strange metal Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+x (Bi-2212) at large momentum, q, exhibits a constant-in-frequency continuum reminiscent of the marginal Fermi liquid (MFL) hypothesis of the late 1980s. However, reconciling this observation with infrared (IR) optics experiments, which show a well-defined plasmon excitation at q ~ 0, has been challenging. Here we report M-EELS measurements of Bi-2212 using 4× improved momentum resolution, allowing us to reach the optical limit. For momenta q < 0.04 r.l.u., the M-EELS data show a plasmon feature that is quantitatively consistent with IR optics. For q > 0.04 r.l.u., the spectra become incoherent with an MFL-like, constant-in-frequency form. Here we speculate that, at finite frequency, ω, and nonzero q, some attribute of this Planckian metal randomizes the probe electron, causing it to lose information about its own momentum.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

γ-ray spectroscopy of 209 Tl

Here, states in 209 TI were populated using a multi-nucleon transfer reaction with a 136 Xe beam impinging on a thick 208 Pb target at E = 785 MeV. The beam was pulsed at 825 ns intervals in order to perform isomer decay spectroscopy. The known J π = 17/2 + isomer in 209 TI was located at 1228(4) keV and measured to have a half-life of T 1/2 = 146(10) ns. A second isomer with J π = 13/2 + were found to have T 1/2 = 14(5) ns.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Probing the Pairing Interaction and Multiple Bardasis-Schrieffer Modes Using Raman Spectroscopy

In unconventional superconductors, understanding the form of the pairing interaction is the primary goal. In this regard, Raman spectroscopy is a very useful tool, as it identifies the ground state and also the subleading pairing channels by probing collective modes. In this paper, we propose a general theory for a multiband Raman response and identify new features in the spectrum that can provide a robust test for a pairing theory. We identify multiple Bardasis-Schrieffer type collective modes and connect the weights of these modes to the subleading gap structures within a microscopic pairing theory. Finally, while our conclusions are completely general, we apply our approach to interpret the specific case of B 1g Raman scattering in hole-doped BaFe 2 As 2 .

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

In situ Raman spectroscopy of pressure-induced phase transformations in polycrystalline TbPO 4 , DyPO 4 , and Gd x Dy (1– x ) PO 4 [ In situ Raman spectroscopy of pressure-induced phase transformations in DyPO 4 and Gd x Dy (1– x ) PO 4 ]

Xenotime DyPO 4 and Gd x Dy (1–x) PO 4 (x = 0.4, 0.5, 0.6) (tetragonal I41amd zircon structure) have been studied at ambient temperature under high pressures inside a diamond anvil cell with in situ Raman spectroscopy. The typical Raman–active modes of the xenotime structure were observed at low pressures and the appearance of new Raman peaks at higher pressures indicated a phase transformation to a lower symmetry structure—likely monoclinic. Raman mode softening was observed, resulting in a line crossing at approximately 7–8 GPa for each material and preceding the phase transformation. The onset of phase transformation for DyPO 4 occurred at a pressure of 15.3 GPa. DyPO 4 underwent a reversible phase transformation and returned to the xenotime phase after decompression. The transformation pressures of the solid solutions (Gd x Dy (1–x) PO 4 ) were in the range 10–12 GPa. The GdxDy(1–x)PO 4 solid solutions yielded partially reversible phase transformations, retaining some of the high–pressure phase spectrum while reforming xenotime peaks during decompression. The substitution of Gd into DyPO 4 decreased the transformation pressure relative to pure DyPO 4 . In conclusion, the ability to modify the phase transformation pressures of xenotime rare–earth orthophosphates by chemical variations of solid solutions may provide additional methods to improve the performance of ceramic matrix composites.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Vibrational Spectroscopy for the Determination of Ionizable Group Content in Ionomer Materials

An approach based on vibrational spectral measurements is described for determining the ionizable group content of ion conducting polymer membrane materials. Aimed at supporting the assessment of membrane stability and wear characteristics, performance is evaluated for attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy, confocal Raman microscopy, and ATR FT-IR microscopy using perfluorinated ionomer membrane standards. One set of ionomer standards contained a sulfonic acid ionizable group and the other a sulfonyl imide group. The average number of backbone tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) units separating the ionizable-group containing side chains was in the range of 7.2–2.1 (sulfonic acid set) and 10.5–4.6 (sulfonyl imide set). A poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) sample was included as a blank, representing the limit of zero ionizable group (and maximum TFE) content. Calibration relationships were derived from area-normalized vibrational spectra. For all three methods, calibration models applied to independent spectral measurements of samples predicted the ratio of backbone TFE groups to ionizable groups in the repeat unit ( m) with a standard error of ≤ ±0.3. The confocal Raman and ATR FT-IR microscopy techniques achieved ideal blank responses and the lowest prediction errors, down to m ± 0.1 at the 90% confidence level. With its relative simplicity, low sample size requirements, and potential for quantitative micron-scale spatial mapping of the ionizable group content within a membrane, the approach has application to advancing materials development, including exploratory synthesis, durability and wear assessment, and in situ studies of membrane process.

Korzeniewski, Carol↗

Determination of Rare Earth Elements in Geological Samples Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) [Determination of Rare Earth Elements in Geological Samples by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)]

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used to detect rare earth elements (REEs) in natural geological samples. Low and high intensity emission lines of Ce, La, Nd, Y, Pr, Sm, Eu, Gd, and Dy were identified in the spectra recorded from the samples to claim the presence of these REEs. Multivariate analysis was executed by developing partial least squares regression (PLS-R) models for the quantification of Ce, La, and Nd. Analysis of unknown samples indicated that the prediction results of these samples were found comparable to those obtained by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis. In conclusion, data support that LIBS has potential to quantify REEs in geological minerals/ores.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

Applications of “Tender” Energy (1-5 keV) X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy in Life Sciences

The “tender” energy range of 1 to 5 keV, between the energy ranges of most “hard” (>5 keV) and “soft” (<1 keV) synchrotron X-ray facilities, offers some unique opportunities for synchrotron-based X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy in life sciences. In particular the K absorption edges of Na through Ca offer opportunities to study local structure, speciation, and chemistry of many important biological compounds, structures and processes. This is an area of largely untapped science, in part due to a scarcity of optimized facilities. Such measurements also entail unique experimental challenges. Lastly, this brief review describes the technique, its experimental challenges, recent progress in development of microbeam measurement capabilities, and several highlights illustrating applications in life sciences.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

High Pressure Brillouin Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction of Cerium Dioxide

Simultaneous high-pressure Brillouin spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction of cerium dioxide powders are presented at room temperature to a pressure of 45 GPa. Micro- and nanocrystalline powders are studied and the density, acoustic velocities and elastic moduli determined. In contrast to recent reports of anomalous compressibility and strength in nanocrystalline cerium dioxide, the acoustic velocities are found to be insensitive to grain size and enhanced strength is not observed in nanocrystalline CeO 2 . Discrepancies in the bulk moduli derived from Brillouin and powder X-ray diffraction studies suggest that the properties of CeO 2 are sensitive to the hydrostaticity of its environment. Our Brillouin data give the shear modulus, G 0 = 63 (3) GPa, and adiabatic bulk modulus, K S0 = 142 (9) GPa, which is considerably lower than the isothermal bulk modulus, K T0 ~ 230 GPa, determined by high-pressure X-ray diffraction experiments.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗