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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 307 records · Page 17
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1981

Equatorial scintillations - A review

Scintillation observations of equatorial irregularities by techniques such as in situ, radar backscatter, airglow, and total electron content are reviewed, with an emphasis on GHz measurements. New aspects of the spread-F analysis from ionograms are mentioned, followed by a discussion of scintillation morphology, and the longitudinal control of the equatorial scintillations is emphasized. A coordinated multitechnique observation of the equatorial irregularities is described in detail, the study being divided into two parts: (1) an examination of the large field-aligned irregularity structures and their association with discrete patches of scintillation activity, and (2) an investigation of the coexistence of km-scale-irregularities with meter scales and a description of the evolution of the irregularity and scintillation spectra during the various phases of irregularity generation and decay. Unsolved problems are also reviewed, e.g., it is stated that the effects of steep spatial gradients in the electron density structures and their subsequent erosion on both CW and pulse propagation need to be evaluated both from the point of view of theory and experiments.

Basu, S.↗
NASA NTRS1989

High pressure gas scintillation drift chambers with wave shifter fiber readout. I

The authors present results from a prototype xenon-gas scintillation drift chamber. It was operated at pressures up to 20 atm, and the scintillation light yield was measured at various pressures and reduced fields. Scintillation-reduced fields ranged from 1.3 to 3 kV/cm/atm in a 5.4-mm scintillation gap. Drift fields ranged from 45 to 100 V/cm/atm in an 8-cm drift region. The chamber was exposed to an 241Am source in a port either 2.7 or 5.4 cm from the secondary scintillation region. The authors also describe the high-voltage problems encountered during operation at high pressures. Further tests with the wave shifter fiber readout showed that the problem of gas contamination by the fibers is manageable but that the interaction between the optical fibers and the high-pressure xenon gas can lead to fiber damage. A solution to this problem is described.

Parsons, A.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Results from a study of scintillation behavior at 12, 20, and 30 GHz using the results from the Virginia Tech Olympus receivers

Tropospheric scintillations are rapid fluctuations of signal caused by multiple scattering from the small scale turbulent refractive index inhomogeneities in the troposphere. They can strongly impair satellite communications links operating at frequency above 10 GHz. The VA Tech OLYMPUS propagation experiment which includes 12, 20, and 30 GHz beacon receivers at an elevation angle of 14 degrees provides us with valuable multifrequency scintillation data. A long term analysis of tropospheric scintillation results from the VA Tech OLYMPUS experiment is presented. It includes statistics of both the scintillation intensity and the attenuation relative to clear air as well as seasonal, diurnal and meteorological trends. A comparison with the Consultative Committee for International Radio (CCIR) predictive model for scintillation fading is presented.

Pratt, Timothy↗
NASA NTRS2008

Silicon Photo-Multiplier Readouts for Scintillators in High-Energy Astronomy

New scintillator materials have recently been shown to hold great potential for low-cost, reliable gamma-ray detectors in high-energy astronomy. New devices for the detection of scintillation light promise to make scintillator-based instruments even more attractive by reducing mass and power requirements,in particular, silicon photo-multipliers (SiPMs) are starting to become commercially available that offer gains and quantum efficiencies similar to those of photo-multiplier tubes (PMTs), but with greatly reduced mass, high ruggedness, low voltage requirements, and no sensitivity to magnetic fields. We have conducted laboratory tests of a sample of commercially available SiPMs coupled to LaBr3;Ce, a scintillator of relevance to to future high-energy astrophysics missions. We present results for gamma-ray spectroscopy. compare the SiPM performance to that of a PMT, and discuss the extent to which SiPMs offer significant advantages for scintillator-based space missions.

Bloser, Peter F.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Tests of Multibeam Scintillation Mitigation on Laser Uplinks

A report presents additional details about parts of the program of research and development that is the topic of the immediately preceding article. The report emphasizes those aspects of the program that pertain to the use of multiple uplink laser beams in a ground-to-spacecraft optical communication system to reduce (relative to the case of a single uplink laser beam) the depth and frequency of occurrence of fades in the uplink signal received at the spacecraft. The underlying multibeam scintillation-mitigation concept was described in "Multiple-Beam Transmission for Optical Communication" (NPO-20384), NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 22, No. 11 (November 1998), page 56. The report discusses the need for mitigating uplink scintillation; briefly describes the Optical Communications Telescope Laboratory and its role as the ground station in the research; summarizes prior experiments in uplink scintillation and multibeam mitigation of scintillation in ground-to-spacecraft laser communications; and describes key experiments planned to be performed in the next five years. The report then elaborates somewhat on the initial experiments, which are to be dedicated to understanding and perfecting the multibeam scintillation-mitigation strategy.

Wilson, Keith↗
DOE OSTI2010

Studies of non-proportionality in alkali halide and strontium iodide scintillators using SLYNCI

Recently a collaboration of LLNL and LBNL has constructed a second generation Compton coincidence instrument to study the non-proportionality of scintillators. This device, known as SLYNCI (Scintillator Light-Yield Non-proportionality Characterization Instrument), has can completely characterize a sample with less than 24 hours of running time. Thus, SLYNCI enables a number of systematic studies of scintillators since many samples can be processed in a reasonable length of time. These studies include differences in nonproportionality between different types of scintillators, different members of the same family of scintillators, and impact of different doping levels. The results of such recent studies are presented here, including a study of various alkali halides, and the impact of europium doping level in strontium iodide. Directions of future work area also discussed.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2013

Barium iodide and strontium iodide crystals andd scintillators implementing the same

In one embodiment, a material comprises a crystal comprising strontium iodide providing at least 50,000 photons per MeV. A scintillator radiation detector according to another embodiment includes a scintillator optic comprising europium-doped strontium iodide providing at least 50,000 photons per MeV. A scintillator radiation detector in yet another embodiment includes a scintillator optic comprising SrI.sub.2 and BaI.sub.2, wherein a ratio of SrI.sub.2 to BaI.sub.2 is in a range of between 0:1 A method for manufacturing a crystal suitable for use in a scintillator includes mixing strontium iodide-containing crystals with a source of Eu.sup.2+, heating the mixture above a melting point of the strontium iodide-containing crystals, and cooling the heated mixture near the seed crystal for growing a crystal. Additional materials, systems, and methods are presented.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Gadolinium-loaded gel scintillators for neutron and antineutrino detection

A gadolinium (Gd) loaded scintillation gel (Gd-ScintGel) compound allows for neutron and gamma-ray detection. The unique gel scintillator encompasses some of the best features of both liquid and solid scintillators, yet without many of the disadvantages associated therewith. Preferably, the gel scintillator is a water soluble Gd-DTPA compound and water soluble fluorophores such as: CdSe/ZnS (or ZnS) quantum dot (Q-dot) nanoparticles, coumarin derivatives 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin, 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid, 7-hydroxycoumarin-3-carboxylic acid, and Alexa Fluor 350 as well as a carbostyril compound, carbostyril 124 in a stable water-based gel, such as methylcellulose or polyacrylamide polymers. The Gd-loaded ScintGel allows for a homogenious distribution of the Gd-DTPA and the fluorophores, and yields clean fluorescent emission peaks. A moderator, such as deuterium or a water-based clear polymer, can be incorporated in the Gd-ScintGel. The gel scintillators can be used in compact detectors, including neutron and antineutrino detectors.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Visible scintillation photodetector device incorporating chalcopyrite semiconductor crystals

A photodetector device, including: a scintillator material operable for receiving incident radiation and emitting photons in response; a photodetector material coupled to the scintillator material operable for receiving the photons emitted by the scintillator material and generating a current in response, wherein the photodetector material includes a chalcopyrite semiconductor crystal; and a circuit coupled to the photodetector material operable for characterizing the incident radiation based on the current generated by the photodetector material. Optionally, the scintillator material includes a gamma scintillator material and the incident radiation received includes gamma rays. Optionally, the photodetector material is further operable for receiving thermal neutrons and generating a current in response. The circuit is further operable for characterizing the thermal neutrons based on the current generated by the photodetector material.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Long-distance transmission of light in a scintillator-based radiation detector

Scintillator-based radiation detectors capable of transmitting light indicating the presence of radiation for long distances are disclosed herein. A radiation detector can include a scintillator layer and a light-guide layer. The scintillator layer is configured to produce light upon receiving incident radiation. The light-guide layer is configured to receive light produced by the scintillator layer and either propagate the received light through the radiation detector or absorb the received light and emit light, through fluorescence, that is propagated through the radiation detector. A radiation detector can also include an outer layer partially surrounding the scintillator layer and light-guide layer. The index of refraction of the light-guide layer can be greater than the index of refraction of adjacent layers.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2019

Plastic scintillator with effective pulse shape discrimination for neutron and gamma detection

In one embodiment, a scintillator material includes a polymer matrix; and a primary dye in the polymer matrix, the primary dye being a fluorescent dye, the primary dye being present in an amount of 5 wt % or more; wherein the scintillator material exhibits an optical response signature for neutrons that is different than an optical response signature for gamma rays. In another embodiment, a scintillator material includes a polymer matrix comprising at least one of: polyvinyl xylene (PVX); polyvinyl diphenyl; and polyvinyl tetrahydronaphthalene; and a primary dye in the polymer matrix, the primary dye being a fluorescent dye, the primary dye being present in an amount greater than 10 wt %. A total loading of dye in the scintillator material is sufficient to cause the scintillator material to exhibit a pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) figure of merit (FOM) of about at least 2.0.

Zaitseva, Natalia P.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Detection of scintillation light in noble gases with wavelength-shifting optical fibers

Wavelength-shifting (WLS) techniques enable particle detectors based on noble gases, whose scintillation light is predominantly emitted in the vacuum-ultraviolet. We investigate WLS fibers coated with tetraphenyl butadiene (TPB) for scintillation light detection in gaseous xenon and argon at pressures up to 8.5 bar, motivated by future high-pressure xenon time-projection chambers of the NEXT program. Two detector configurations are studied: an elongated high-pressure vessel with four PTFE panels equipped with WLS fibers read by temperature-stabilized SiPMs, and a compact box-shaped detector operated at 1 bar Xe with WLS fibers read out by PMTs. Both operate with continuous gas purification. The detector response is characterized using cosmic muons and alpha particles from a $^{241}$Am source. With the SiPM setup, we measure a light collection efficiency (LCE) of ${1.18 \pm 0.01~\mathrm{(sta.)}~^{+0.07}_{-0.09}~\mathrm{(sys.)}~\%}$ for xenon and ${1.07 \pm 0.01~\mathrm{(sta.)}~^{+0.06}_{-0.08}~\mathrm{(sys.)}~\%}$ for argon. With PMT readout, we measure a LCE of ${0.45 \pm 0.01~\mathrm{(sta.)} \pm 0.05~\mathrm{(sys.)}~\%}$ in xenon, in agreement with the SiPM result once photon detection efficiency is accounted for. Average scintillation waveforms in xenon and argon are studied to assess the time structure of the emitted light. Cosmic-muon measurements yield a mean energy required to produce a scintillation photon $45\pm7~\mathrm{(sta.)}~^{+4}_{-5}~\mathrm{(sys.)}~\mathrm{eV}$ at 1.5 bar, in agreement with the literature. The results demonstrate that TPB-coated WLS fiber systems can reliably detect scintillation light in high-pressure gaseous noble detectors, with a LCE representing an upper limit for realistic large-scale TPCs, where additional photon losses from materials and fiber attenuation are expected.

Soleti, S. R. [Donostia Intl. Phys. Ctr., San Seba↗
DOE OSTI2023

Impact of lowering potassium contamination in liquid scintillation cocktails for ultra-sensitive radiation detection

Intrinsic 40 K radioactive backgrounds from impurities of natural K in liquid scintillation cocktails have previously been demonstrated to limit their use in ultra-sensitive applications. Here, this work explores two methodologies in parallel for the reduction of 40 K backgrounds in the cocktails, and lays the groundwork for use in ultra-sensitive applications. In one method, alternative low-K liquid scintillation matrix constituents were identified and in the other, a simple purification method for single components and finished cocktails was developed. Both methods were verified via ICP-MS analysis. Liquid scintillation counting of selected purified cocktails demonstrated background reduction, improved stability, and enhanced performance. The best performing purified cocktail was also counted on a custom-built ultra-low background liquid scintillation counter, with results below the detector background.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗
DOE OSTI2016

Neutron spectroscopy by thermalization light yield measurement in a composite heterogeneous scintillator

An exothermic neutron capture reaction can be used to uniquely identify neutrons in particle detectors. With the use of a capture-gated coincidence technique, the sequence of scatter events that lead to neutron thermalization prior to the neutron capture can also be used to measure neutron energy. We report on the measurement of thermalization light yield via a time-of-flight technique in a polyvinyl toluene-based scintillator EJ-290 within a heterogeneous composite detector that also includes 6Li-doped glass scintillator. The thermalization light output exhibits a strong correlation with neutron energy because of the preference for near-complete energy deposition prior to the 6Li(n,t)4He neutron capture reaction. The nonproportionality of the light yield from nuclear recoils contributes to the observed broadening of the distribution of thermalization light output. The nonproportional dependence of the scintillation light output in the EJ-290 scintillator as a function of proton recoil energy has been characterized in the range of 0.3–14.1 MeV via the Birks parametrization through a combination of time-of-flight measurement and previously conducted measurements with Monoenergetic neutron sources.

6Li-doped scintillator↗
DOE OSTI2020

Thallium-based scintillators for high-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy: Ce 3+ - doped Tl 2 LaCl 5 and Tl 2 LaBr 5

In this paper we report on the crystallographic and scintillation properties of Tl 2 LaCl 5 :Ce 3 + and Tl 2 LaBr 5 :Ce 3 + , two novel thallium-containing high-resolution scintillators for gamma-ray spectroscopy. Crystals of Tl 2 LaCl 5 :Ce 3 + and Tl 2 LaBr 5 :Ce 3 + were grown by the Vertical Bridgman method up to 1-inch diameter and 1-inch long. Single crystals of Tl 2 LaCl 5 :Ce 3 + and Tl 2 LaBr 5 :Ce 3 + belong to the orthorhombic system with space group 62 and have a density of 5.16 and 5.98 g/cm 3 , respectively. The scintillators show high light yields of up to 68,000 photons/MeV, excellent gamma-ray energy resolution of ≤ 3% at 662 keV, a fast scintillation decay, and a proportional response over a wide range of energies from 32 keV up to 1275 keV. Density Functional Theory calculations show that the Ce 3 + energy levels are inside the bandgap despite the smaller bandgap of Tl 2 LaCl 5 and Tl 2 LaBr 5 compared to K 2 LaCl 5 and K 2 LaBr 5 . Finally, a systematic Ce 3 + concentration study was performed for Tl 2 LaCl 5 :Ce 3 + and trends observed.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2023

3D printable polyvinyltoluene-based plastic scintillators with pulse shape discrimination

A feasibility of preparing bulk photopolymerized plastics scintillators that contain vinyltoluene with multifunctional monomers, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate is shown. This formulation offers a simple and fast way to prepare polyvinyltoluene-based plastics with efficient fast neutron/gamma pulse shape discrimination (PSD) within minutes. 30 wt% of 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) was added in the mixtures of vinyltoluene and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate with different secondary dyes to understand the effect of dyes on the scintillation. Prepared resins were photopolymerized under different conditions, and the scintillation performance was compared to a commercially available standard, EJ-276. Additional functionality for thermal neutron sensitivity was introduced by the incorporation of 6 Li and 6 B nuclei. With optimized conditions, prepared plastics showed light output up to 90% relative to the same size of EJ-276. Here, the best plastic scintillators had PSD figures of merit (FoMs) up to 2.77 compared to 3.25 of EJ-276. The 3D-printability of the tested formulations was demonstrated.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Characterization of a radiation detector based on opaque water-based liquid scintillator

Here, we present the characterization of a novel radiation detector based on an opaque water-based liquid scintillator. Opaque scintillators, also known as LiquidO, are made to be highly scattering, such that the scintillation light is effectively confined, and read out through wavelength-shifting fibers. The 1-liter, 32-channel prototype demonstrates the capability for both spectroscopy and topological reconstruction of point-like events. The design, construction, and evaluation of the detector are described, including modeling of the scintillation liquid optical properties and the detector’s response to gamma rays of several energies. A mean position reconstruction error of 4.4 mm for 1.6 MeV-equivalent events and 7.4 mm for 0.8 MeV-equivalent events is demonstrated using a simple reconstruction approach analogous to center-of-mass.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

SNO+ Scintillator Purification and Assay

We describe the R and D on the scintillator purification and assay methods and technology for the SNO+ neutrino and double-beta decay experiment. The SNO+ experiment is a replacement of the SNO heavy water with liquid scintillator comprised of 2 g/L PPO in linear alkylbenzene (LAB). During filling the LAB will be transported underground by rail car and purified by multi-stage distillation and steam stripping at a flow rate of 19 LPM. While the detector is operational the scintillator can be recirculated at 150 LPM (full detector volume in 4 days) to provide repurification as necessary by either water extraction (for Ra, K, Bi) or by functional metal scavenger columns (for Pb, Ra, Bi, Ac, Th) followed by steam stripping to remove noble gases and oxygen (Rn, O{sub 2}, Kr, Ar). The metal scavenger columns also provide a method for scintillator assay for ex-situ measurement of the U and Th chain radioactivity. We have developed ''natural'' radioactive spikes of Pb and Ra in LAB and use these for purification testing. Lastly, we present the planned operating modes and purification strategies and the plant specifications and design.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗