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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 307 records · Page 17
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Quench Protection Study of Superconducting Magnets for the Materials Plasma Exposure Experiment

To advance the understanding of plasma material interactions, the Material Plasma Exposure eXperiment (MPEX) is a new linear plasma device that will generate and deliver plasma relevant to future fusion reactor divertors. The operation of MPEX is planned to be steady-state in order to facilitate high fluence exposures of plasma facing materials and components. The desire for steady-state operation along with the magnetic field requires the utilization of superconducting coils. The superconducting magnet system for MPEX has been developed. The baseline model has six superconducting magnet and one room-temperature magnet subsystems. In order to protect multiple superconducting magnet systems, quench analysis was carried out to determine the best protection approach for each magnet type. Because the mutual inductance accounts for approximately 35% of the stored energy in the entire system, this must be considered when determining the peak voltages and temperatures during a quench. Two approaches for passive quench protection are considered: (1) self-protecting magnets and (2) use of diodes to sub-divide the coils. For both approaches, active quench detection will be used to ensure all coils are de-energized in the event of a quench. Results of the quench analysis for several quench scenarios are presented.

Burkhardt, Earle↗
DOE OSTI2020

Comparison and Discussion on Shortcircuit Protections for Silicon-Carbide MOSFET Modules: Desaturation Versus Rogowski Switch-Current Sensor

Survivability of silicon-carbide (SiC) mosfet modules during short circuit (SC) is essential for modern power electronics systems due to large economic implications. SiC mosfet modules exhibit narrow SC withstand times and generally much lower SC robustness than silicon (Si) insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). This puts a critical concern on their utilization, further stressing the importance of reliable protection. This article presents a comprehensive analysis and discussion on the SiC mosfet module SC protection and performance comparison between conventional desaturation detection, previously used for Si IGBT protection, and Rogowski switch-current sensor (RSCS) detection. In addition, this article presents the experimental design for soft turn-off as a reaction to the SC detection to avoid excessive overshoots during the abrupt turn-off of the SC current. To perform different types of SC with various fault inductances on different temperatures, and for the sake of fair comparison under the same conditions, a gate-driver unit for 1.2 kV SiC mosfet half-bridge modules is developed containing both detection methods. The results demonstrate that both methods are successful in protecting the module in all SC types, with superiority of the RSCS detection and concerns for desaturation detection in high-inductance and high dc-bus voltage SC events.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Adaptive Protection of Scientific Backbone Networks Using Machine Learning

In this article, we propose a new protection scheme for backbone networks to guarantee high service availability. The presented scheme does not require any reconfiguration immediately after the failure (i.e., it is proactive). At the same time, it does not require any reserved backup network resources either. To achieve these seemingly contradictory goals, we utilize the recent advancements in Machine Learning (ML) to implement a network intelligence that periodically re-allocates the unused capacity as protection bandwidth to meet the service availability requirements of each connection. Our goal is achieved by two components (1) predicting the traffic for the next period on each link, and (2) intelligently selecting the best fit dedicated protection scheme for the next period depending on the estimated unused (spare) bandwidth and the previous service availability violations. Note that re-allocating protection bandwidth affects neither the operational connections nor the current best practice of operators to over-provision network bandwidth to support elephant flows. Finally, we provide a case study on the real traffic from Energy Sciences Network (ESnet), a high-speed, international scientific backbone network. The key benefit of our framework is that adaptively utilizing the over-provisioned bandwidth for spare capacity is sufficient to improve the availability from three-nines to five-nines (in ESnet for the 30 examined connections). The drawback is negligible bandwidth limitations; the user perceives a minor and very temporal bandwidth limitation in less than 0.1% of the time.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Evaluation of the recombinant proteins RlpB and VacJ as a vaccine for protection against Glaesserella parasuis in pigs

Abstract Background Glaesserella parasuis , the causative agent of Glӓsser’s disease, is widespread in swine globally resulting in significant economic losses to the swine industry. Prevention of Glӓsser’s disease in pigs has been plagued with an inability to design broadly protective vaccines, as many bacterin based platforms generate serovar or strain specific immunity. Subunit vaccines are of interest to provide protective immunity to multiple strains of G. parasuis . Selected proteins for subunit vaccination should be widespread, highly conserved, and surface exposed. Results Two candidate proteins for subunit vaccination (RlpB and VacJ) against G. parasuis were identified using random mutagenesis and an in vitro organ culture system. Pigs were vaccinated with recombinant RlpB and VacJ, outer membrane proteins with important contributions to cellular function and viability. Though high antibody titers to the recombinant proteins and increased interferon-γ producing cells were found in subunit vaccinated animals, the pigs were not protected from developing systemic disease. Conclusions It appears there may be insufficient RlpB and VacJ exposed on the bacterial surface for antibody to bind, preventing high RlpB and VacJ specific antibody titers from protecting animals from G. parasuis . Additionally, this work confirms the importance of utilizing the natural host species when assessing the efficacy of vaccine candidates.

Hau, Samantha J.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Impact of Inverter Based Resource Negative Sequence Current Injection on Transmission System Protection

This report documents the results of analysis performed to investigate the impact of inverter-based resource (IBR) response to unbalanced faults on transmission system protective relay dependability and security. Electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations were performed to simulate IBR response to these faults using existing manufacturer-developed EMT models for four separate IBRs. The study team was composed of IBR manufacturers, relay manufacturers, transmission providers, reliability coordinators and industry consultants with experience in EMT simulation and system protection. The results indicate that under certain conditions, IBR response can result in protective relay misoperations if current protection practices, which were developed based on conventional power sources, are not adapted to the characteristics of IBRs.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Evaluation and optimization for the decontamination/sterilization of personal protective equipment using a novel ozone chamber (CRADA Final Report)

Personal protective equipment slows the spread of the SARS-Cov-2 virus and protects first responders and the general population. However, there is a significant and well-publicized shortage of personal protective equipment for healthcare workers. Treatment with ozone may be a compelling, affordable, and scalable method to rapidly decontaminate personal protective equipment but more work is needed to verify these claims. Together with colleagues at the University of Nevada Reno and FATHHOME we helped design the experiments that evaluated the virucidal efficacy of FATHHOME’s device on N95 face masks and face shields. The results of our study were published in the journal Pathogens.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Electron Ion Collider Machine Protection System: On the necessity of the MPS abort system for Rapid Cycling Synchrotron

The Electron Ion Collider (EIC) accelerator complex includes multiple high-energy high-power accelerators [1]. Operation of such a complex is associated with numerous dangers of possible damage to the equipment. The EIC machine protection system (MPS) scope is to protect the components of each accelerator from damage by the beam. The EIC MPS design, commissioning and operation is closely interconnected with the protection of various accelerator subsystems, such as RF-system, cryogenics, vacuum system etc. Yet, the primary goal of the MPS is to protect the EIC accelerators from the possible damage caused by electron and proton beams.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Electron Ion Collider Machine Protection System: Requirements for an Electron Storage Ring abort system

The Electron Ion Collider (EIC) accelerator complex includes multiple high-energy high-power accelerators [1]. Operation of such a complex is associated with numerous hazards and risks of possible damage to the equipment. The EIC machine protection system (MPS) scope is to protect the components of each accelerator from damage by the beam. The EIC MPS design, commissioning and operation is closely interconnected with the protection of various accelerator subsystems, such as RF-system, cryogenics, vacuum system etc. Yet, the primary goal of the MPS is to protect the EIC accelerators from the possible damage caused by electron and proton beams.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

2022 Peer Review Project Summary: Advanced Protection for Microgrids and DER in Secondary Networks and Meshed Distribution Systems

Although there are increasing numbers of distributed energy resources (DERs) and microgrids being deployed, current IEEE and utility standards generally strictly limit their interconnection inside secondary networks. Secondary networks are low-voltage meshed (non-radial) distribution systems that create redundancy in the path from the main grid source to each load. This redundancy provides a high level of immunity to disruptions in the distribution system, and thus extremely high reliability of electric power service. There are two main types of secondary networks, called grid and spot secondary networks, both of which are used worldwide. In the future, primary networks in distribution systems that might include looped or meshed distribution systems at the primary-voltage (mediumvoltage) level may also become common as a means for improving distribution reliability and resilience. The objective of this multiyear project is to increase the adoption of microgrids in secondary networks and meshed distribution systems by developing novel protection schemes that allow for safe reliable operation of DERs in secondary networks. We will address these challenges by working with the appropriate stakeholders of secondary network operators, protection vendors, and standards committee. The outcomes of this project include: a) development and/or demonstration of candidate methods for enabling protection of secondary networks containing high levels of DER; b) development of modeling and testing tools for protection systems designed for use with secondary networks including DERs; and c) development of new industrial partnerships to facilitate widespread results dissemination and eventual commercialization of results as appropriate.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Adaptive Protection and Control for High Penetration PV and Grid Resilience (Final Technical Report)

The report summarizes the work and accomplishments of DOE SETO funded project 36533 “Adaptive Protection and Control for High Penetration PV and Grid Resilience”. In order to increase the amount of distributed solar power that can be integrated into the distribution system, new methods for optimal adaptive protection, artificial intelligence or machine learning based protection, and time domain traveling wave protection are developed and demonstrated in hardware-in-the-loop and a field demonstration.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Technical Learning and Integration of Interns in Advanced Protection Lab Space: Enhancements to Testbed and Experiments to Improve Workflows for Producing Datasets

This report presents a successful technical learning integration of student interns in the Advanced Protection Laboratory space, located in the Grid Research Integration and Deployment Center (GRID-C) at the Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The Advanced Protection Laboratory was created for the primary goal of supporting DOE’s research projects and technical staff at ORNL. As a secondary goal, the space was used for collaborating with ORNL’s intern programs, providing support to the lab’s mentors and student interns. In 2024, three student interns spent a summer in the Advanced Protection lab space and were involved in the DarkNet Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) project. The students had a great opportunity to gain hands-on experience with communication and protective relay equipment focused on information technology, data analytics, and cybersecurity. Experiences in the lab space with real equipment and software integration offer education and professional development for students, which is especially important because of a need in the energy industry to recruit highly skilled power and communication engineers.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Synchrophasor-Based Zonal Current Differential Protection for Secondary Low Voltage Networks

This report describes an approach to utilizing phasor measurement unit (PMU) data from multiple Intelligent Electronics Devices (IEDs) in a low-voltage network to produce a differential scheme for protecting the medium-voltage feeder and low-voltage network transformers. The proposed protection scheme is designed and prototyped on a real-time automation controller. Its performance is evaluated using real-time controller hardware-in-the-loop simulation. Lab testing results indicate that the proposed protection scheme allows significant distributed energy resources (DER) backfeed and enables selective and fast protection of medium voltage feeders.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Leveraging PMU for Protection and Control

This presentation discusses the application of synchronized measurement in transmission system protection. The proposed wide area system protection (WASP) scheme uses PMU data to perform zonal current differential protection for the whole transmission system with high IBR penetration. This novel protection concept uses synchronized measurement, which is one of the key tasks proposed in the award DE-EE0010655.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Utility Experience with Inverter-Based Resource Impacts on Transmission Protection

High penetration of inverter-based resources (IBR) can adversely affect the transmission protection schemes in the area. With the proliferation of IBRs, utilities are finding out that conventional protection schemes are not adequately equipped to protect the electric systems because the existing system has been designed based on the fault current response of conventional rotating-machine-based generators. This report identifies various protection challenges due to IBRs that industry is facing.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

FY24 – FY25 Efforts to Revive the ANS-54.8 Liquid Metal Fire Protection in LMR Plants Standard

The current multi-year effort seeks to utilize national laboratory support from Argonne to expedite revival of the ANS-54.8 standard titled “Liquid Metal Fire Protection in LMR Plants.” To achieve that objective, the following tasks were identified: Task 1 involves working directly with ANS to revive the ANS-54.8 Working Group. This was to be accomplished by completing necessary paperwork, submitting that paperwork to ANS for approval, enlisting potential working group members from industry, the NRC, national laboratories, and universities, and organizing and leading Working Group activities. The overall purpose of the Working Group is to develop an updated draft of ANS-54.8 for review and approval by ANS consensus committees, the ANS Standards Board, and certification from ANSI. Task 2 focuses on leveraging historical information and expertise at Argonne related to sodium fire protection systems and strategies. For more than a decade, Argonne has worked on both international and domestic projects related to sodium fire protection system development and evaluation. The goal of this task is to utilize that experience to help inform the ANS-54.8 Working Group on important considerations that may be addressed in an updated draft of ANS-54.8. Task 3 focuses on leveraging Argonne experience in the development of and use of analysis methods and tools for the simulation of sodium fire scenarios and evaluation of the effectiveness of sodium fire protection systems and strategies. For more than a decade, Argonne has recovered, modified, and utilized several historical sodium fire analysis software tools. The goal of this task is to utilize that experience to help inform the ANS-54.8 Working Group of best practices for sodium fire progression analysis that may be addressed in an updated draft of ANS-54.8.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Nanolipoprotein particle (NLP) vaccine confers protection against Yersinia pestis aerosol challenge in a BALB/c mouse model

Introduction: Yersinia pestis is the etiological agent of plague, a disease that remains a concern as demonstrated by recent outbreaks in Madagascar. Infection with Y. pestis results in a rapidly progressing illness that can only be successfully treated with antibiotics given shortly after symptom onset. Live attenuated or whole cell inactivated vaccines confer protection against bubonic plague, but pneumonic plague has been more difficult to prevent. Novel effective subunit vaccine formulations may circumvent some of these shortfalls. Here, we compare the immunogenicity generated by an advanced subunit vaccine (F1V fusion protein) and a nanolipoprotein particle (NLP)-based vaccine. Methods: The NLP, a high-density lipoprotein mimetic, provides a nanoscale delivery platform for recombinant Y. pestis antigens LcrV (V) and F1. BALB/c mice were immunized via subcutaneous injection twice, three or four weeks apart. Four weeks later, splenocytes and sera were collected for immune profiling, and mice were challenged with aerosolized Y. pestis CO92. Results: Both formulations induced a strong IgG response against the F1 and V proteins, along with a robust memory B cell response and a balanced cell-mediated immune response as evidenced by both Th1- and Th2-related cytokines. The NLP-based vaccine induced a stronger cytokine response against F1, V, and F1V proteins relative to the F1V vaccine. As with F1V, the inclusion of Alhydrogel (Alu) in NLP vaccine formulations was critical for enhanced immunogenicity and protective efficacy. Mice that received two doses of F1:V:NLP + Alu and CpG were completely protected from a challenge with approximately eight median lethal doses of aerosolized Y. pestis CO92 and this protection confirmed the well-documented synergy between the F1 and V antigens in context of pneumonic plague. The NLPs have defined regions of polarity that facilitates the incorporation of a wide range of adjuvants and antigens with distinct physicochemical properties and are an excellent candidate platform for the development of multi-antigen vaccines.

F1↗
DOE OSTI2026

An mRNA vaccine encoding the Ebola virus glycoprotein induces high neutralizing antibody titers and provides strong protection against lethal infections in mouse models

Ebola virus (EBOV) is the causative agent of Ebola disease (EBOD), a viral hemorrhagic fever with a notably high case fatality rate. Current treatments for EBOD are limited to monoclonal antibodies or two licensed viral vector vaccines, a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-vectored vaccine or an adenovirus and modified vaccinia Ankara regimen. However, comparisons of protection, efficacy, and durability with alternative nucleotide platforms remain understudied. Here, we evaluated the immunogenicity of an mRNA vaccine expressing the EBOV glycoprotein (GP) in parallel with rVSV- and DNA-based vaccine platforms. The mRNA EBOV-GP vaccine, formulated in lipid nanoparticles, elicited significantly higher levels of total IgG and neutralizing antibody titers compared to the rVSV-EBOV-GP vaccine. Linear antibody epitope analysis indicated a preference for targeting the mucin-like domain in EBOV-GP1 following rVSV-based vaccination, while the mRNA platform distinctly targeted the internal fusion loop of EBOV-GP2. After characterizing the immunogenicity of the mRNA vaccine, two models of EBOD were used to demonstrate its protective efficacy: a surrogate rVSV-based challenge model of EBOD using type-I interferon deficient C57BL/6 mice and infection of BALB/c mice with authentic mouse-adapted EBOV. In both studies, the EBOV mRNA vaccine fully protected the mouse cohorts against morbidity and mortality. Additionally, the EBOV mRNA vaccine produced greater neutralizing antibody titers compared to the DNA EBOV-GP vaccine. These results suggest that an mRNA vaccine expressing EBOV-GP can induce robust, functional humoral responses that are protective against EBOD, warranting further development as an alternative to, or as part of a vaccine strategy including, viral vectored vaccines.

DNA vaccines↗
DOE OSTI2023

African Swine Fever Vaccine Candidate ASFV-G-ΔI177L Produced in the Swine Macrophage-Derived Cell Line IPKM Remains Genetically Stable and Protective against Homologous Virulent Challenge

ASFV vaccine candidate ASFV-G-ΔI177L has been shown to be highly efficacious in inducing protection against challenges with the parental virus, the Georgia 2010 isolate, as well as against field strains isolated from Vietnam. ASFV-G-ΔI177L has been shown to produce protection even when used at low doses (10 2 HAD 50 ) and shows no residual virulence even when administered at high doses (10 6 HAD 50 ) or evaluated for a relatively long period of time (6 months). ASFV-G-ΔI177L stocks can only be massively produced in primary cell macrophages. Alternatively, its modified version (ASFV-G-ΔI177L/ΔLVR) grows in a swine-derived cell line (PIPEC), acquiring significant genomic modifications. We present here the development of ASFV-G-ΔI177L stocks in a swine macrophage cell line, IPKM, and its protective efficacy when evaluated in domestic pigs. Successive passing of ASFV-G-ΔI177L in IPKM cells produces minimal genomic changes. Interestingly, a stock of ASFV-G-ΔI177L obtained after 10 passages (ASFV-G-ΔI177Lp10) in IPKM cells showed very small genomic changes when compared with the original virus stock. ASFV-G-ΔI177Lp10 conserves similar growth kinetics in primary swine macrophage cultures than the original parental virus ASFV-G-ΔI177L. Pigs infected with 10 3 HAD 50 of ASFV-G-ΔI177Lp10 developed a strong virus-specific antibody response and were completely protected against the challenge with the parental virulent field isolate Georgia 2010. Therefore, IPKM cells could be an effective alternative for the production of ASFV vaccine stocks for those vaccine candidates exclusively growing in swine macrophages.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗