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At least 307 records · Page 17

Elastic scattering in the 12 N + 197 Au system at 𝐸 lab = 70 MeV

Halo structure is an interesting exotic configuration developed in some light weakly bound nuclei, where a valence particle orbits a nuclear core. Signatures of halo structure can be observed in the angular distributions of the elastic scattering induced by these nuclei at energies around the Coulomb barrier. There are some well-studied reactions with neutron-rich halo nuclei, such as 6 He and 11 Li . However, the information is scarce on the proton-rich side. Recent works confirm the halo structure in the 8B nuclei but still lack more experimental studies for other proton-halo candidates, such as 12 N and 17 F. In this work, we report experimental data for the elastic scattering of 12 N on 197 Au target at 𝐸 lab = 70 MeV. The 12 N is a proton-rich nucleus with proton separation energy 𝑆 𝑝 = 600 keV, which is higher than the 8 B (𝑆 𝑝 = 137 keV) and almost the same as the 17 F (𝑆 𝑝 = 601 keV). Data were obtained at the Cyclotron Institute of Texas A&M University where the 12 N radioactive beam was produced by the momentum achromatic recoil spectrometer. The calculation of the optical model was used to fit the measured angular distribution for the elastic scattering and to obtain the reaction cross section 𝜎 𝑅 . We also performed continuum discretized coupled-channel calculations to compare with the experimental data. The angular distribution of the elastic cross sections exhibits a suppression of the Fresnel peak. From the fitting of the optical model, we obtain the total reaction cross section, 𝜎 𝑅 = 1269 ± 41 mb. The agreement between the CDCC calculation and the experimental elastic scattering data is limited and the breakdown does not exhaust the measured 𝜎 𝑅 . The resulting reduced reaction cross section 𝜎 Red for 12 N + 197 Au is large and comparable to the one obtained for the 8 B + 208 Pb system. This suggests a strong decoupling of the valence proton from the core because of the low binding energy and a dynamic polarization effect. Here, more research is required to estimate the contribution of core excitation.

Elastic scattering reactions↗

Pulsed Fission-Fusion (PuFF)

In September 2013 the NASA Innovative Advanced Concept (NIAC) organization awarded a phase I contract to the PuFF team. Our phase 1 proposal discussed a pulsed fission-fusion propulsion system that injected gaseous deuterium (D) and tritium (T) as a mixture in a column, surrounded concentrically by gaseous uranium fluoride (UF6) and then an outer shell of liquid lithium. A high power current would flow down the liquid lithium and the resulting Lorentz force would compress the column by roughly a factor of 10. The compressed column would reach criticality and a combination of fission and fusion reactions would occur. The fission reactions would further energize the fusion center, and the fusion reactions would generate neutrons that promote more complete burnup of the fission fuel. The lithium liner provides some help as a neutron reflector but also acts as a propulsive medium, being converted to plasma which is then expanded against a magnetic nozzle for thrust. The expansion of the (primarily) lithium plasma against the nozzle's magnetic field inducts a current that is used to charge the system for the next pulse. Our concept also included secondary injection of a Field Reversed Configuration (FRC) plasmoid that would provide a secondary compression direction, axially against the column, and push the column away from the injection manifold, increasing the manifold's survivability.Our phase 1 proposal included modeling the above process first under steady state assumptions and second under a time variant integration. We proposed including these results into a Mars concept vehicle and finally proposing promising conditions to be evaluated experimentally in Phase II. In phase I we quickly realized that we needed to modify our approach. Our steady state work was completed as proposed, and the results indicated that one, a two stage compression system was not needed and two, that we wanted to move away from UF6. The steady state model shows much more margin than expected, to the point that we may well reach breakeven with the Charger – 1 facility, a 572 kJ Marx bank currently under refurbishment at UAH. Additionally we found that using gaseous D-T and UF6, provided a relatively simple prospect of using a pulsed injector, made reaching criticality more difficult. The introduction of large amounts of fluorine meant a radiative sink, sapping power from the fusion plasma and was harder to handle. Therefore we moved to a solid uranium target that held D-T under pressure. In so doing we could move our target closer to criticality and remove any material that did not sustain the reaction.

Fusion↗

H 2 production in the 10 B(n,α) 7 Li reaction in water

Herein we demonstrate a method for measuring the H2 produced in water from the 10 B(n,α) 7 Li fission reaction. Low energy neutrons from the NIST Center for Neutron Research interact with borate-containing water in a temperature-controlled high pressure cell made from titanium. After exposure for one to several hours, the water is extracted and sparged with argon. H 2 entrained in the sparging gas is sampled with a small mass spectrometer. To determine the neutron exposure, a small amount of sodium is included in the borate solution. The water is collected and 24 Na activation is measured in a counting apparatus on the following day. The G-value for H 2 at room temperature is found to be (1.18 ± 0.10) molecules H 2 /100eV, in good agreement with previous estimates and recent modeling calculations.

10B↗

Understanding the impact of nuclear-data covariances on various integral responses using adjustment

The EUCLID (Experiments Underpinned by Computational Learning for Improvements in Nuclear Data) project created a library of sensitivities for nine different integral responses with respect to nuclear data. These integral responses were obtained from measurements at LLNL (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) pulsed spheres, critical and sub-critical assemblies. At the same time, covariances for ENDF/B-VIII.0 were processed at LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory). The combination of these data allow us to study the impact of nuclear-data covariances on various integral responses, either by forward-propagating covariances via sensitivities, or by using nuclear data, integral responses, and sensitivities for adjustment. Here, we will present: the impact of 1 H, 9 Be, 12 C, 27 Al, 56 Fe, 235,238 U, and 239,240 Pu ENDF/B-VIII.0 covariances on simulated bounds of the following integral responses: LLNL pulsed-spheres neutron-leakage spectra, the effective neutron multiplication factor, reaction rates, and reactivity coefficients of ICSBEP critical assemblies. Also, adjustment results with the same nuclear-data covariances and responses will be discussed.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Cross sections for the 54 Fe(n, n′) 54 Fe and 54 Fe(n, p′) 54 Mn reactions deduced from the detection of de-excitation γ rays

γ-ray production cross sections have been deduced for reactions with incident neutrons having energies from 1.5 - 4.7 MeV. Similar measurements were made on a natural Ti sample to establish an absolute normalization. The resulting γ-ray production cross sections are compared to TENDL and TALYS calculations, as well as data from previous measurements. The models are found to describe the production cross sections for most γ rays observed from 54Mn and 54Fe rather well.

Nuclear Data, Gamma-ray Production Cross Sections↗

Solid, structured composite neutron detectors with high dynamic range capability

Neutron detectors are essential across disciplines such as fundamental science, nuclear security, safeguards, and civilian applications. While 3 He-filled gas proportional counters have long been revered for their efficacy in detecting thermal neutrons and praised for their efficiency, neutron/gamma discrimination, and stability, the scarcity of 3He has spurred a search for alternatives. Here, we explore a solid structured scintillating particle composite (SPC) consisting of 6 Li-containing scintillating glass particles within an acrylic matrix as a neutron detector for high dynamic range applications. We show for the first time that an SPC neutron detector can boast an intrinsic detection efficiency of 0.261% for pure 252 Cf fission neutrons and an overall neutron detection efficiency of (0.546 ± 0.003)% at the Neutron Free-in-Air facility while being able to function in an intense gamma-ray environment. We also show that the SPC neutron detector supports fast neutron capture times and enables a dual-readout scheme that extends the detector dynamic range to high incident neutron fluxes. A scalable fabrication process allows for tailoring the SPC detector properties to the requirements of specific applications. Good agreement is found between the experimental results taken with a National Institute of Standards and Technology traceable 252 Cf source and the coupled MCNP6 and optical-ray-tracing simulations.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Gamma ray analysis of the K2 containers

The K2 containers contain PuO2 with 238 Pu being the most abundant isotope of all plutonium isotopes. The purpose of this analysis is to determine the light element impurities in the PuO2. These light elements can interact with the alpha particles from plutonium decay to release gamma rays, protons, and neutrons through the reactions (α,α’), (α,p), and (α,n) respectively. The gamma rays released by the interactions can be measured and compared with the gamma rays released by the plutonium. The ratios of the gamma rays from the interactions and the plutonium gamma rays allow for the determination of the impurities in the items. The elements that can be detected are Lithium (Z=3), Beryllium (Z=4), Boron (Z=5), Fluorine (Z=9), Sodium (Z=11), Magnesium (Z=12), Aluminum (Z=13), Silicon (Z=14), Phosphorous (Z=15), Chlorine (Z=17), and Potassium (Z=19).

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗

Nuclear Reaction Data Evaluations for Nuclear Applications Physics and modeling [Slides]

This presentation provides an evaluation workflow scheme for the project. It also discusses nuclear data libraries, including an overview of worldwide nuclear data libraries and current funding agencies. The presentation also discusses the theoretical framework commonly used in the evaluated work, including the R-matrix theory (≈ up to a few keVs for heavy nuclei) as well as pre-equilibrium (PE) and Hauser-Feshbach (HF) theory (⪆1 MeV for medium/heavy nuclei). Inclusion of experimental effects are also discussed. Examples of evaluated work, including theory, experiments, and applications are discussed, specifically n+ 28,29,30 Si evaluation (direct capture component), n+ 53 Cr evaluation (strong multiple scattering effects), n+ 239 Pu(n,γf) reaction (fluctuations in neutron multiplicities), and α+ 17,18 O evaluations (emerging neutron spectra).

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

New charged-particle transport computational capability: the SIT code An L-4 milestone

We have developed a new high-fidelity code for direct transport of charged particles using the simple integral transport method. The code can be coupled to the outputs of any hydrodynamical simulation code in 1-D, 2-D or 3-D. In this report we summarize the formalism involved in treating complex transport problems. We present physical examples wherein we have used the code to calculate the transport of alpha particles. Future work is planned to study the sensitivity of hydrodynamical mix to charged-particle radiochemistry and reaction-in-flight neutrons for the complex inertial confinement fusion problems encountered at NIF and at the Z-machine.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗

ICONS: Solid-State Composite Neutron Detector

Neutron detection is essential for identifying and monitoring nuclear materials and nuclear reactions. Most deployed neutron-detection systems rely on helium-3 ( 3 He) gas-filled tubes, which have been the standard technology for decades.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Deep Eutectic Solvents as Candidates for Lithium Isotope Enrichment

Nuclear fusion is a phenomenon that is well known within the nuclear physics community as a viable option for alternative energy as many natural gases and fossil fuels are phased out of commercial use. Deuterium and tritium fusion reactions are currently the leading candidates for nuclear fusion, with a major limiting factor being a means to produce tritium on an industrial scale. Lithium-6 is a well-known isotope that can produce tritium and helium following a fission reaction with a neutron. Unfortunately, the lithium-6 enrichment methods are limited to the COLEX process, which leaves behind an alarming amount of mercury waste as a potential environmental contaminant. Deep eutectic solvents are believed to be a potential alternative to lithium isotope separations due to the ease of generation, in addition to the minimum environmental waste generated when these solvents are employed. Previous studies have suggested that deep eutectic solvents are capable of separating lithium isotopes by utilizing a 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone and trioctylphosphine oxide system that can biphasically react with a buffered solution containing lithium chloride. This system displays a separation factor of 1.068, which when compared to the 1.054 separation within the COLEX process, makes it a potential candidate for lithium-6/7 separation. Within this study, we investigate this system in comparison to two newly synthesized deep eutectic solvents and find that within these acetylacetone-based systems, little isotopic separation is observed. We investigate these systems both experimentally and computationally, showing the different lithium cation affinities, in addition to proposing how the electron-donating or -withdrawing nature can influence these systems.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Production of fissioning uranium plasma to approximate gas-core reactor conditions

The intense burst of neutrons from the d-d reaction in a plasma-focus apparatus is exploited to produce a fissioning uranium plasma. The plasma-focus apparatus consists of a pair of coaxial electrodes and is energized by a 25 kJ capacitor bank. A 15-g rod of 93% enriched U-235 is placed in the end of the center electrode where an intense electron beam impinges during the plasma-focus formation. The resulting uranium plasma is heated to about 5 eV. Fission reactions are induced in the uranium plasma by neutrons from the d-d reaction which were moderated by the polyethylene walls. The fission yield is determined by evaluating the gamma peaks of I-134, Cs-138, and other fission products, and it is found that more than 1,000,000 fissions are induced in the uranium for each focus formation, with at least 1% of these occurring in the uranium plasma.

Lee, J. H.↗

The origin and implications of gamma rays from solar flares

Solar flares studied in the gamma ray region provide essential information on accelerated nuclei that can be obtained in no other way. A multitude of physical processes, such as particle acceleration, nuclear reactions, positron and neutron physics, and kinematical line broadening, come into consideration at gamma ray energies. Gamma ray observations are complementary to hard X ray observations, since both provide information on accelerated particles. It appears that only in the gamma ray region do these particles produce distinct spectral lines.

Ramaty, R.↗

The Development of Materials for Structures and Radiation Shielding in Aerospace

Polymeric materials on space vehicles and high-altitude aircraft win be exposed to highly penetrating radiations. These radiations come from solar flares and galactic cosmic rays (GCR). Radiation from solar flares consists primarily of protons with energies less than 1 GeV. On the other hand, GCR consist of nuclei with energies as high as 10(exp 10) GeV. Over 90% of the nuclei in GCR are protons and alpha particles, however there is a small but significant component of particles with atomic numbers greater than ten. Particles with high atomic number (Z) and high energy interact with very high specific ionization and thus represent a serious hazard for humans and electronic equipment on a spacecraft or on high-altitude commercial aircraft (most importantly for crew members who would have long exposures). Neutrons generated by reactions with the high energy particles also represent a hazard both for humans and electronic equipment.

Kiefer, Richard L.↗

Measuring Surface Bulk Elemental Composition on Venus

The extreme surface environment (462 C, 93 bars pressure) of Venus makes subsurface measurements of its bulk elemental composition extremely challenging. Instruments landed on the surface of Venus must be enclosed in a pressure vessel. The high surface temperatures also require a thermal control system to keep the instrumentation temperatures within their operational range for as long as possible. Since Venus surface probes can currently operate for only a few hours, it is crucial that the lander instrumentation be able to make statistically significant measurements in a short time. An instrument is described that can achieve such a measurement over a volume of thousands of cubic centimeters of material by using high energy penetrating neutron and gamma radiation. The instrument consists of a Pulsed Neutron Generator (PNG) and a Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (GRS). The PNG emits isotropic pulses of 14.1 MeV neutrons that penetrate the pressure vessel walls, the dense atmosphere and the surface rock. The neutrons induce nuclear reactions in the rock to produce gamma rays with energies specific to the element and nuclear process involved. Thus the energies of the detected gamma rays identify the elements present and their intensities provide the abundance of each element. The GRS spectra are analyzed to determine the Venus elemental composition from the spectral signature of individual major, minor, and trace radioactive elements. As a test of such an instrument, a Schlumberger Litho Scanner oil well logging tool was used in a series of experiments at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. The Litho Scanner tool was mounted above large (1.8 m x 1.8 m x.9 m) granite and basalt monuments and made a series of one-hour elemental composition measurements in a planar geometry more similar to a planetary lander measurement. Initial analysis of the results shows good agreement with target elemental assays

Venus↗

Photoneutron Production Using an Electron Linear Accelerator for Applications in Neutron Imaging

Photoneutron production is possible using an electron linear accelerator and a target capable of generating photonuclear reactions. A short pulse neutron source can be useful for neutron imaging dynamic experiments. This study is aimed at the feasibility of photoneutron production using a 20 MeV electron linear accelerator and tungsten and depleted uranium targets of various thicknesses. MCNP6 (Monte Carlo N-Particle) code will be used to develop a computational model to estimate total neutron yield, and this will be verified at the Idaho State University’s Accelerator Center. After verification of the neutron yield and energy spectra, an additional MCNP6 model will be developed to analyze the neutron imaging processes. This study will potentially prove it is possible to conduct multi-mode imaging experiments on the anticipated Scorpius electron linear accelerator at the Nevada National Security Sites.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Patchy snapshots of nuclear chain reactions

Stochastic fluctuations of the neutron population within a nuclear reactor are typically prevented by operating the core at a sufficiently high power. This regime, where the evolution of the neutron density is essentially deterministic, is key for automatic protection and safety systems to safely detect unwanted power excursions during an accident, and to rapidly initiate a reactor trip procedure in case it is needed. Recent works, supported by numerical simulations, have however reported that, for large reactors, the branching nature of the fission reactions might induce strongly non-Poissonian patterns in the neutron spatial distribution, and that stochastic fluctuations might still persist at reactor powers close to operating conditions (startup phase). An international program conducted by LANL, IRSN and CEA was therefore setup to experimentally detect and characterize such fluctuations and correlations. An experiment took place in 2017 at the Reactor Critical Facility (RCF) of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (USA). In this paper we will report the main findings of this experimental program, supported by stochastic models and by the development of a dedicated high-fidelity Monte Carlo simulation code. We will in particular describe and explain the strong patchiness in neutron power distributions measured at the RCF, as well as a peculiar ‘blinking’ behavior of the core, and discuss the consequences of these findings on nuclear safety.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Results of South-East Flux Trap Dosimetry Measurements for the Advanced Test Reactor Critical Facility in support of Advanced Sensors and Instrumentation Development

Reactor dosimetry measurements are commonly used to validate simulation and modeling in nuclear reactor tests. Numerous standard dosimeter materials exist which are commonly utilized with sensitivities to different energy ranges of neutrons. At the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR), cobalt alloy and pure nickel wires are installed every cycle to monitor thermal- and fast-neutron fluence rates. However, there is growing interest in exploring less commonly used materials which are either more sensitive to different parts of the neutron energy spectrum or which can incorporate multiple activation paths in a single material. Epithermal and fast-neutron energies beyond the typical 1-MeV threshold are of particular interest. Two ATR-C Flux Runs took place during 2024; each flux run included supplemental dosimetry packages in the South-East Flux Trap (SEFT) Filler. The focus of the dosimetry package for flux run 23-4 was to test two novel dosimetry methods that can provide simultaneous thermal and threshold (fast) sensitivity in a single dosimeter wire. A selection of 3% Au in Cu alloyed wires were available that provided sensitivity to fast and thermal neutrons through 5 different reactions. Likewise, Fe offers multiple interaction pathways with sensitivity to both thermal and fast neutrons. The main question to be answered by these irradiations was if sufficient radioactivation would take place in the ATR-C SEFT during a nominal 20-minute irradiation at typical power levels (near 600Wth) to observe the threshold reactions that have smaller activation cross-sections than the thermal reactions without being saturated by interfering interactions and Compton continuum during the High-Purity Germanium (HPGe) measurements. The results from comparing the measurement results to anticipated activity levels provide confidence in our ability to activate both traditional and novel dosimetry materials in ATR-C, however not all the measured values matched with the predicted activities. This leaves further room for investigation both on the experimental and computational approaches for future irradiation experiments.

46 - INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AN↗