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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 307 records · Page 17
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1975

Apollo-Soyuz test project - The American-Soviet space enterprise

The preflight mission plan of the Apollo-Soyuz project is summarized, and the scientific experiments planned for the flight are described. Emphasis is on coupling procedures and docking modules. Experiments discussed comprise astronomical studies, geophysical studies, bioscientific studies, and application-oriented studies. The unique gravity-free space environment will provide favorable conditions for uniform materials construction. In addition, biological electrophoresis investigations in a perturbation-free medium will have substantial scientific contributions to make.

Von Puttkamer, J.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Formation of nucleoside 5'-polyphosphates from nucleotides and trimetaphosphate

Nucleoside 5'-polyphosphates (N5PP) formed when solutions of nucleoside 5'-phosphates (N5P) and trimetaphosphate (TMP) are dessicated at room temperature are studied by paper chromatography, electrophoresis, and metal catalytic reactions. Divalent Mg ion exhibited superior catalytic function to other divalent metal ions in the reaction. Major reaction products are indicated. The importance of the N5PP series, TMP, and N5-triphosphate as substrates of RNA and DNA synthesis, and under postulated prebiotic conditions likely to obtain during prebiological ages of the earth, is emphasized and discussed. Alternate drying and wetting, evaporation from a prebiotic puddle, concentration of solubles in the remaining liquid phase, metal catalysis, and the role of these substances in the formation of amino acids and long-chain polyphosphates are considered.

Lohrmann, R.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Space processing in early Shuttle missions

The paper first reviews potential scientific and commercial benefits of space processing, and discusses roles of ground laboratory, sounding rocket, and Shuttle/Spacelab experimentation in carrying out space processing programs. Benefits which have been identified in such processes as containerless melting/solidification, electrophoresis, crystal growing, etc., and using such specific materials as tungsten, isoenzymes, single crystal silicon ribbon are utilized as specific examples in the above discussion. As a result, the paper identifies spectrum of specific objectives and implementation approaches for Shuttle/Spacelab experimentation. The paper then reviews currently planned Shuttle/Spacelab payload accommodations and traffic model. Finally, the paper matches experimentation approaches with Shuttle/Spacelab plans, and derives a possible schedule of missions in the 1979-1982 time frame using configurations with a high degree of automation where crew time for experiment involvement is limited.

Bloom, H. L.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Summary of the pre-ASTP results

A general overview of materials experiments done on several Apollo missions and Skylab as well as the ground research that led to these experiments is given. Demonstrations of composite solidification, electrophoresis, and fluid flow were developed for Apollo. Fourteen different experiments in metal processing and single crystal growth were done in the space processing facility on Skylab. Metals were melted and solidified in a variety of configurations using different methods of heating to produce improved alloys and composite materials. Single crystals were grown by directional solidification and vapor transport to achieve uniform crystalline perfection, decreased structural defects, and homogeneity of the dopant material.

Snyder, R. S.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Continuous-flow electrophoretic separator for biologicals

In the near absence of gravity, a continuous-flow type of electrophoretic separator can be operated with a much thicker separation chamber than is possible under 1 g conditions. This should permit either better resolution or shorter separation time per unit of sample. An apparatus to perform experiments on sounding rockets is under development and will be described. The electrophoresis cell is 5 mm thick by 5 cm wide with 10 cm long electrodes. It is supplied with buffer, sample, and coolant at about 4 C through the use of a passive refrigerant system. UV sample detection and provision for recovery and cold storage of up to 50 sample fractions are now being added to the basic unit. A wide range of operating conditions are electronically programmable into the unit, even up to a short time before flight, and a further range of some parameters can be achieved by exchanging power supplies and by changing gears in the motor drive units of the pump. The preliminary results of some separation studies on various biological products using a commercially available electrophoretic separator are also presented.

Mccreight, L. R.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Bioprocessing in Space

Proceedings are presented of the 1976 NASA Colloquium on bioprocessing in space. The program included general sessions and formal presentations on the following topics: NASA's Space Shuttle, Spacelab, and space-processing programs; the known unusual behavior of materials in space; space-processing experiment results; cell biology, gravity sensors in cells, space electrophoresis of living cells, new approaches to biosynthesis of biologicals from cell culture in space, and zero-g fermentation concepts; and upcoming flight opportunities and industrial application planning studies already underway.

Morrison, D. R.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Apollo-Soyuz experiments summary

The science and technology program conducted by the Apollo crew during the Apollo Soyuz Test Project consisted of 28 separate experiments including five conducted jointly with the Soyuz crew. Experiments were classified in the broad categories of space sciences (astronomy and earth studies), life sciences (particle radiation effects on living cells, the human immune system, and the vestibular system), and materials processing (electrophoresis and solid processing). Experimental designs and results are summarized.

Giuli, R. T.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Review of NASA activities in materials sciences in space

In the year since the 18th Plenary Meeting of COSPAR, NASA has conducted eight materials processing experiments on the Apollo-Soyuz mission and 17 on two rocket flights. In addition, these three missions have implemented one Soviet and three German experiments. The Apollo-Soyuz results have confirmed and extended the findings of the Skylab experiments on solidification and crystal growth effects and have also established capabilities for separating living cells by electrophoresis and returning them still living to earth. The rocket missions provide repetitive flight opportunities much as the Space Shuttle will do, and they are being used to develop research approaches in which investigators will undertake projects calling for multiple space experiments rather than proposing experiments individually. During the year, NASA has also completed definition work on the major payload facilities planned for its initial materials processing experiment program on the Space Shuttle and Spacelab missions of 1980-81.

Bredt, J. H.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Apollo Soyuz pamphlet No. 7: Biology in zero-G

The effects of weightlessness on small living organisms, and methods for improving biological techniques were investigated in the seven experiments reported in this pamphlet which is intended as a curriculum supplement for secondary schools. Topics include: (1) killfish hatching and orientation; (2) microbial growth and changes in biorhythm; (3) cell separation by electrophoresis; (4) microbial exchange in the space raft; and (5) changes in astronaut immunity during spaceflight. The pamphlet is intended as a curriculum supplement for secondary schools.

Page, L. W.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Assessment of pancreas cells

Pancreatic islets were obtained from guinea pig pancreas by the collagenase method and kept alive in tissue culture prior to further studies. Pancreas cell morphology was studied by standard histochemical techniques using light microscopy. Preparative vertical electrophoresis-levitation of dispersed fetal guinea pig pancreas cells was conducted in phosphate buffer containing a heavy water (D20) gradient which does not cause clumping of cells or alter the osmolarity of the buffers. The faster migrating fractions tended to be enriched in beta-cell content. Alpha and delta cells were found to some degree in most fractions. A histogram showing the cell count distribution is included.

Vanoss, C. J.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Microelectrophoretic apparatus and process

New gel tray and lid assemblies designed for use in conjunction with slotted electrophoretic membranes were developed to take advantage of recently improved microelectrophoretic accessories which include a multisample applicator capable of applying up to 10 samples consecutively or simultaneously, and a temperature control plate for dissipating the heat produced by electrophoresis in a gel. The trays and membranes can be marketed ready for use as electrophoretic media or impregnated with various specific substrates and dyes

Grunbaum, B. W.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Purification and cultivation of human pituitary growth hormone secreting cells

Efforts were directed towards maintenance of actively secreting human pituitary growth hormone cells (somatotrophs) in vitro. The production of human growth hormone (hGH) by this means would be of benefit for the treatment of certain human hypopituitary diseases such as dwarfism. One of the primary approaches was the testing of agents which may logically be expected to increase hGH release. The progress towards this goal is summarized. Results from preliminary experiments dealing with electrophoresis of pituitary cell for the purpose of somatotroph separation are described.

Hymer, W. C.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Investigation of the free flow electrophoretic process. Volume 1: Executive summary

The effect of gravity on the free flow electrophoretic process was investigated. The demonstrated effects were then compared with predictions made by mathematical models. Results show that the carrier buffer flow was affected by gravity induced thermal convection and that the movement of the separating particle streams was affected by gravity induced buoyant forces. It was determined that if gravity induced buoyant forces were included in the mathematical models, then effective predictions of electrophoresis chamber separation performance were possible.

Weiss, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Effects of gravity on contractile proteins

A method was established for the isolation and purification of nuclei in high yield from the microplasmodia of Physarum flavicomum. Purified nuclei were resistant to breakage by methods commonly employed for isolated plant and animal nuclei. Several methods for the extraction of nuclear protein were compared. Incubation of nuclear lysates with either 2 M NaCl, with or without 5 M urea, or 1 M CaCl2 resulted in the extraction of nuclear action together with histones. The histones were chemically fractionated into the 5 basic groups common to other eucaryotic tissue. Amino acid analyses of the total histone were also performed. Nuclear actin was found to have a molecular weight of 41,000 ? 4,000 daltons as determined by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The amino acid composition of the nuclear action was established.

Henney, H. R., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Obtaining growth hormone from calf blood

The preparation of a growth hormone from human serum was used for the isolation of the hormone from calf serum. The preparation was biologically active - it increased the quantity of the free fatty acids released in rat plasma by 36.4 percent. Electrophoresis in Veronal buffer, ph 8.6, showed the presence of a single fraction having mobility intermediate between that of alpha and beta globulins. Gel filtration through Sephadex G 100 showed an elutriation curve identical to that obtained by the growth hormone prepared from pituitary glands.

Kalchev, L. A.↗
NASA NTRS1979

The catalysis of nucleotide polymerization by compounds of divalent lead

The nonenzymatic, nontemplate catalysis of nucleotide polymerization by Pb(2+) ions, a possible prebiotic catalyst, is reported. Adenosine and uridine phosphoimidazoles were reacted in buffered solutions of lead salts and products were analyzed by means of paper chromatography and electrophoresis. In the presence of Pb(2+) ion at pH 8.0 and 7.0 the reaction is found to progress rapidly with excellent yields of oligomers, with optimal yields observed at pH 8.0. Little temperature dependence in the range 0 to 30 C is observed, however hydrolysis of the reaction products is minimal when the reaction is carried out at 0 C. Results show that the yield of oligomers is insensitive to mixing or the source of lead ions, indicating that naturally occurring minerals or precipitates could be a source of Pb(2+) ions under prebiotic conditions.

Sleeper, H. L.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Pricing of NASA Space Shuttle transportation system cargo

A two-part pricing policy is investigated as the most feasible method of pricing the transportation services to be provided by NASA's SSTS. Engineering cost estimates and a deterministic operating cost model generate a data base and develop a procedure for pricing the services of the SSTS. It is expected that the SSTS will have a monopoly on space material processing in areas of crystal growth, glass processing, metallurgical space applications, and biomedical processes using electrophoresis which will require efficient pricing. Pricing problems, the SSTS operating costs based on orbit elevation, number of launch sites, and number of flights, capital costs of the SSTS, research and development costs, allocation of joint transportation costs of the SSTS to a particular space processing activity, and rates for the SSTS are discussed. It is concluded that joint costs for commercial cargoes carried in the SSTS can be most usefully handled by making cost allocations based on proportionate capacity utilization.

Hale, C. W.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Feasibility of commercial space manufacturing, production of pharmaceuticals. Volume 1: Executive summary

The feasibility of the commercial manufacturing of pharmaceuticals in space is examined. The method of obtaining pharmaceutical company involvement, laboratory results of the separation of serum proteins by the continuous flow electrophoresis process, the selection and study of candidate products, and their production requirements is presented. Antihemophilic factor, beta cells, erythropoietin, epidermal growth factor, alpha-1-antitrypsin and interferon were studied. Production mass balances for antihemophilic factor, beta cells, and erythropoietin were compared for space verus ground operation.

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