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At least 289 records · Page 16

Theoretical studies of the outer envelopes of young stellar objects

With the Monte Carlo code developed by Whitney and Hartmann, a series of models was computed of scattering in disks around young stellar objects. The code calculates scattering by dust, including polarization, in arbitrary geometries. By computing model images, it was found that disk, by themselves, around young stellar objects would be very difficult to detect with present day imaging techniques. In comparing these images to observations of young stellar objects which show diffuse structure, little resemblance was found. A flared disk system will only give high polarization when viewed edge-on, and the position angle is always oriented perpendicular to the disk plane. This suggests that an envelope, perhaps the remnant infalling envelope, must be present to scatter more stellar light than a disk can, and obscure the star at many inclinations. A grid was computed of models of scattering in a disk+envelope system. Evidence is presented that the wind of the pre-main sequence object FU Orionis arises from the surface of the luminous prostellar accretion disk. A disk wind model calculated assuming radiative equilibrium explains the differential behavior of the observed asymmetrical absorption line profiles. The model predicts that strong lines should be asymmetric and blueshifted, while weak lines should be symmetric and doubled peaked due to disk rotation, in agreement with observations.

Hartmann, Lee↗

Theoretical Studies of the Surface Tension of Liquid Metal System

A major goal of this project is to understand the surface tension and other thermophysical properties of liquid metals and alloys from a fundamental viewpoint. The approach is to calculate these quantities by a first principles technique which combines the statistical-mechanical theory of the liquid state with an electronic pseudopotential theory of electrons in metals. The inhomogeneity of the surface is treated using an ionic-density-functional formalism developed with the support of NASA. Of particular interest are the variation of surface tension with temperature and impurity concentration: such variations strongly influence the types of convection which make take place in a low-gravity environment. Some progress has already been achieved in computing the reduction of surface tension due to the presence of low-surface-tension impurities, and the corresponding surface segregation of such impurities. In the coming year, it is planned to concentrate on the surface properties of materials of particular interest to the MSA program: Si, Ga and GaSn alloys. An additional goal is to gain some theoretical understanding of the high temperature thermophysical properties of liquid metals, particularly high melting point materials which have not been studied extensively from a theoretical viewpoint.

Stroud, D. G.↗

Analysis of GEOS-3 altimeter data and extraction of ocean wave height and dominant wavelength

When the amplitude and timing biases are removed from the GEOS-3 Sample and Hold (S&H) gates, the mean return waveforms can be excellently fitted with a theoretical template which represents the convolution of: (1) the radar point target response; (2) the range noise (jitter) in the altimeter tracking loop; (3) the sea surface height distribution; and (4) the antenna pattern as a function of the range to mean sea level. Several techniques of varying complexity to remove the effect of the tracking loop jitter in computing the wave height are considered. They include: (1) realigning the S&H gates to their actual positions with respect to mean sea level before averaging; (2) using the observed standard deviation on the altitude measurement to remove the integrated effect of the tracking loop jitter, and (3) using a look-up table to correct for the expected value of range noise. Analysis of skewness in the GEOS return waveform demonstrates the potential of a satellite radar altimeter to determine the dominant wavelength of ocean waves.

Walsh, E. J.↗

An ab initio investigation of the structure, vibrational frequencies, and intensities of HO2 and HOCl

The infrared spectral intensities for HOCl and HO2 have been calculated using a new ab initio technique. Theoretical results for the geometries, vibrational frequencies, and the dipole moments of these species are also reported. All of the calculations were performed at the SCF level using near Hartree-Fock quality basis sets. The results for the molecular geometries and the vibrational frequencies are in good agreement with available experimental data. It is believed that the computed intensities are accurate to at least 50%. The results should be helpful in attempts to determine the stratospheric abundance of HOCl and HO2 by in situ infrared spectroscopic measurements.

Komornicki, A.↗

An improved computational technique for calculating electromagnetic forces and power absorptions generated in spherical and deformed body in levitation melting devices

An improved computational technique for calculating the electromagnetic force field, the power absorption and the deformation of an electromagnetically levitated metal sample is described. The technique is based on the volume integral method, but represents a substantial refinement; the coordinate transformation employed allows the efficient treatment of a broad class of rotationally symmetrical bodies. Computed results are presented to represent the behavior of levitation melted metal samples in a multi-coil, multi-frequency levitation unit to be used in microgravity experiments. The theoretical predictions are compared with both analytical solutions and with the results of previous computational efforts for the spherical samples and the agreement has been very good. The treatment of problems involving deformed surfaces and actually predicting the deformed shape of the specimens breaks new ground and should be the major usefulness of the proposed method.

Zong, Jin-Ho↗

A dataflow analysis tool for parallel processing of algorithms

A graph-theoretic design process and software tool is presented for selecting a multiprocessing scheduling solution for a class of computational problems. The problems of interest are those that can be described using a dataflow graph and are intended to be executed repetitively on a set of identical parallel processors. Typical applications include signal processing and control law problems. Graph analysis techniques are introduced and shown to effectively determine performance bounds, scheduling constraints, and resource requirements. The software tool is shown to facilitate the application of the design process to a given problem.

Jones, Robert L., III↗

Computer simulation results for PCM/PM/NRZ receivers in nonideal channels

This article studies, by computer simulations, the performance of deep-space telemetry signals that employ the pulse code modulation/phase modulation (PCM/PM) technique, using nonreturn-to-zero data, under the separate and combined effects of unbalanced data, data asymmetry, and a band-limited channel. The study is based on measuring the symbol error rate performance and comparing the results to the theoretical results presented in previous articles. Only the effects of imperfect carrier tracking due to an imperfect data stream are considered. The presence of an imperfect data stream (unbalanced and/or asymmetric) produces undesirable spectral components at the carrier frequency, creating an imperfect carrier reference that will degrade the performance of the telemetry system. Further disturbance to the carrier reference is caused by the intersymbol interference created by the band-limited channel.

Anabtawi, A.↗

An Improved Computational Technique for Calculating Electromagnetic Forces and Power Absorptions Generated in Spherical and Deformed Body in Levitation Melting Devices

An improved computational technique for calculating the electromagnetic force field, the power absorption and the deformation of an electromagnetically levitated metal sample is described. The technique is based on the volume integral method, but represents a substantial refinement; the coordinate transformation employed allows the efficient treatment of a broad class of rotationally symmetrical bodies. Computed results are presented to represent the behavior of levitation melted metal samples in a multi-coil, multi-frequency levitation unit to be used in microgravity experiments. The theoretical predictions are compared with both analytical solutions and with the results or previous computational efforts for the spherical samples and the agreement has been very good. The treatment of problems involving deformed surfaces and actually predicting the deformed shape of the specimens breaks new ground and should be the major usefulness of the proposed method.

Zong, Jin-Ho↗

Linear Programming and Its Application to Pattern Recognition Problems

Linear programming and linear programming like techniques as applied to pattern recognition problems are discussed. Three relatively recent research articles on such applications are summarized. The main results of each paper are described, indicating the theoretical tools needed to obtain them. A synopsis of the author's comments is presented with regard to the applicability or non-applicability of his methods to particular problems, including computational results wherever given.

Omalley, M. J.↗

Space Shuttle Main Engine performance analysis

For a number of years, NASA has relied primarily upon periodically updated versions of Rocketdyne's power balance model (PBM) to provide space shuttle main engine (SSME) steady-state performance prediction. A recent computational study indicated that PBM predictions do not satisfy fundamental energy conservation principles. More recently, SSME test results provided by the Technology Test Bed (TTB) program have indicated significant discrepancies between PBM flow and temperature predictions and TTB observations. Results of these investigations have diminished confidence in the predictions provided by PBM, and motivated the development of new computational tools for supporting SSME performance analysis. A multivariate least squares regression algorithm was developed and implemented during this effort in order to efficiently characterize TTB data. This procedure, called the 'gains model,' was used to approximate the variation of SSME performance parameters such as flow rate, pressure, temperature, speed, and assorted hardware characteristics in terms of six assumed independent influences. These six influences were engine power level, mixture ratio, fuel inlet pressure and temperature, and oxidizer inlet pressure and temperature. A BFGS optimization algorithm provided the base procedure for determining regression coefficients for both linear and full quadratic approximations of parameter variation. Statistical information relative to data deviation from regression derived relations was also computed. A new strategy for integrating test data with theoretical performance prediction was also investigated. The current integration procedure employed by PBM treats test data as pristine and adjusts hardware characteristics in a heuristic manner to achieve engine balance. Within PBM, this integration procedure is called 'data reduction.' By contrast, the new data integration procedure, termed 'reconciliation,' uses mathematical optimization techniques, and requires both measurement and balance uncertainty estimates. The reconciler attempts to select operational parameters that minimize the difference between theoretical prediction and observation. Selected values are further constrained to fall within measurement uncertainty limits and to satisfy fundamental physical relations (mass conservation, energy conservation, pressure drop relations, etc.) within uncertainty estimates for all SSME subsystems. The parameter selection problem described above is a traditional nonlinear programming problem. The reconciler employs a mixed penalty method to determine optimum values of SSME operating parameters associated with this problem formulation.

Santi, L. Michael↗

Performance evaluation of digital phase-locked loops for advanced deep space transponders

The performances of the digital phase-locked loops (DPLL's) for the advanced deep-space transponders (ADT's) are investigated. DPLL's considered in this article are derived from the analog phase-locked loop, which is currently employed by the NASA standard deep space transponder, using S-domain to Z-domain mapping techniques. Three mappings are used to develop digital approximations of the standard deep space analog phase-locked loop, namely the bilinear transformation (BT), impulse invariant transformation (IIT), and step invariant transformation (SIT) techniques. The performance in terms of the closed loop phase and magnitude responses, carrier tracking jitter, and response of the loop to the phase offset (the difference between in incoming phase and reference phase) is evaluated for each digital approximation. Theoretical results of the carrier tracking jitter for command-on and command-off cases are then validated by computer simulation. Both theoretical and computer simulation results show that at high sampling frequency, the DPLL's approximated by all three transformations have the same tracking jitter. However, at low sampling frequency, the digital approximation using BT outperforms the others. The minimum sampling frequency for adequate tracking performance is determined for each digital approximation of the analog loop. In addition, computer simulation shows that the DPLL developed by BT provides faster response to the phase offset than IIT and SIT.

Nguyen, T. M.↗

New Theoretical Technique Developed for Predicting the Stability of Alloys

When alloys are being designed for aeronautical and other applications, a substantial experimental effort is necessary to make incremental changes in the desired alloy properties. A scheme to narrow the field to the most promising candidates would substantially reduce the high cost of this experimental screening. Such a method for determining alloy properties, called the BFS (Bozzolo, Ferrante, and Smith) method, has been developed at the NASA Lewis Research Center. This method was used to calculate the thermal stability and mechanical strength of 200 alloys of Ni3Al, with Cu and Au impurities forming ternary and quaternary compounds. With recent advances in the method, almost any metallic impurity and crystal structure can be addressed. In addition, thermal effects can be addressed with Monte Carlo techniques. At present, an experimental program is in progress to verify these results. The method identified a small number of the most promising candidates from the 200 alloys with the largest negative heat of formation and the highest bulk modulus. This calculation required only 5 min of CPU time on a VAX computer. It is clear that semi-empirical methods have achieved the level of development and reliability to warrant examining this new approach to the problem of alloy design. The present work was meant to demonstrate, perhaps in a rather simple way, this power. This type of application of atomistic simulation methods can narrow the gap and improve the feedback between theoretical predictions and laboratory experimentation.

Source record↗

FLUT - A program for aeroelastic stability analysis

A computer program (FLUT) that can be used to evaluate the aeroelastic stability of aircraft structures in subsonic flow is described. The algorithm synthesizes data from a structural vibration analysis with an unsteady aerodynamics analysis and then performs a complex eigenvalue analysis to assess the system stability. The theoretical basis of the program is discussed with special emphasis placed on some innovative techniques which improve the efficiency of the analysis. User information needed to efficiently and successfully utilize the program is provided. In addition to identifying the required input, the flow of the program execution and some possible sources of difficulty are included. The use of the program is demonstrated with a listing of the input and output for a simple example.

Johnson, E. H.↗

Computational aeroacoustics - Present status and future promise

The field of computational aeroacoustics (CAA), in which sound generation by unsteady flows is calculated from first principles, has recently emerged as a viable discipline. This paper describes one CAA technique which has been validated for low Mach number, low Reynolds number, two-dimensional flows. Results of its application to geometries producing both dipole and quadrupole type sound sources are presented along with theoretical and experimental comparisons. In addition, the future promise of this and other CAA techniques in removing the present limitations is evaluated.

Hardin, J. C.↗

Space shuttle orbiter reentry flow field and heating analysis

The reentry flow field and thermal environment around the straight wing shuttle orbiter vehicle were determined. Both rarefied and continuum flow fields and associated heating rates on various configurations representative of the orbiter at high angle of attack were calculated. Rarefied flow fields and heating rates were computed by the Monte Carlo direct simulation technique for altitudes above 82.3 km. Continuum inviscid flow fields were calculated by 2-D unsteady and 3-D steady finite difference/artificial viscosity methods and also by a 2-D shock layer analysis technique. Viscous flow fields and heating rates in the continuum regime were computed by a boundary layer integral matrix method for laminar flow and by an aerodynamic surface heating technique for turbulent flow. Shapes considered in the study included flat plates (representing the underside of the orbiter fuselage or the wing MAC), orbiter fuselage cross sections, orbiter wing airfoils, and 3-D orbiter configurations, all at high angle of attack (40 - 60 deg). The theoretical results showed good agreement with measured pressure and heat transfer data.

Rochelle, W. C.↗

Design tool for multiprocessor scheduling and evaluation of iterative dataflow algorithms

A graph-theoretic design process and software tool is defined for selecting a multiprocessing scheduling solution for a class of computational problems. The problems of interest are those that can be described with a dataflow graph and are intended to be executed repetitively on a set of identical processors. Typical applications include signal processing and control law problems. Graph-search algorithms and analysis techniques are introduced and shown to effectively determine performance bounds, scheduling constraints, and resource requirements. The software tool applies the design process to a given problem and includes performance optimization through the inclusion of additional precedence constraints among the schedulable tasks.

Jones, Robert L., III↗

A Computational and Experimental Investigation of Shear Coaxial Jet Atomization

The instability and subsequent atomization of a viscous liquid jet emanated into a high-pressure gaseous surrounding is studied both computationally and experimentally. Liquid water issued into nitrogen gas at elevated pressures is used to simulate the flow conditions in a coaxial shear injector element relevant to liquid propellant rocket engines. The theoretical analysis is based on a simplified mathematical formulation of the continuity and momentum equations in their conservative form. Numerical solutions of the governing equations subject to appropriate initial and boundary conditions are obtained via a robust finite difference scheme. The computations yield real-time evolution and subsequent breakup characteristics of the liquid jet. The experimental investigation utilizes a digital imaging technique to measure resultant drop sizes. Data were collected for liquid Reynolds number between 2,500 and 25,000, aerodynamic Weber number range of 50-500 and ambient gas pressures from 150 to 1200 psia. Comparison of the model predictions and experimental data for drop sizes at gas pressures of 150 and 300 psia reveal satisfactory agreement particularly for lower values of investigated Weber number. The present model is intended as a component of a practical tool to facilitate design and optimization of coaxial shear atomizers.

Ibrahim, Essam A.↗

An additional study and implementation of tone calibrated technique of modulation

The Tone Calibrated Technique (TCT) was shown to be theoretically free from an error floor, and is only limited, in practice, by implementation constraints. The concept of the TCT transmission scheme along with a baseband implementation of a suitable demodulator is introduced. Two techniques for the generation of the TCT signal are considered: a Manchester source encoding scheme (MTCT) and a subcarrier based technique (STCT). The results are summarized for the TCT link computer simulation. The hardware implementation of the MTCT system is addressed and the digital signal processing design considerations involved in satisfying the modulator/demodulator requirements are outlined. The program findings are discussed and future direction are suggested based on conclusions made regarding the suitability of the TCT system for the transmission channel presently under consideration.

Rafferty, W.↗