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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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283 records · Page 16

Multitask graph neural networks for elastoplastic response prediction in dual-phase polycrystals

Microstructure-sensitive prediction of elastoplastic response remains a recurring bottleneck in multiscale damage and fatigue modeling, where large ensembles of statistically distinct polycrystals are required to quantify variability and extreme-value behavior. In this work, we develop a multitask graph neural network (GNN) surrogate that maps dual-phase ferrite–martensite polycrystal microstructures to Statistical Volume Element (SVE)-level elastoplastic Quantities of Interest (QoIs). Each SVE is represented as a grain-adjacency graph, with node features encoding phase, geometry, and crystallographic orientation, and edge features encoding relative misorientation. A message-passing graph convolution generates node embeddings, which are pooled into a graph representation and passed to a multitask regression head that jointly predicts 10 scalar QoIs and vector-valued stress–strain responses in orthogonal loading directions across multiple martensite volume fractions and SVE sizes. Results show high accuracy for scalar QoIs and strong agreement for full stress–strain trajectories, with population envelopes reproducing both median behavior and finite-SVE variability across compositions and partition scales. A unified model trained on pooled volume-fraction data preserves most within-regime accuracy relative to regime-specific models while also capturing the broader cross-regime variation reflected in the pooled test set. Distributional comparisons further demonstrate that the surrogate preserves heterogeneity under SVE partitioning, enabling statistically consistent block-wise random-field construction for mesoscale analyses. Overall, the proposed grain-graph surrogate provides a practical pathway to accelerate ensemble-based studies of SVE-level constitutive variability in dual-phase polycrystals.

Crystal plasticity↗

Development and testing of coarse-grained models for ultrasonic simulations of cast austenitic stainless steel

Ultrasonic inspection of cast austenitic stainless steel (CASS) in the nuclear industry is particularly challenging because of sound field scatter and attenuation caused by the coarse-grained microstructure. Modeling and simulation are important tools in ultrasonic testing, as they can be used to help address key aspects of inspections, such as developing new probe designs, predicting inspection reliability, and testing phased-array focal laws. However, developing a useful and reliable CASS model is challenging due to the many grain interfaces and crystalline orientations that must be captured. We demonstrate a method of creating a realistic CASS model that is usable in CIVA, a commercially available modeling and simulation software platform. Using polished and chemically etched sections, we generate models of a coarse-grained equiaxed specimen and a columnar specimen. We also test an alternative method of generating a coarse-grained model using Voronoi regions. We qualitatively compare sound field scatter and quantitatively compare sound field attenuation and beam partitioning in simulated sound fields to those of laboratory-measured sound fields. Results show that the Voronoi models perform as well as or better than the models based on actual grain morphology. Here we also show that model-to-model randomness in Voronoi grain structure can impact the magnitude of a simulated echo response by a factor of two or more. Although CASS models are potentially a good depiction of reality for a given scenario, they should not be considered representative since CASS morphology can change significantly from specimen to specimen or within the same specimen.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Improved statistical models for limited datasets in uncertainty quantification using stochastic collocation

This paper presents a data-driven framework for performing uncertainty quantification (UQ) by choosing a stochastic model that accurately describes the sources of uncertainty in a system. This model is propagated through an appropriate response surface function that approximates the behavior of this system using stochastic collocation. Given a sample of data describing the uncertainty in the inputs, our goal is to estimate a probability density function (PDF) using the kernel moment matching (KMM) method so that this PDF can be used to accurately reproduce statistics like mean and variance of the response surface function. Instead of constraining the PDF to be optimal for a particular response function, we show that we can use the properties of stochastic collocation to make the estimated PDF optimal for a wide variety of response functions. We contrast this method with other traditional procedures that rely on the Maximum Likelihood approach, like kernel density estimation (KDE) and its adaptive modification (AKDE). We argue that this modified KMM method tries to preserve what is known from the given data and is the better approach when the available data is limited in quantity. We test the performance of these methods for both univariate and multivariate density estimation by sampling random datasets from known PDFs and then measuring the accuracy of the estimated PDFs, using the known PDF as a reference. Comparing the output mean and variance estimated with the empirical moments using the raw data sample as well as the actual moments using the known PDF, we show that the KMM method performs better than KDE and AKDE in predicting these moments with greater accuracy. This improvement in accuracy is also demonstrated for the case of UQ in electrostatic and electrothermomechanical microactuators. We show how our framework results in the accurate computation of statistics in micromechanical systems.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

A crystal plasticity model with an atomistically informed description of grain boundary sliding for improved predictions of deformation fields

Crystal plasticity (CP) is a powerful meso-scale technique for deformation modeling in polycrystalline materials. Crystal plasticity models typically do not include an explicit description of grain boundary (GB) sliding, which could lead to inaccurate predictions of strain distributions, especially in the vicinity of GBs. In the present study, a CP model is developed that includes GB sliding as an additional deformation mechanism and models the interaction between slip and GB sliding. Atomistic simulations are used to formulate the constitutive model for GB sliding and its interaction with incident slip. The deformation fields and structure of the GBs are obtained directly from experimental characterization and are faithfully reproduced as bicrystal systems for molecular dynamics simulations. The GBs are modeled as random-type (non-coincidence, asymmetrical) boundaries as observed from experimental data. The underlying atomistic-scale mechanism for pure sliding of random GBs was found to be analogous to fluid-flow. The interaction between incident slip and a sliding GB caused local increases in stress concentration, which further led to a momentary increase in the local sliding rate. The displacement profiles at the sliding GBs computed from the CP model with sliding accommodation are 38% more accurate than the baseline CP model as quantified by the mean squared error between the simulations and experiment. Here these results help improve the sophistication and accuracy of deformation modeling by including physics-based descriptions for GB sliding and its interaction with slip, eventually leading to more reliable predictions of micromechanical quantities.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Effects of irradiation damage on the elastic properties and hardness of complex transition metal diborides

Multi-principal component transition metal (TM) diborides represent a class of high-entropy ceramics (HECs) that have received considerable interest in recent years owing to their promising properties for extreme environment applications that include thermal/ environmental barriers, hypersonic vehicles, turbine engines, and next-generation nuclear reactors. While the addition of chemical disorder through the random distribution of TM elements on the cation sublattice has offered opportunities to tailor elastic stiffness and hardness, the effects of irradiationinduced structural damage on the physical properties of these complex materials have remained largely unexplored. To this end, changes in the hardness and elastic moduli of a high-entropy TM diboride (Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Zr0.2)B2 and three of its quaternary subsets following irradiation with 10 MeV gold (Au) ions to fluences of up to 6 × 10^15 Au cm-2 are investigated at the micrometer and sub-micrometer length-scales via the dispersion of laser-generated surface acoustic waves (SAW) and nanoindentation, respectively. The nanoindentation measurements show that the TM diborides exhibit an initial increase in hardness following irradiation with energetic Au ions, with a subsequent decrease in hardness following further irradiation. One quaternary composition, (Hf1/3Ta1/3Ti1/3)B2, exhibits a notable exception to the trend and continues to exhibit an increase in hardness with ion irradiation fluence. Although differences in the absolute values of the effective elastic moduli obtained from the measured SAW dispersion and nanoindentation are observed (and attributed to microstructural variations at the measurement length-scale), both techniques yield similar trends in the form of an initial reduction and subsequent saturation in the elastic modulus with increasing ion irradiation fluence. The quaternary TM diboride (Hf1/3Ta1/3Ti1/3)B2 again exhibits a departure from this trend. The high-entropy TM diboride (Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Zr0.2)B2 exhibits the greatest recovery in hardness and modulus when irradiated to high ion fluences following initial changes at low fluence, indicating superior resistance to radiation-induced damage over its quaternary counterparts. Opportunities for designing HECs with superior hardness and modulus for enhanced radiation resistance (compared to their single constituent counterparts) by tailoring chemical disorder and bond character in the lattice are discussed.

36 - MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

A new efficient grain growth model using a random Gaussian-sampled mode filter

This paper presents the use of a Gaussian neighborhood mode filter for predicting grain growth in a manner similar to the solutions obtained by a Monte Carlo Potts model. This flexible grain growth model can quickly utilize modern, computationally optimized data science strategies on graphics processing units to simulate grain growth up to 100 times faster than the state-of-the-art, publicly available Monte Carlo Potts model. We show that, given the correct neighborhood, the mode filter can replicate normal grain growth in two or three dimensions. In addition, the paper briefly demonstrates the ability to model limited anisotropic in grain boundary energy and mobility. Anisotropic grain boundary energy is modeled by defining a weighted mode filter operation. Anisotropic grain boundary mobility is modeled by scaling and orienting the Gaussian neighborhood in a particular direction.

Anisotropy↗

Effects of irradiation damage on the hardness and elastic properties of quaternary and high entropy transition metal diborides

Multi-principal component transition metal (TM) diborides represent a class of high-entropy ceramics (HECs) that have received considerable interest in recent years owing to their promising properties for extreme environment applications that include thermal/ environmental barriers, hypersonic vehicles, turbine engines, and next-generation nuclear reactors. While the addition of chemical disorder through the random distribution of TM elements on the cation sublattice has offered opportunities to tailor elastic stiffness and hardness, the effects of irradiation-induced structural damage on the physical properties of these complex materials have remained largely unexplored. To this end, changes in the hardness and elastic moduli of a high-entropy TM diboride (Hf 0.2 Nb 0.2 Ta 0.2 Ti 0.2 Zr 0.2 )B 2 and three of its quaternary subsets following irradiation with 10 MeV gold (Au) ions to fluences of up to 6 × 10 15 Au cm -2 are investigated at the micrometer and sub-micrometer length-scales via the dispersion of laser-generated surface acoustic waves (SAW) and nanoindentation, respectively. The nanoindentation measurements show that the TM diborides exhibit an initial increase in hardness following irradiation with energetic Au ions, with a subsequent decrease in hardness following further irradiation. One quaternary composition, (Hf 1/3 Ta 1/3 Ti 1/3 )B 2 , exhibits a notable exception to the trend and continues to exhibit an increase in hardness with ion irradiation fluence. Although differences in the absolute values of the effective elastic moduli obtained from the measured SAW dispersion and nanoindentation are observed (and attributed to microstructural variations at the measurement length-scale), both techniques yield similar trends in the form of an initial reduction and subsequent saturation in the elastic modulus with increasing ion irradiation fluence. The quaternary TM diboride (Hf 1/3 Ta 1/3 Ti 1/3 )B 2 again exhibits a departure from this trend. The high-entropy TM diboride (Hf 0.2 Nb 0.2 Ta 0.2 Ti 0.2 Zr 0.2 )B 2 exhibits the greatest recovery in hardness and modulus when irradiated to high ion fluences following initial changes at low fluence, indicating superior resistance to radiation-induced damage over its quaternary counterparts. Opportunities for designing HECs with superior hardness and modulus for enhanced radiation resistance (compared to their single constituent counterparts) by tailoring chemical disorder and bond character in the lattice are discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Investigating microstructure evolution in block copolymer membranes

Block copolymer self-assembly in conjunction with nonsolvent-induced phase separation (SNIPS) has been increasingly leveraged to fabricate integral-asymmetric membranes. The large number of formulation and processing parameters associated with SNIPS, however, has prevented the reliable construction of high performance membranes. In this study, we apply dynamical self-consistent field theory to model the SNIPS process and investigate the effect of various parameters on the membrane morphology: solvent selectivity, nonsolvent selectivity, initial film composition, and glass transition composition. We examine how solvent selectivity and concentration of polymers in the film impact the structure of micelles that connect to form the membrane matrix. In particular, we find that preserving the order in the surface layer and forming a connection between the supporting and surface layer are nontrivial and sensitive to each parameter studied. Furthermore, the effect of each parameter is discussed, and suggestions are made for successfully fabricating viable block copolymer membranes.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

The impact of anisotropic thermal expansion on the isothermal annealing of polycrystalline α -uranium

Although grain growth impacts microstructural evolution in a wide variety of materials systems, the effect of anisotropic thermal expansion on grain boundary mobility and texture evolution has not been widely studied. Anisotropic thermal expansion occurs in multiple non-cubic metals, and the thermomechanical processing behavior of these materials can be better understood with further study into the impact of thermal expansion on grain boundary mobility and texture evolution. In this work, we develop a mesoscale phase field model of grain growth that includes the effect of anisotropic thermal expansion, which is applied to study polycrystalline α-uranium, a highly anisotropic metal. Three-dimensional simulations on polycrystalline a-uranium with and without thermal expansion eigenstrains are performed to study the grain boundary mobility and texture evolution as a function of temperature. A strain-free temperature of 933 K is selected, and the system is studied at within the range of 873 – 933 K at intervals of ten degrees, resulting in increasing thermal eigenstrain with decreasing temperature. We also estimate a grain boundary mobility prefactor and activation energy based on existing experimental data of isothermal annealing of α-uranium. The grain boundary mobility is found to display significant deviation from Arrhenius behavior with the inclusion of thermal expansion eigenstrain as the amount of thermal eigenstrain (and thus elastic strain energy within the system) increases. This result explains an experimentally observed grain boundary mobility deviation from Arrhenius behavior. Furthermore, the texture evolution is affected, such that the grain orientations become less random with increasing thermal eigenstrain, which could explain experimentally observed texture behavior. These results indicate that the effect of thermal expansion should be considered when predicting the thermomechanical processing behavior of α-uranium and other materials with anisotropic thermal expansion.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Atomic Structural Features of Stacking Faults and Domain Connections in the Li- and Mn-Rich Cathode

Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides (LMRs), a class of earth-abundant materials for rechargeable Li-ion battery cathodes, crystallize into layered structures of two different symmetries: C2/m represented by Li 2 MnO 3 and R$\overline{3}$m represented by LiMn 0.5 Ni 0.5 O 2 . Fundamental questions about how the C2/m and R$\overline{3}$m domains spatially correlate within the same oxide grain and how the C2/m stacking faults arrange themselves when this happens still remain. Here, by using integrated differential phase contrast imaging in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM-iDPC), we probe the structural and compositional details of a prototypical, cobalt-free LMR material, 0.3Li 2 MnO 3 •0.7LiMn 0.5 Ni 0.5 O 2 (Li 1.13 Mn 0.57 Ni 0.3 O 2 ). The connection between the C2/m and R$\overline{3}$m domains is found to be abrupt, facilitated by the small lattice mismatch between the two structures. Stacking faults in the C2/m domains feature atomic plane shifting that accommodates stacking sequence changes, which explains why the stacking faults form in a random manner. Furthermore, a local disordering mechanism was identified to correlate with the C2/m stacking faults. Chemically, it is found that Ni coexists with Mn at the transition metal sites within the nominal Li 2 MnO 3 domain. As a result, this study demonstrates that STEM-iDPC is a very useful tool for capturing all the elements in a single image, revealing atomic details on domain connections and stacking faults in the LMRs.

Li-rich and Mn-rich oxides↗

The system Ta-V-Si: Crystal structure and phase equilibria

Phase relations have been evaluated for the Ta-V-Si system at 1500 and 1200 Degree-Sign C. Three ternary phases were found: {tau}{sub 1}-(Ta,V){sub 5}Si{sub 3} (Mn{sub 5}Si{sub 3}-type), {tau}{sub 2}-Ta(Ta,V,Si){sub 2} (MgZn{sub 2}-type) and {tau}{sub 3}-Ta(Ta,V,Si){sub 2} (MgCu{sub 2}-type). The crystal structure of {tau}{sub 2}-Ta(Ta,V,Si){sub 2} was solved by X-ray single crystal diffraction (space group P6{sub 3}/mmc). Atom order in the crystal structures of {tau}{sub 1}-(Ta,V){sub 5}Si{sub 3} (Mn{sub 5}Si{sub 3} type) and {tau}{sub 3}-Ta(Ta,V,Si){sub 2} was derived from X-ray powder diffraction data. A large homogeneity range was found for {tau}{sub 1}-(Ta{sub x}V{sub 1-x}){sub 5}Si{sub 3} revealing random exchange of Ta and V at a constant Si content. At 1500 Degree-Sign C, the end points of the {tau}{sub 1}-phase solution (0.082{<=}x{<=}0.624) are in equilibrium with the solutions (Ta{sub 1-x}V{sub x}){sub 5}Si{sub 3} (Cr{sub 5}B{sub 3} type, 0{<=}x{<=}0.128) and (Ta{sub x}V{sub 1-x}){sub 5}Si{sub 3} (W{sub 5}Si{sub 3} type, 0{<=}x{<=}0.048). - Graphical abstract: Phase relations have been evaluated for the Ta-V-Si system at 1500 and 1200 Degree-Sign C. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Phase relations have been evaluated for the Ta-V-Si system at 1500 and 1200 Degree-Sign C. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Three ternary phases were found at 1500 Degree-Sign C. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer At 1500 Degree-Sign C, {tau}{sub 1}-phase has large homogeneity region (0.064{<=}x{<=}0.624).

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Structural and mechanical properties of monolayer amorphous carbon and boron nitride

Amorphous materials exhibit various characteristics that are not featured by crystals and can sometimes be tuned by their degree of disorder (DOD). Here, we report results on the mechanical properties of monolayer amorphous carbon (MAC) and monolayer amorphous boron nitride (maBN) with different DOD. The pertinent structures are obtained by kinetic-Monte-Carlo (kMC) simulations using machine-learning potentials (MLP) with density-functional-theory (DFT)-level accuracy. An intuitive order parameter, namely the areal fraction F x occupied by crystallites within the continuous random network, is proposed to describe the DOD. We find that F x captures the essence of the DOD: Samples with the same F x but different sizes and arrangements of crystallites, obtained using two distinct kMC procedures, have virtually identical radial distributions functions as well as bond-length and bond-angle distributions. Furthermore, by simulating the fracture process with molecular dynamics, we found that the mechanical responses of MAC and maBN before fracture are mainly determined by F x and are insensitive to the sizes and specific arrangements and to some extent the numbers and area distributions of the crystallites. The behavior of cracks in the two materials is analyzed and found to mainly propagate in meandering paths in the CRN region and to be influenced by crystallites in distinct ways that toughen the material. Furthermore, the present results reveal the relation between structure and mechanical properties in amorphous monolayers and may provide a universal toughening strategy for 2D materials.

2-dimensional systems↗