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At least 289 records · Page 16
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Nanoscale solid-state nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy using depth-optimized nitrogen-vacancy ensembles in diamond

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy of bulk quantum materials have provided insight into phenomena, such as quantum phase criticality, magnetism, and superconductivity. With the emergence of nanoscale 2D materials with magnetic phenomena, inductively detected NMR and NQR spectroscopy are not sensitive enough to detect the smaller number of spins in nanomaterials. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond has shown promise in bringing the analytic power of NMR and NQR spectroscopy to the nanoscale. However, due to depth-dependent formation efficiency of the defect centers, noise from surface spins, band bending effects, and the depth dependence of the nuclear magnetic field, there is ambiguity regarding the ideal NV depth for surface NMR of statistically polarized spins. In this work, we prepared a range of shallow NV ensemble layer depths and determined the ideal NV depth by performing NMR spectroscopy on statistically polarized 19 F in Fomblin oil on the diamond surface. We found that the measurement time needed to achieve a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 using XY8-N noise spectroscopy has a minimum at an NV ensemble depth of 5.5 ± 1.5 nm for ensembles activated from 100 ppm nitrogen concentration. To demonstrate the sensing capabilities of NV ensembles, we perform NQR spectroscopy on the 11 B of hexagonal boron nitride flakes. We compare our best diamond to previous work with a single NV and find that this ensemble provides a shorter measurement time with excitation diameters as small as 4 μm. Furthermore, this analysis provides ideal conditions for further experiments involving NMR/NQR spectroscopy of 2D materials with magnetic properties.

2D materials↗
DOE OSTI2016

Multiparticle losses in a linear quadrupole Paul trap

A linear quadrupole Paul trap is fabricated for capturing magnesium and aluminium ions. An experimental cycle performed has demonstrated ion capture and holding in a trap with an average ion lifetime of 1.7 s. Modelling of ion dynamics in the trap shows that the main mechanism responsible for losses of hot ions is multiparticle interaction, which results in that a kinetic energy of some ions increases and they leave the trapping zone. This mechanism is completely suppressed if ions are cooled. Another mechanism is the charge exchange; however, it is not substantial at a high average energy of ions produced in the result of an electron impact. Parameters of the trap allow one to perform precision spectroscopic measurements and to control ion quantum states. (laser cooling)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2017

Trapping, retention and laser cooling of Th{sup 3+} ions in a multisection linear quadrupole trap

A multisection linear quadrupole trap for Th{sup 3+} ions is described. Multiply charged ions are obtained by the laser ablation method. The possibility of trapping and retention of ∼10{sup 3} ions is demonstrated in macroscopic time scales of ∼30 s. Specific features of cooling Th{sup 3+} ions on the electron transitions with wavelengths of 1088, 690 and 984 nm in Th{sup 3+} ion are discussed; a principal scheme of a setup for laser cooling is presented. (paper)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2019

Spectroscopy of the quadrupole clock transition of ytterbium-171 ions for optical frequency standard development

We outline the results of the spectroscopic investigation of the quadrupole transition of a single ytterbium-171 ion as applied to the development of an optical frequency standard with a relative uncertainty and long-term frequency instability of less than 10{sup −17}. The spectral width of the resonance recorded at the centre transition frequency amounts to about 30 Hz. (paper)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2019

Investigation of the possibility of ultra-deep laser cooling using a quadrupole transition

We consider the kinetics of atoms in nonuniform spatially polarised light fields resonant to the quadrupole optical transition with F{sub g} → F{sub e} = F{sub g} + 2 (F{sub g,e} is the total angular momentum in the ground and excited states). The lowest possible temperatures of laser cooling of atoms are analysed numerically and the results are compared with the data obtained for sub-Doppler cooling using light waves resonant to electric dipole optical transitions. (paper)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2020

Compact ultrastable laser system for spectroscopy of {sup 2}S{sub 1/2} → {sup 2}D{sub 3/2} quadrupole transition in {sup 171}Yb{sup +} ion

We report the results of studying a compact laser system designed for manipulating a quantum state of the optical qubit based on the {sup 2}S{sub 1/2} → {sup 2}D{sub 3/2} quadrupole transition in the {sup 171}Yb{sup +} ion at a wavelength of 435.5 nm. An emission power of the laser system reaches 500 μW at λ = 435.5 nm and the relative frequency instability of at most 3 × 10{sup −15} is achieved at averaging intervals from 0.5 to 50 s with a subtracted linear frequency drift. The compactness of the developed system makes it possible to employ it in transportable systems including optical clocks. (laser spectroscopy)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2012

A RAY-TRACING ALGORITHM FOR SPINNING COMPACT OBJECT SPACETIMES WITH ARBITRARY QUADRUPOLE MOMENTS. II. NEUTRON STARS

A moderately spinning neutron star acquires an oblate shape and a spacetime with a significant quadrupole moment. These two properties affect its apparent surface area for an observer at infinity, as well as the light curve arising from a hot spot on its surface. In this paper, we develop a ray-tracing algorithm to calculate the apparent surface areas of moderately spinning neutron stars making use of the Hartle-Thorne metric. This analytic metric allows us to calculate various observables of the neutron star in a way that depends only on its macroscopic properties and not on the details of its equation of state. We use this algorithm to calculate the changes in the apparent surface area, which could play a role in measurements of neutron-star radii and, therefore, in constraining their equation of state. We show that whether a spinning neutron star appears larger or smaller than its non-rotating counterpart depends primarily on its equatorial radius. For neutron stars with radii {approx}10 km, the corrections to the Schwarzschild spacetime cause the apparent surface area to increase with spin frequency. In contrast, for neutron stars with radii {approx}15 km, the oblateness of the star dominates the spacetime corrections and causes the apparent surface area to decrease with increasing spin frequency. In all cases, the change in the apparent geometric surface area for the range of observed spin frequencies is {approx}<5% and hence only a small source of error in the measurement of neutron-star radii.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

HANLE EFFECT FOR STELLAR DIPOLES AND QUADRUPOLES

We derive exact expressions for the degree of lineal polarization over a resolved or integrated stellar disc due to resonance scattering and the Hanle effect from a dipolar or quadrupolar distribution of magnetic fields. We apply the theory of scattering polarization within the formalism of the spherical tensors representation for the density matrix and radiation field. The distribution of linear polarization over the stellar disk for different configurations of the magnetic field is studied and its topology discussed. For an unresolved dipole, the resulting polarization can be expressed in terms of just three functions (of the inclination angle and effective dipole strength) that are calculated numerically and their behavior discussed. Dipolar and (aligned) quadrupoles are considered in some detail, but the techniques here-in particular, the extensive use of the spherical tensor formalism for polarization-can easily be applied to more general field configurations.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Transverse phase space diagnostics for ionization injection in laser plasma acceleration using permanent magnetic quadrupoles

We report the transverse phase space diagnostics for electron beams generated through ionization injection in a laser-plasma accelerator. Single-shot measurements of both ultimate emittance and Twiss parameters are achieved by means of permanent magnetic quadrupole. Beams with emittance of μm rad level are obtained in a typical ionization injection scheme, and the dependence on nitrogen concentration and charge density is studied experimentally and confirmed by simulations. A key feature of the transverse phase space, matched beams with Twiss parameter α T ≃ 0, is identified according to the measurement. Lastly, numerical simulations that are in qualitative agreement with the experimental results reveal that a sufficient phase mixing induced by an overlong injection length leads to the matched phase space distribution.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2011

Test Results of 15 T Nb3Sn Quadrupole Magnet HQ01 with a 120 mm Bore for the LHC Luminosity Upgrade

In support of the luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the US LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) has been developing a 1-meter long, 120 mm bore Nb{sub 3}Sn IR quadrupole magnet (HQ). With a short sample gradient of 219 T/m at 1.9 K and a conductor peak field of 15 T, the magnet will operate under higher forces and stored-energy levels than that of any previous LARP magnet models. In addition, HQ has been designed to incorporate accelerator quality features such as precise coil alignment and adequate cooling. The first 6 coils (out of the 8 fabricated so far) have been assembled and used in two separate tests-HQ01a and HQ01b. This paper presents design parameters, summary of the assemblies, the mechanical behavior as well as the performance of HQ01a and HQ01b.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Mechanical Performance of the LARP Nb3Sn Quadrupole Magnet LQS01

As part of the effort towards the development of Nb{sub 3}Sn magnets for future LHC luminosity upgrades, the LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) has fabricated and tested the quadrupole magnet LQS01. The magnet implements 3.4 m long Nb{sub 3}Sn coils contained in a support structure characterized by an external aluminum shell segmented in four sections. The room temperature pre-load of the structure is obtained by shimming load keys through bladders, pressurized during the loading operations and removed before cool-down. Temperature compensated strain gauges, mounted on structure components and coil poles, monitor the magnet's mechanical behavior during assembly, cool-down and, excitation. During the first test, LQS01 reached the target gradient of 200 T/m; the gauge data indicated that the aluminum shell was pre-tensioned to the target value estimated by numerical models, but a lack of pre-load was measured in the coil inner layer during ramping. As a result, the test was interrupted and the magnet disassembled, and inspected. A second test (LQS01b) was then carried out following a re-loading of the magnet. The paper reports on the strain gauge results of the first test and the analysis performed to identify corrective actions to improve the coil pre-stress distribution. The mechanical performance of the magnet during the second cool-down and test is then presented and discussed.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Assembly Tests of the First Nb 3 Sn Low-Beta Quadrupole Short Model for the Hi-Lumi LHC

In preparation for the high-luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) in collaboration with CERN is pursuing the development of MQXF: a 150-mm-aperture high-field Nb3Sn quadrupole magnet. Moreover, the development phase starts with the fabrication and test of several short models (1.2-m magnetic length) and will continue with the development of several long prototypes. All of them are mechanically supported using a shell-based support structure, which has been extensively demonstrated on several R&D models within LARP. The first short model MQXFS-AT has been assembled at LBNL with coils fabricated by LARP and CERN. In our paper, we summarize the assembly process and show how it relies strongly on experience acquired during the LARP 120-mm-aperture HQ magnet series. We also present comparison between strain gauges data and finite-element model analysis. Finally, we present the implication of the MQXFS-AT experience on the design of the long prototype support structure.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Mechanical qualification of the support structure for MQXF, the Nb 3 Sn low-β quadrupole for the high luminosity LHC

Within the scope of the High Luminosity LHC project, the collaboration between CERN and U.S. LARP is developing new low-β quadrupoles using the Nb 3 Sn superconducting technology for the upgrade of the LHC interaction regions. The magnet support structure of the first short model was designed and two units were fabricated and tested at CERN and at LBNL. The structure provides the preload to the collars-coils subassembly by an arrangement of outer aluminum shells pre-tensioned with water-pressurized bladders. For the mechanical qualification of the structure and the assembly procedure, superconducting coils were replaced with solid aluminum “dummy coils”, the structure was preloaded at room temperature, and then cooled-down to 77 K. Mechanical behavior of the magnet structure was monitored with the use of strain gauges installed on the aluminum shells, the dummy coils and the axial preload system. As a result, this paper reports on the outcome of the assembly and the cool-down tests with dummy coils, which were performed at CERN and at LBNL, and presents the strain gauge measurements compared to the 3D finite element model predictions.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Mechanical performance of short models for MQXF, the Nb3Sn low-β quadrupole for the Hi-Lumi LHC

In the framework of the Hi-Lumi LHC Project, CERN and U.S. LARP are jointly developing MQXF, a 150-mm aperture high-field Nb3Sn quadrupole for the upgrade of the inner triplet of the low-beta interaction regions. The magnet is supported by a shell-based structure, providing the preload by means of bladder-key technology and differential thermal contraction of the various components. Two short models have been produced using the same cross section currently considered for the final magnet. The structures were preliminarily tested replacing the superconducting coils with blocks of aluminum. This procedure allows for model validation and calibration, and also to set performance goals for the real magnet. Strain gauges were used to monitor the behavior of the structure during assembly, cool down and also excitation in the case of the magnets. The various structures differ for the shell partitioning strategies adopted and for the presence of thick or thin laminations. This study presents the results obtained and discusses the mechanical performance of all the short models produced up to now.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Conductor Specification and Validation for High-Luminosity LHC Quadrupole Magnets

The High Luminosity Upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) at CERN will replace the main ring inner triplet quadrupoles, identified by the acronym MQXF, adjacent to the main ring intersection regions. For the past decade, the U.S. LHC Accelerator R&D Program, LARP, has been evaluating conductors for the MQXFA prototypes, which are the outer magnets of the triplet. Recently, the requirements for MQXF magnets and cables have been published in P. Ferracin et al., IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 26, no. 4, 2016, Art. no.4000207, along with the final specification for Ti-alloyed Nb3Sn conductor determined jointly by CERN and LARP. This paper describes the rationale beneath the 0.85 mm diameter strand’s chief parameters, which are 108 or more sub-elements, a copper fraction not less than 52.4%, strand critical current at 4.22 K not less than 631 A at 12 T and 331 A at 15 T, and residual resistance ratio of not less than 150. This paper also compares the performance for ~100 km production lots of the five most recent LARP conductors to the first 163 km of strand made according to the HL-LHC specification. Two factors emerge as significant for optimizing performance and minimizing risk: a modest increase of the sub-element diameter from 50 to 55 μm, and a Nb:Sn molar ratio of 3.6 instead of 3.4. Furthermore, the statistics acquired so far give confidence that the present conductor can balance competing demands in production for the HL-LHC project.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Assembly of a Mechanical Model of MQXFB, the 7.2-m-Long Low-$\beta$ Quadrupole for the High-Luminosity LHC Upgrade

The ${\rm Nb_{3}Sn}$low-$\beta$quadrupole MQXF is being developed as a part of the High-Luminosity large hadron collider (LHC) upgrade project. The magnet will be produced in two different configurations, sharing the same cross section but with different lengths. A 7.2-m mechanical model of MQXFB was recently assembled at european organization for nuclear research (CERN) with one copper coil, two low-grade coils, and one rejected coil. Coil dimensions were measured with a portable coordinate measurement machine. The coil pack shimming was designed in order to optimize the field quality and the contacts between the coils and the collars. The azimuthal preload target was defined using the short models experience. The mechanical behavior during loading was monitored by means of strain gauges. The results demonstrated that the structure can provide the required prestress to the coils.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Summary of the Mechanical Performances of the 1.5 m Long Models of the Nb $_{3}$ Sn Low- $\beta$ Quadrupole MQXF

The Nb 3 Sn quadrupole MQXF is being developed as a part of the large hadron collide (LHC) High Luminosity upgrade. The magnet design was tested on 1.5-m-long short models, sharing the same cross section with the full-length magnets. Various azimuthal and longitudinal preloads were applied, studying the impact on the magnet training and on its mechanical performances. The experiments demonstrated the possibility to control the magnet prestress. However, various factors, coil size among the others, may affect the stress variation between and within each winding. This variation could prevent the magnets from reaching the magnet performances, as for example as a result of the critical current reduction of the Nb 3 Sn strands. This paper analyzes the mechanical performances of the short models, studying in particular the stress variation on different coils. The measured coil size was used as input in the numerical simulations, and the results were then compared with the strain gauge measurements. Lastly, the short model experience was used to evaluate the feasibility of a loading operation that does not rely on the strain measurements.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

Study of the Heater-Coil Electrical Insulation for the HL-LHC Low Beta Quadrupoles

In the framework of the HL-LHC project, the present LHC low-β superconducting quadrupoles will be substituted with higher performance Nb 3 Sn magnets (MQXF) with 11.4 T coil peak field. MQXF coils are impregnated with epoxy resin to reduce risk of stress concentration on the brittle conductor. The magnet quench protection is provided by CLIQ and quench heaters to ensure a redundant system. Quench heaters are impregnated with the coils in order to have suitable thermal contact with them, and to prevent the hot spot temperature from exceeding 350K during normal operation in case of a quench. Quench heaters are insulated from the coil by S-2 Glass and polyimide. Here, the test of the first MQXF prototype (4 m long) MQXFAP1 was stopped by a coil-to-ground short circuit triggered by a heater-to-coil short. This issue triggered a root analysis of the causes of this short. Here we prove that the use of a non-conforming cloth in coil impregnation, further weakened by non-conforming high voltage test, has triggered the shorts. Moreover, we present an analysis of the heater-to-coil insulation strength, showing the role of blistering phenomena and how they are triggered by a combination of magnet powering and heater firing.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗