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DOE OSTI2025

SCGSR Final Report

Dual phase noble liquid time projection chambers (TPCs) have an unprecedented sensitivity towards dark matter searches and neutrinos, owing to their ability to detect single electrons. When a particle deposits energy into one of these detectors, electrons are released and drifted into a gaseous region of high electric field. In the gas, the electrons are accelerated to produce extra light into what is called an S2 pulse. This light is far easier to detect than the current induced from a single electron. The two widely used elements for noble liquid detectors are Xe and Ar. Xe has a larger chance of being hit by neutrinos or dark matter, but ends with a lower (i.e. harder to detect) energy when struck. However, Ar light is hard to reflect and detect due to its short wavelength which is absorbed by most materials. While one may use TPB to re-emit this light at a longer wavelength, spatial variations of TPB thickness can smear the amount of re-emitted light, and thus cause a poor S2 energy resolution and spatial resolution. Furthermore, a single electron pulse in Ar is spread over a much longer time than one in Xe, which makes it harder to identify single electrons in Ar. The goal of Xe doping is to combine the best aspects of Ar with the best aspects of Xe. More specifically, this means a detector with a larger yield of photons and electrons produced per energy deposition, an ability to collect more of the light given by those signals, and a narrower pulse from the electron signal. During this project, we developed and operated a detector that can overcome the thermodynamic challenges of Xe doping – namely, preventing Xe from freezing. In the first experimental run during this award period, we found that we can achieve at least 5% of Xe in LAr, and measure the Xe concentration in the gas. In the second run, we installed our detector and saw the first S2 pulses in a dual phase Xe doped LAr TPC. With the data we took, we quantified the effect of Xe doping on the detectability of wavelength-shifted light produced in a Xe doped Ar mixture, as well as the single electron pulse shape. While the Ar light has successfully been wavelength shifted, we learned that much to our surprise, Xe doping actually makes the S2 pulse wider before it makes it narrower.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

NASA NTRS1994

Implications of noble gases in a recently recognized Martian meteorite (ALH84001) for the degassing history of Mars

For terrestrial planets, atmospheric compositions are not static, but evolve with time, in part due to degassing of the interior. Unfortunately, the evolution is slow enough that it is usually not observable on human timescales, or even on the timescales of rocks that preserve samples of Earth's ancient atmosphere. Preliminary results on a recently recognized Martian meteorite, ALH84001, indicate that it is a very old rock, and has a relatively high noble gas content suggestive of atmospheric incorporation, but with an isotopic composition slightly inconsistent with currently known Martian reservoirs. Hence, this rock may provide a sample of ancient Martian atmosphere, which can be used to test models of volatile evolution (in particular, degassing) on Mars. ALH84001 is a cumulate orthopyroxenite. Although originally classified as a diogenite, its oxygen isotopes, and several chemical and petrographic features, strong suggest that it is, like the SNC meteorites, Martian. A Sm-Nd crystallization age of 4.5 Ga has been reported. The meteorite is rich in noble gases, compared to most SNC's. In many respects the noble gases are typical of SNC meteorites. However, there are some subtle differences. In particular, the Xe isotopes in SNC meteorites can be explained as a mixture of Martian atmospheric Xe (as represented by glass in EETA 79001), the Xe in the dunite Chassigny (usually assumed to be representative of the Martian interior, and with lower (129)Xe/(132)Xe, (134)Xe/(132)Xe and (136)Xe/(132)Xe ratios), and later additions from known processes like fission, spallation and terrestrial contamination. The isotopic composition of ALH84001 is inconsistent (at greater than 2-3 sigma) with any mixture of those components. Even if no accumulation of fission Xe during the age of the rock is assumed, there is too little (136)Xe and (134)Xe for the amount of (129)Xe measured.

Swindle, T. D.↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on P2Pb(XeF6)3 by Materials Project

PbP(XeF4)3PF6 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/m space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of four PF6 clusters and one PbP(XeF4)3 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. In each PF6 cluster, P is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six F atoms. There is four shorter (1.63 Å) and two longer (1.67 Å) P–F bond length. There are two inequivalent F sites. In the first F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P atom. In the second F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P atom. In the PbP(XeF4)3 sheet, there are two inequivalent Xe sites. In the first Xe site, Xe is bonded in a linear geometry to two F atoms. There are one shorter (2.08 Å) and one longer (2.09 Å) Xe–F bond lengths. In the second Xe site, Xe is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent F atoms. Both Xe–F bond lengths are 2.09 Å. Pb is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven F atoms. There are a spread of Pb–F bond distances ranging from 2.49–2.66 Å. P is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six F atoms. There are a spread of P–F bond distances ranging from 1.61–1.72 Å. There are nine inequivalent F sites. In the first F site, F is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Xe and one Pb atom. In the second F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P atom. In the third F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P atom. In the fourth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P atom. In the fifth F site, F is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Xe and one Pb atom. The F–Xe bond length is 2.08 Å. In the sixth F site, F is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Xe and one Pb atom. In the seventh F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P atom. In the eighth F site, F is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Xe and one Pb atom. In the ninth F site, F is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Pb and one P atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on BaNb2Xe5F22 by Materials Project

BaNb2(XeF5)4XeF2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Fmmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of four XeF2 clusters and one BaNb2(XeF5)4 framework. In each XeF2 cluster, Xe is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent F atoms. Both Xe–F bond lengths are 2.07 Å. F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Xe atom. In the BaNb2(XeF5)4 framework, there are two inequivalent Xe sites. In the first Xe site, Xe is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent F atoms. Both Xe–F bond lengths are 2.08 Å. In the second Xe site, Xe is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent F atoms. Both Xe–F bond lengths are 2.07 Å. Ba is bonded to twelve F atoms to form BaF12 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent NbF6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 21°. There are a spread of Ba–F bond distances ranging from 2.83–3.10 Å. Nb is bonded to six F atoms to form NbF6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent BaF12 cuboctahedra. There is four shorter (1.94 Å) and two longer (1.96 Å) Nb–F bond length. There are four inequivalent F sites. In the first F site, F is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Xe and one Ba atom. In the second F site, F is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Xe and one Ba atom. In the third F site, F is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Ba and one Nb atom. In the fourth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Nb atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on BaRu2Xe5F22 by Materials Project

BaRu2(XeF5)4XeF2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Fmmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of four XeF2 clusters and one BaRu2(XeF5)4 framework. In each XeF2 cluster, Xe is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent F atoms. Both Xe–F bond lengths are 2.07 Å. F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Xe atom. In the BaRu2(XeF5)4 framework, there are two inequivalent Xe sites. In the first Xe site, Xe is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent F atoms. Both Xe–F bond lengths are 2.08 Å. In the second Xe site, Xe is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent F atoms. Both Xe–F bond lengths are 2.07 Å. Ba is bonded to twelve F atoms to form BaF12 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent RuF6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 23°. There are a spread of Ba–F bond distances ranging from 2.77–3.03 Å. Ru is bonded to six F atoms to form RuF6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent BaF12 cuboctahedra. There is four shorter (1.89 Å) and two longer (1.90 Å) Ru–F bond length. There are four inequivalent F sites. In the first F site, F is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Xe and one Ba atom. In the second F site, F is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Xe and one Ba atom. In the third F site, F is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Ba and one Ru atom. In the fourth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ru atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on BaAs2Xe5F22 by Materials Project

BaAs2(XeF5)4XeF2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Fmmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of four XeF2 clusters and one BaAs2(XeF5)4 framework. In each XeF2 cluster, Xe is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent F atoms. Both Xe–F bond lengths are 2.08 Å. F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Xe atom. In the BaAs2(XeF5)4 framework, there are two inequivalent Xe sites. In the first Xe site, Xe is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent F atoms. Both Xe–F bond lengths are 2.08 Å. In the second Xe site, Xe is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent F atoms. Both Xe–F bond lengths are 2.08 Å. Ba is bonded to twelve F atoms to form BaF12 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent AsF6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 22°. There are a spread of Ba–F bond distances ranging from 2.78–3.07 Å. As is bonded to six F atoms to form AsF6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent BaF12 cuboctahedra. There is four shorter (1.78 Å) and two longer (1.79 Å) As–F bond length. There are four inequivalent F sites. In the first F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ba and one As atom. In the second F site, F is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Xe and one Ba atom. In the third F site, F is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Xe and one Ba atom. In the fourth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS1992

Trapped xenon in ordinary chondrites

A trapped component of heavy noble gates representing a distinct solar system (presumably asteroid belt) reservoir is known to be concentrated in carbonaceous carriers of chondritic meteorites. The isotopic signature of trapped Xe in separates of the H4 chondrite Forest Vale (FV) was determined by combusting its carrier phases at 600 C in oxygen, discriminating against in situ produced nucleogenic components which are released above 600 C. The isotopic abundances of FV combustion-Xe (FVC-Xe) are compared to signatures of bulk trapped Xe in chondritic meteorites. We conclude that FVC-Xe represents the predominant trapped component in ordinary chondrites (OC) for which we adopt the term OC-Xe. Its isotopic signature differs from Xe in ureilites, in 'average carbonaceous chondrites', in earth's atmosphere, and in the solar wind. Additional minor Xe components were identified in type 3 chondrites and in the metal phase of chondrites. We discuss relationships among solar system Xe reservoirs and show that OC-Xe signature is consistent with a mixture of HL-Xe with slightly mass fractionated solar-type Xe.

Lavielle, Bernard↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on SbXe2OF15 by Materials Project

XeF5XeOF4SbF6 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/m space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two SbF6 clusters, two XeF5 clusters, and two XeOF4 clusters. In each SbF6 cluster, Sb is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six F atoms. There are a spread of Sb–F bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.97 Å. There are five inequivalent F sites. In the first F site, F is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Sb atom. In the second F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb atom. In the third F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb atom. In the fourth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb atom. In the fifth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb atom. In each XeF5 cluster, Xe is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five F atoms. There are a spread of Xe–F bond distances ranging from 1.95–1.98 Å. There are three inequivalent F sites. In the first F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Xe atom. In the second F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Xe atom. In the third F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Xe atom. In each XeOF4 cluster, Xe is bonded in a square pyramidal geometry to one O and four F atoms. The Xe–O bond length is 1.83 Å. All Xe–F bond lengths are 2.03 Å. O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Xe atom. There are two inequivalent F sites. In the first F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Xe atom. In the second F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Xe atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Sb4Au(Xe2F11)2 by Materials Project

Xe4Au(Sb2F11)2 crystallizes in the tetragonal P4_32_12 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of eight Sb2F11 clusters and four Xe4Au clusters. In each Sb2F11 cluster, there are two inequivalent Sb sites. In the first Sb site, Sb is bonded to six F atoms to form corner-sharing SbF6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 30°. There are a spread of Sb–F bond distances ranging from 1.89–2.07 Å. In the second Sb site, Sb is bonded to six F atoms to form corner-sharing SbF6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 30°. There are a spread of Sb–F bond distances ranging from 1.89–2.11 Å. There are eleven inequivalent F sites. In the first F site, F is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Sb atoms. In the second F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb atom. In the third F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb atom. In the fourth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb atom. In the fifth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb atom. In the sixth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb atom. In the seventh F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb atom. In the eighth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb atom. In the ninth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb atom. In the tenth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb atom. In the eleventh F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb atom. In each Xe4Au cluster, there are three inequivalent Xe sites. In the first Xe site, Xe is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Au atom. The Xe–Au bond length is 2.82 Å. In the second Xe site, Xe is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Au atom. The Xe–Au bond length is 2.84 Å. In the third Xe site, Xe is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Au atom. The Xe–Au bond length is 2.77 Å. Au is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four Xe atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Cr2XeF10 by Materials Project

XeCr2F10 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one XeCr2F10 sheet oriented in the (1, 0, 0) direction. there are two inequivalent Xe sites. In the first Xe site, Xe is bonded in a linear geometry to two F atoms. There are one shorter (2.00 Å) and one longer (2.21 Å) Xe–F bond lengths. In the second Xe site, Xe is bonded in a linear geometry to two F atoms. There are one shorter (2.02 Å) and one longer (2.18 Å) Xe–F bond lengths. There are four inequivalent Cr sites. In the first Cr site, Cr is bonded to six F atoms to form corner-sharing CrF6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 20–41°. There are a spread of Cr–F bond distances ranging from 1.75–1.98 Å. In the second Cr site, Cr is bonded to six F atoms to form corner-sharing CrF6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 20–43°. There are a spread of Cr–F bond distances ranging from 1.74–2.08 Å. In the third Cr site, Cr is bonded to six F atoms to form corner-sharing CrF6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 31–43°. There are a spread of Cr–F bond distances ranging from 1.76–2.08 Å. In the fourth Cr site, Cr is bonded to six F atoms to form corner-sharing CrF6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 31–41°. There are a spread of Cr–F bond distances ranging from 1.75–2.02 Å. There are twenty inequivalent F sites. In the first F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Xe atom. In the second F site, F is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Xe and one Cr atom. In the third F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cr atom. In the fourth F site, F is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Cr atoms. In the fifth F site, F is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Cr atoms. In the sixth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cr atom. In the seventh F site, F is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Cr atoms. In the eighth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cr atom. In the ninth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cr atom. In the tenth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cr atom. In the eleventh F site, F is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Xe and one Cr atom. In the twelfth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Xe atom. In the thirteenth F site, F is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Cr atoms. In the fourteenth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cr atom. In the fifteenth F site, F is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Cr atoms. In the sixteenth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cr atom. In the seventeenth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cr atom. In the eighteenth F site, F is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Cr atoms. In the nineteenth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cr atom. In the twentieth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cr atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS1995

An NMR study of microvoids in polymers

An understanding of polymer defect structures, like microvoids in polymeric matrices, is crucial to their fabrication and application potential. In this project guest atoms are introduced into the microvoids in PMR-15 and NMR is used to determine microvoid sizes and locations. Xenon is a relatively inert probe that would normally be found naturally in polymer or in NMR probe materials. There are two NMR active xenon isotopes, Xe-129 and Xe-131. The Xe atom has a very high polarizability, which makes it sensitive to the intracrystalline environment of polymers. Interactions between the Xe atoms and the host matrix perturb the Xe electron cloud, deshielding the nuclei, and thereby expanding the range of the observed NMR chemical shifts. This chemical shift range which may be as large as 5000 ppm, permits subtle structural and chemical effects to be studied with high sensitivity. The Xe(129)-NMR line shape has been found to vary in response to changes in the pore symmetry of the framework hosts line Zeolites and Clathrasil compounds. Before exposure to Xe gas, the PMR-15 samples were dried in a vacuum oven at 150 C for 48 hours. The samples were then exposed to Xe gas at 30 psi for 72 hours and sealed in glass tubes with 1 atmosphere of xenon gas. Xenon gas at 1 atmosphere was used to tune up the spectrometer and to set up the appropriate NMR parameters. A single Xe-129 line at 83.003498 Mhz (with protons at 300 Mhz) was observed for the gas. With the xenon charged PMR-15 samples, a second broader line is observed 190 ppm downfield from the gas line (also observed). The width of the NMR line from the Xe-129 absorbed in the polymer is at least partially due to the distribution of microvoid sizes. From the chemical shift (relative to the gas line) and the line width, we estimate the average void sizes to be 2.74 +/- 0.20 angstroms. Since Xe-129 has such a large chemical shift range (approximately 5000 ppm), we expect the chemical shift anisotropy to contribute to the line width (delta upsilon = 2.5 kHz).

Toy, James↗

NASA NTRS1996

An NMR Study of Microvoids in Polymers

An understanding of polymer defect structures, like microvoids in polymeric matrices, is most crucial to their fabrication and application potential. In this project guest atoms are introduced into the microvoids in PMR-15 and NMR is used to determine microvoid sizes and locations. Xenon is a relatively inert probe that would normally not be found naturally in polymer or in NMR probe materials. There are two NMR active Xenon isotopes, Xe-129 and Xe-131. The Xe atom has a very high polarizability, which makes it sensitive to the intracrystalline environment of polymers. Interactions between the Xe atoms and the host matrix perturb and Xe electron cloud, deshielding the nuclei, and thereby expanding the range of the observed NMR chemical shifts. This chemical shift range which may be as large as 5000 ppm, permits subtle structural and chemical effects to be studied with high sensitivity. The Xe-129-NMR line shape has been found to vary in response to changes in the pore symmetry of the framework hosts in Zeolites and Clathrasil compounds. Before exposure to Xe gas, the PMR-15 samples were dried in a vacuum oven at 150 C for 48 hours. The samples were then exposed to Xe gas at 30 psi for 72 hours and sealed in glass tubes with 1 atmosphere of Xenon gas. Xenon gas at 1 atmosphere was used to tune up the spectrometer and to set up the appropriate NMR parameters. A series of spectra were obtained interspersed with applications of vacuum and heating to drive out the adsorbed Xe and determine the role of Xe-Xe interactions in the observed chemical shift.

Toy, James↗

NASA NTRS1999

Iodine-Xenon Dating: Sensitive Chronometer for Reprocessing in the Primitive Solar System

The I-Xe chronometer is based upon decay of I-129 to Xe-129 in the early Solar System. Recent comparison of I-Xe system in individual mineral separates from twelve different meteorites with independent Pb-Pb data has demonstrated that I-Xe clock is a reliable sensitive chronometer when applied to a single mineral system. Since most iodine hosts are secondary minerals, the I-Xe clock generally records post-formational processing, providing the information on early meteorite evolution. Absolute I-Xe ages can be found by normalization using the measured I-Xe and Pb-Pb ages of Acapulco phosphate (4.557 plus or minus 0.002 Ga). Absolute ages for the I-Xe internal standards Shallow water and Bjurbole, 4.566 plus or minus 0.002 Ga and 4.565 plus or minus 0.003 Ga, respectively, provide absolute I-Xe ages for all other samples. The I-Xe age of bulk meteorite is meaningful and interpretable only when the carrier of primordial iodine is a major mineral phase (e. g., enstatite chondrites). Using the "monomineral" approach, separated phases from the Richardton H5 chondrite provide a case history of post-formational alteration in this object. This work applies the I-Xe chronometer to determine the times of reprocessing of selected minerals in single meteorite types. A preliminary account of this work was recently reported. Additional information is contained in the original extended abstract.

Pravdivtseva, O. V.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Application of Indirect Quantification of 133mXe to Calibration of HPGe Detector

The INL Noble Gas Laboratory provides intercomparison samples for the noble gas analysis laboratories as part of the CTBTO PrepCom IMS. Xe-133m is one of the four relevant radionuclides in nuclear explosion monitoring. Without commercially available Xe-133m calibration standards laboratories must create and improve calibration methods. Improvements in calibration methods at the INL NGL benefit the CTBTO PrepCom through better certified values for Xe-133m intercomparison samples. Calibration of High Purity Germanium detectors for Xe-133m quantification is complicated by the coexistence of Xe-133 in samples under analysis. Xe-133 is typically produced in larger quantities, has higher gamma emission probabilities, and its gammas are detected more efficiently than Xe-133m. Xe-133m activity of samples can be indirectly inferred through the 133:133m activity ratio of a batch of material, and the Xe-133 counts in the assay of a small aliquot of the same material. This indirect quantification method can be leveraged to perform detector calibrations for quantification of Xe-133m. Calibrations can be performed by inferring the Xe-133m to certify the sample, and direct counting to determine detector efficiency. A comparison of method results will be shown.

133mXe↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on SbXe2F9 by Materials Project

Xe2F3SbF6 crystallizes in the monoclinic Cc space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four SbF6 clusters and four Xe2F3 clusters. In each SbF6 cluster, Sb is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six F atoms. There is three shorter (1.92 Å) and three longer (1.93 Å) Sb–F bond length. There are six inequivalent F sites. In the first F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb atom. In the second F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb atom. In the third F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb atom. In the fourth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb atom. In the fifth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb atom. In the sixth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Sb atom. In each Xe2F3 cluster, there are two inequivalent Xe sites. In the first Xe site, Xe is bonded in a linear geometry to two F atoms. There are one shorter (2.01 Å) and one longer (2.22 Å) Xe–F bond lengths. In the second Xe site, Xe is bonded in a linear geometry to two F atoms. There are one shorter (2.01 Å) and one longer (2.21 Å) Xe–F bond lengths. There are three inequivalent F sites. In the first F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Xe atom. In the second F site, F is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Xe atoms. In the third F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Xe atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on OsXeO3F8 by Materials Project

XeOsO3F8 crystallizes in the tetragonal P4_2/n space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of eight XeOsO3F8 clusters. Xe is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to eight F atoms. There are a spread of Xe–F bond distances ranging from 1.98–2.55 Å. Os is bonded in a distorted octahedral geometry to three O and three F atoms. There is two shorter (1.71 Å) and one longer (1.72 Å) Os–O bond length. There are a spread of Os–F bond distances ranging from 2.04–2.09 Å. There are three inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Os atom. In the second O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Os atom. In the third O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Os atom. There are eight inequivalent F sites. In the first F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Xe atom. In the second F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Xe atom. In the third F site, F is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Xe and one Os atom. In the fourth F site, F is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Xe and one Os atom. In the fifth F site, F is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Xe and one Os atom. In the sixth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Xe atom. In the seventh F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Xe atom. In the eighth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Xe atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Re4Xe3(O5F7)2 by Materials Project

Xe3Re4(O5F7)2 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of one Xe3Re4(O5F7)2 cluster. there are two inequivalent Xe sites. In the first Xe site, Xe is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent O atoms. Both Xe–O bond lengths are 2.22 Å. In the second Xe site, Xe is bonded in a linear geometry to one O and one F atom. The Xe–O bond length is 2.06 Å. The Xe–F bond length is 2.43 Å. There are two inequivalent Re sites. In the first Re site, Re is bonded to two O and four F atoms to form distorted corner-sharing ReO2F4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 21°. There is one shorter (1.71 Å) and one longer (1.72 Å) Re–O bond length. There are a spread of Re–F bond distances ranging from 1.88–2.08 Å. In the second Re site, Re is bonded to two O and four F atoms to form distorted corner-sharing ReO2F4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 21°. There is one shorter (1.70 Å) and one longer (1.72 Å) Re–O bond length. There are a spread of Re–F bond distances ranging from 1.89–2.28 Å. There are five inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re atom. In the second O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re atom. In the third O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re atom. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Xe atoms. In the fifth O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re atom. There are seven inequivalent F sites. In the first F site, F is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Xe and one Re atom. In the second F site, F is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Re atoms. In the third F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re atom. In the fourth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re atom. In the fifth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re atom. In the sixth F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re atom. In the seventh F site, F is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2024

Impacts of future nuclear power generation on the international monitoring system

Many countries are considering nuclear power as a means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and the IAEA (IAEA, 2022) has forecasted nuclear power growth rates up to 224% of the 2021 level by 2050. Nuclear power plants release trace quantities of radioxenon, an inert gas that is also monitored under international agreements as a signature of nuclear weapons tests. To better understand how nuclear energy growth (and resulting Xe emissions) could affect this global nonproliferation architecture, we modeled daily releases of radioxenon isotopes used for nuclear explosion detection in the International Monitoring System (IMS) that is part of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty: 131m Xe, 133 Xe, 133m Xe, and 135 Xe to examine the change in the number of radioxenon detections as compared to the 2021 detection levels. If a 40-station IMS network is used, the detections of 133 Xe in 2050 would range from 82% for the low-power scenario to 195% for the high-power scenario, compared to the detections in 2021. If an 80-station IMS network is used, the detections of 133 Xe in 2050 would range from 83% of the 2021 detection rate for the low-power scenario to 209% for the high-power scenario. Essentially no detections of 131m Xe and 133m Xe are expected. The high growth scenario could lead to a six-fold increase in 135 Xe detections, but the total number of detections is still small (on the order of 1 detection per day in the entire network).

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗