Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Spin Chemistry”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 289 records · Page 16

Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced Nuclear Spin Optical Rotation

Here, nuclear spin optical rotation (NSOR) has been investigated as a magneto-optical effect, which holds the potential for applications, including hybrid optical-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and gradientless imaging. The intrinsic nature of NSOR renders its detection relatively insensitive, which has prevented it moving from a proof of concept to a method supporting chemical characterizations. In this work, the dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization technique is introduced to provide nuclear spin polarization, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio by several thousand times. NSOR signals of 1 H and 19 F nuclei are observed in a single scan for diluted compounds, which has made this effect suitable for the determination of electronic transitions from a specific nucleus in a large molecule.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗

Reconstruction of Thiospinel to Active Sites and Spin Channels for Water Oxidation

Water electrolysis is a promising technique for carbon neutral hydrogen production. A great challenge remains at developing robust and low-cost anode catalysts. Many pre-catalysts are found to undergo surface reconstruction to give high intrinsic activity in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The reconstructed oxyhydroxides on the surface are active species and most of them outperform directly synthesized oxyhydroxides. The reason for the high intrinsic activity remains to be explored. Here, a study is reported to showcase the unique reconstruction behaviors of a pre-catalyst, thiospinel CoFe 2 S 4 , and its reconstruction chemistry for a high OER activity. The reconstruction of CoFe 2 S 4 gives a mixture with both Fe–S component and active oxyhydroxide (Co(Fe)O x H y ) because Co is more inclined to reconstruct as oxyhydroxide, while the Fe is more stable in Fe–S component in a major form of Fe 3 S 4 . The interface spin channel is demonstrated in the reconstructed CoFe 2 S 4 , which optimizes the energetics of OER steps on Co(Fe)O x H y species and facilitates the spin sensitive electron transfer to reduce the kinetic barrier of O–O coupling. The advantage is also demonstrated in a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) electrolyzer. Finally, this work introduces the feasibility of engineering the reconstruction chemistry of the precatalyst for high performance and durable MEA electrolyzers.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Quantum Sensing and Imaging of Spin–Orbit-Torque-Driven Spin Dynamics in the Non-Collinear Antiferromagnet Mn 3 Sn

Novel non-collinear antiferromagnets with spontaneous time-reversal symmetry breaking, non-trivial band topology, and unconventional transport properties have received immense research interest over the past decade due to their rich physics and enormous promise in technological applications. One of the central focuses in this emerging field is exploring the relationship between the microscopic magnetic structure and exotic material properties. Nanoscale imaging of both spin–orbit-torque-induced deterministic magnetic switching and chiral spin rotation in non-collinear antiferromagnet Mn 3 Sn films using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers are reported. Direct evidence of the off-resonance dipole–dipole coupling between the spin dynamics in Mn 3 Sn and proximate NV centers is also demonstrated by NV relaxometry measurements. These results demonstrate the unique capabilities of NV centers in accessing the local information of the magnetic order and dynamics in these emergent quantum materials and suggest new opportunities for investigating the interplay between topology and magnetism in a broad range of topological magnets.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Enabling complete multichannel nonadiabatic dynamics: A global representation of the two-channel coupled, 1,2 1 A and 1 3 A states of NH 3 using neural networks

Global coupled three-state two-channel potential energy and property/interaction (dipole and spin–orbit coupling) surfaces for the dissociation of NH 3 (Ã) into NH + H 2 and NH 2 + H are reported. The permutational invariant polynomial-neural network approach is used to simultaneously fit and diabatize the electronic Hamiltonian by fitting the energies, energy gradients, and derivative couplings of the two coupled lowest-lying singlet states as well as fitting the energy and energy gradients of the lowest-lying triplet state. The key issue in fitting property matrix elements in the diabatic basis is that the diabatic surfaces must be smooth, that is, the diabatization must remove spikes in the original adiabatic property surfaces attributable to the switch of electronic wavefunctions at the conical intersection seam. Here, we employ the fit potential energy matrix to transform properties in the adiabatic representation to a quasi-diabatic representation and remove the discontinuity near the conical intersection seam. The property matrix elements can then be fit with smooth neural network functions. The coupled potential energy surfaces along with the dipole and spin–orbit coupling surfaces will enable more accurate and complete treatment of optical transitions, as well as nonadiabatic internal conversion and intersystem crossing.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Geometry optimizations with spinor-based relativistic coupled-cluster theory

Development of analytic gradients for relativistic coupled-cluster singles and doubles augmented with a non-iterative triples [CCSD(T)] method using an all-electron exact two-component Hamiltonian with atomic mean-field spin–orbit integrals (X2CAMF) is reported. This enables efficient CC geometry optimizations with spin–orbit coupling included in orbitals. Here, the applicability of the implementation is demonstrated using benchmark X2CAMF-CCSD(T) calculations of equilibrium structures and harmonic vibrational frequencies for methyl halides, CH 3 X (X = Br, I, and At), as well as calculations of rotational constants and infrared spectrum for RaSH+, a radioactive molecular ion of interest to spectroscopic study.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Highly Efficient Room‐Temperature Spin‐Orbit‐Torque Switching in a Van der Waals Heterostructure of Topological Insulator and Ferromagnet

Abstract All‐Van der Waals (vdW)‐material‐based heterostructures with atomically sharp interfaces offer a versatile platform for high‐performing spintronic functionalities at room temperature. One of the key components is vdW topological insulators (TIs), which can produce a strong spin‐orbit‐torque (SOT) through the spin‐momentum locking of their topological surface state (TSS). However, the relatively low conductance of the TSS introduces a current leakage problem through the bulk states of the TI or the adjacent ferromagnetic metal layers, reducing the interfacial charge‐to‐spin conversion efficiency ( q ICS ). Here, a vdW heterostructure is used consisting of atomically‐thin layers of a bulk‐insulating TI Sn‐doped Bi 1.1 Sb 0.9 Te 2 S 1 and a room‐temperature ferromagnet Fe 3 GaTe 2, to enhance the relative current ratio on the TSS up to ≈20%. The resulting q ICS reaches ≈1.65 nm −1 and the critical current density J c ≈0.9 × 10 6 Acm −2 at 300 K, surpassing the performance of TI‐based and heavy‐metal‐based SOT devices. These findings demonstrate that an all‐vdW heterostructure with thickness optimization offers a promising platform for efficient current‐controlled magnetization switching at room temperature.

2D ferromagnet↗

Polarizabilities of neutral atoms and atomic ions with a noble gas electron configuration

Atomic polarizabilities play an important role in the development of force fields for molecular simulations, as well as for the development of qualitative concepts of atomic and molecular behavior. Coupled cluster theory at the coupled cluster singles doubles triples level with very large correlation-consistent basis sets with extended diffuse functions has been used to predict the polarizabilities of the atomic neutrals, mono-cations and mono-anions with a noble gas configuration. Additional corrections for scalar relativistic and spin–orbit effects were also included for the electron configurations of Kr, Xe, and Rn. The results are in excellent agreement with experiment or with other high level calculations where available. The current results for most of these species represent the best available values for the polarizabilities. The results show that the polarizability of H - is very difficult to calculate without extremely diffuse functions. The polarizability of H - is the largest value, 34.05 Å 3 , calculated for all species in the current study. The polarizabilities of the remaining halogen anions are also the best available values. The polarizabilities of the halogen anions (excluding F - ) and H - have a linear correlation with the electron affinity of the neutral atom. Spin– orbit effects, even for closed shell species, cannot be ignored for quantitative accuracy, and the inclusion of spin–orbit effects for Fr + , Rn, and At - increases the polarizability by 4%, 6%, and 15%, respectively.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Mechanistic implications of excited high-spin states, spin–spin coupling, and differential [2Fe–2S] + cluster temperature relaxations in the electron-bifurcating NfnABC from Thermococcus sibiricus

Electron bifurcation (EB) is a mechanism of biological energy transduction in which multiple oxidation–reduction (redox) reactions are thermodynamically coupled within a single enzyme, enabling the enzyme to harness the excess free energy from an exergonic process to drive an endergonic process. Because of this unprecedented chemistry, there is interest to translate EB principles to artificial and bioengineered systems, but a hurdle is that knowledge pertaining to the fundamental design principles of EB enzymes remains scarce. Here, we investigated the fundamental physical and electronic properties of electron transfer sites in a spectroscopically uncharacterized member of the BfuABC family of EB enzymes, the NADH-dependent reduced-ferredoxin:NADP + oxidoreductase from Thermococcus sibiricus (Tsi NfnABC). Cryo-EM structures of Tsi NfnABC previously demonstrated that it contains twelve redox cofactors: two flavins (one FAD and one FMN), eight [4Fe–4S] clusters, and two [2Fe–2S] clusters. The FMN, one [4Fe–4S] cluster, and one [2Fe–2S] cluster comprise the bifurcating active site termed the electron-bifurcating flavobicluster (BF-FBC), which is found in all BfuABC family members. By using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, we identified spectral signatures originating from interactions between the FMN radical and [4Fe–4S] + cluster in the BF-FBC and observed temperature dependent behavior of the BF-FBC's [2Fe–2S] + cluster indicative of moderately slow spin–lattice relaxation. Additionally, we uncovered numerous spectral features corresponding to half-integer, S > ½ spin states of [4Fe–4S] + clusters, including one attributable to the consequences of lysine-ligation of a [4Fe–4S] cluster unique to NfnABC. We contextualize these findings to electron transfer theory and NfnABC's structure. Our insights further the understanding of how enzymes are designed to exert control over electron transfer to conduct thermodynamically challenging reactions.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

Spin Splitting Energy of Transition Metals: A New, More Affordable Wave Function Benchmark Method and Its Use to Test Density Functional Theory

Accurately predicting the spin splitting energy of chemical species is important for understanding their reactivity and magnetic properties, but it is very challenging, especially for molecules containing transition metals. One impediment to progress is the scarcity of accurate benchmark data. Here we report a set of calculations designed to yield reliable benchmarks for simple transition-metal complexes that can be used to test density functional methods that are affordable for large systems of more practical interest. Various wave function methods are tested against experiment for Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , and Co 3+ , including CASSCF, CASPT2, CASPT3, MRCISD, MRCISD+Q, ACPF, AQCC, CCSD(T), and CASPT2/CCSD(T) and also a new method called CASPT2.5, which is performed by taking the average of the CASPT2 and CASPT3 energies. Furthermore, we find that MRCISD+Q, ACPF, and AQCC require smaller active spaces for good accuracy than are required by CASPT2 and CASPT3, and this aspect may be important for calculations on larger molecules; here we find that CASPT2.5 extrapolated to a complete basis set is the most suitable method—in terms of computational cost and in terms of accuracy on monatomic systems—and therefore we chose this method for molecular benchmarks. Then Kohn–Sham density functional calculations with 60 exchange-correlation functionals are tested for FeF 2 , FeCl 2 , and CoF 2 . We find that MN15-L, M06-SX, and revM06 have very good agreement with CASPT2.5 benchmarks in terms of both the spin splitting energy and the optimized geometry for each spin state. In addition, we recommend def2-TZVP as the most suitable basis set to perform density functional calculations for molecular spin splitting energies; extra polarization functions in the basis set do not help to increase the accuracy of the spin splitting energy in KS calculations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Proximity-Induced Exchange Interaction: A New Pathway for Quantum Sensing Using Spin Centers in Hexagonal Boron Nitride

Defects in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), a two-dimensional van der Waals material, have attracted a great deal of interest because of its potential in various quantum applications. Due to hBN’s two-dimensional nature, the spin center in hBN can be engineered in the proximity of the target material, providing advantages over its three-dimensional counterparts, such as the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. Here, in this work, we propose a novel quantum sensing protocol driven by exchange interaction between the spin center in hBN and the underlying magnetic substrate induced by the magnetic proximity effect. By first-principles calculation, we demonstrate that the induced exchange interaction dominates over the dipole–dipole interaction by orders of magnitude when in the proximity. The interaction remains antiferromagnetic across all stacking configurations between the spin center in hBN and the target van der Waals magnets. Additionally, we explored the scaling behavior of the exchange field as a function of the spatial separation between the spin center and the targets.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Transverse thermal energy conversion using spin and topological structures

Conversion of thermal to electrical energy has been a subject of intense study for well over two centuries. Despite steady progress throughout the past several decades, solid-state thermoelectric (TE) energy conversion devices remain adequate only for niche applications. One appealing option for circumventing the limits of conventional TE physics is to utilize phenomena where flows of heat and charge are perpendicular, the so-called “transverse” geometry. In this Tutorial, we discuss recent advances behind new ways to generate large transverse thermoelectric voltages, such as the spin Seebeck and Nernst effects, as well as Weyl physics. We provide suggestions for how these mechanisms might be enhanced and implemented into high-efficiency, next generation transverse TE devices. Furthermore, we also discuss best practices for accurate measurement and reporting of transverse thermoelectric material properties, including a case study of a round robin spin Seebeck coefficient measurement.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗