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DOE OSTI2024

Novel One-Step Production of Carbon-Coated Sn Nanoparticles for High-Capacity Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries offer the highest energy density of any currently available portable energy storage technology. By using different anode materials, these batteries could have an even greater energy density. One material, tin, has a theoretical lithium capacity (994 mAh/g) over three-times higher than commercial carbon anode materials. Unfortunately, to achieve this high capacity, bulk tin undergoes a large volume expansion, and the material pulverizes during cycling, giving a rapid capacity fade. To mitigate this issue, tin must be scaled down to the nano-level to take advantage of unique micromechanics at the nanoscale. Synthesis techniques for Sn nanoparticle anodes are costly and overly complicated for commercial production. A novel one-step process for producing carbon-coated Sn nanoparticles via spark plasma erosion (SPE) shows great promise as a simple, inexpensive production method. The SPE method, characterization of the resulting particles, and their high-capacity reversible electrochemical performance as anodes are described. With only a 10% addition of these novel SPE carbon-coated Sn particles, one anode composition demonstrated a reversible capacity of ~460 mAh/g, achieving the theoretical capacity of that particular electrode formulation. These SPE carbon-coated Sn nanoparticles are drop-in ready for present commercial lithium-ion anode processing and would provide a ~10% increase in the total capacity of current commercial lithium-ion cells.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2026

Bioengineered algal lipids enriched in structured medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols, linoleate, and sn -2 palmitate for human milk fat substitutes

Human milk fat (HMF) contains triacylglycerol (TAG) as its primary component, providing over 50% of the calories for infant nutrition, along with structural and bioactive lipids that are important for immune and nervous system development. Palmitic acid, comprising 20-25% of the fatty acid complement of HMF, is predominantly esterified to the sn -2 position on the glycerol backbone. This regiospecific positioning facilitates absorption as 2-palmitoyl-monoacylglycerol after hydrolysis of the fatty acids at sn -1 and sn -2 by gut lipases. Other features of HMF include enrichment in structured medium- and long-chain triglycerides (MLCTs), and variation in the ratio of oleic acid to linoleic acid with maternal diet and geography. We have engineered Auxenochlorella, an oleaginous green alga, for biosynthesis of an MLCT- and sn -2 palmitate-enriched HMF substitute for infant formula, matching the regioisomeric composition and proportions of the most abundant fatty acids in HMF.

Lin, Jon Y-T [University of California, Berkeley;]↗

NASA NTRS1987

Observations of SN 1986J in NGC 891

Supernova SN 1986J was discovered at radio wavelengths with the VLA. The object is currently strongest at 6 cm wavelength and probably turned on at 6 cm wavelength in early 1984 and at 20 cm wavelength one or two years later. H I absorption-line observations show that the SN is about 7.7 kpc from the center and within 170 pc of the plane of NGC 891. SN 1986J is, in the radio, both the brightest and most luminous supernova yet found.The supernova has been identified optically with a 20th-magnitude (September, 1986) point source in NGC 891, and was approximately 1 mag brighter in January, 1984. The spectrum is dominated by emission lines; H I, He I, forbidden O I, and probably Fe I and Fe II are seen. The Balmer decrement is very large, with an H-alpha/H-beta flux ratio of about 60. The He I line spectrum and the current optical brightness both suggest that only a small amount of this decrement can be attributed to extinction. The spectrum is similar to those seen in the late phases of type II supernovae; however, the small linewidth (FWHM of about 1000 km/s) suggests that SN 1986J is actually type V.

Rupen, M. P.↗

NASA NTRS1988

High-velocity ultraviolet iron, silicon, oxygen, and sulfur absorption features associated with the remnant of SN 1006

New low-dispersion IUE spectra of a faint sdOb star located in a direction near the center of the SN 1006 remnant are presented. The UV spectrum of the star exhibits several strong absorption features which are uncharacteristic of its optical sdOB star classification. The identification by Wu et al. (1983) of very broad absorption features at 1610, 2370, 2600 A as Fe II gas associated with the SN 1006 remnant is supported. The observed Fe II line profiles indicate a concentration of Fe(+) toward the remnant's center with a radial velocity range on the order of + or - 5000 km/s. Strong absorption lines at 1281, 1331, and 1420 A are interpreted as originating from clumps of O-, Si- and S-rich ejecta with central radial velocities in the range 5000-6500 km/s. The presence in the SN 1006 remnant of an expanding sphere of iron-rich ejecta interior to O-, Si-, and S-rich clumps of ejecta having velocities over the maximum seen for the Fe II absorbing gas is consistent with type Ia Sn observations and carbon deflagration models.

Fesen, Robert A.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Dirac neutrinos and SN 1987A

Previous work has shown that the cooling of SN 1987A excludes a Dirac-neutrino mass greater than theta(20 keV) for nu(sub e), nu(sub mu), or nu(sub tau). The emission of wrong-helicity, Dirac neutrinos from SN 1987A, is re-examined. It is concluded that the effect of a Dirac neutrino on the cooling of SN 1987A has been underestimated due to neutrino degeneracy and additional emission processes. The limit that follows from the cooling of SN 1987A is believed to be greater (probably much greater) than 10 keV. This result is significant in light of the recent evidence for a 17 keV mass eigenstate that mixes with the electron neutrino.

Turner, Michael S.↗

NASA NTRS1994

A Hubble Space Telescope ultraviolet spectrum of SN 1993J

We obtained a Hubble Space Telescope (HST) ultraviolet spectrum of the Type II supernova SN 1993J in M81 on 1993 April 15. The approximately 1650-2900 A region is smoother than observed for SN 1987A and SN 1992A and lacks strong P Cygni absorptions caused by iron peak element lines. Synthetic spectra calculated using a parameterized Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) procedure and a simple model atmosphere do not fit the UV region. Radio observations suggest that SN 1993J is embedded in a thick circumstellar envelope. The UV spectra of other supernovae that are believed to have thick circumstellar envelopes also have approximately 1650-2900 A regions lacking in strong P Cygni absorptions. Interaction of supernova ejecta and circumstellar matter may cause the smooth UV spectrum. If so, UV observations of supernovae will provide insight into the circumstellar environment of the supernova progenitors.

Jeffery, David J.↗

NASA NTRS1994

SN 1994I in M51 and the nature of type Ibc supernovae

Early spectra of SN 1994I in M51 (NGC 5194) are presented along with arguments that is a member of the class of helium-poor Type Ic supernovae. The issue of H and He in the spectra of Type Ib and Ic events is reexamined with the conclusion that Type Ib eject substantially less H than even transition events like SN 1993J and that Type Ic eject substantially less He than Type Ib and their optical spectra are consistent with no H or He. Type Ic show and absorption of the Si II lambda 6355 blend that characterizes Type Ia. This feature requires only a solar abundance of Si. Some Type Ic show an absorption that is probably C II lambda 6580. IR spectra are presented of SN 1990W which show the line of He I lambda 10830. The strength of this feature and the rather slow decay of the late time light curve suggest that this event could be better classified as a Type Ib. Even if trace abundances of H are present in Type Ib and of He in Type Ic the spectral differences still imply a distinctly different evolution for the progenitors of Type Ib from Type Ic and events like SN 1993J.

Wheeler, J. C.↗

NASA NTRS1994

Detection os X-rays from SN 1993J with ASCA

ASCA observed SN 1993J seven times between April 5 and October 24 in 1993. The 1-10 keV luminosity 10d after the explosion was (15 +/- 4) x 10(exp 39) erg/s and decreased monotonicly to (1.3 +/- 0.4) x 10(exp 39) erg/s 210 d after the explosion, when a distance of 3.6 Mpc was assumed. The hardness ratio (2-10 keV/0.5-2 keV) significantly decreased during the course of the observations. The spectrum obtained from a sky region including not only SN 1993J but also the nearby X-ray source clearly shows an iron emission line. The correlation between the iron line flux with the SN 1993J flux suggests that the iron line emission originated in SN 1993J. These observational results are discussed in the context of thermal X-ray emission from a hot region behind the shock due to the collision of the supernova ejecta with the pre-supernova stellar wind.

Kohmura, Yoshiki↗

NASA NTRS1999

Cepheid Calibration of the Peak Brightness of SNe Ia.: SN 1989B in NGC 3627 - 9

Repeated imaging observations have been made of NGC 3627 with the Hubble Space Telescope in 1997/98, over an interval of 58 days. Images were obtained on 12 epochs in the F555W band and on five epochs in the F8141,V band. The galaxy hosted the prototypical, "Branch normal", type la supernova SN 1989B. A total of 83 variables have been found, of which 68 are definite Cepheid variables with periods ranging from 75 days to 3.85 days. The de-reddened distance modulus is determined to be (m - M)(sub 0) = 30.22 +/- 0.12 (internal uncertainty) using a subset of the Cepheid data whose reddening and error parameters are secure. The photometric data of Wells et al. (1994), combined with the Cepheid data for NGC 3627 give MB(max) = -19.36 +/- 0.18 and M(sub V)(max) = -19.34 +/- 0.16 for SN 1989B. Combined with the previous six calibrations in this program, plus two additional calibrations determined by others gives the mean absolute magnitudes at maximum of (M(sub B)) = -19.48 +/- 0.07 for "Brunch normal" SNe Ia at this interim stage in the calibration program. Using the argument by Wells et al. (1994) that SN 1989B here is virtually identical in decay rate and colors at maximum with SN 198ON in NGC 1316 in the Fornax cluster, and that such identity means nearly identical absolute magnitude, it follows that the difference in the distance modulus of NGC 3627 and NGC 1316 is 1.62 +/- 0.03 mag. Thus the NGC 3627 modulus implies that (m - M)(sub 0) = 31.84 for NGC 1316. The second parameter correlations of M(max) of blue SNe la with decay rate, color at maximum, and Hubble type are re-investigated. The dependence of (M(max)) on decay rate is non-linear, showing a minimum for decay rates between 1.0 less than ADelta(sub m)15 less than 1.6. Magnitudes corrected for decay rate show no dependence on Hubble type, but a dependence on color remains. Correcting both the fiducial sample of 34 SNe la with decay-rate data and the current eight calibrating SNe la for the correlation with decay rate as well as color gives H(sub 0) = 60 +/- 2 (internal) km/s Mpc, in both B and V. The same value to within 4% is obtained if only the SNe la in spirals (without second parameter corrections) are considered. The correlation of SNe la color at maximum with M(max) cannot be due to internal absorption because the slope coefficients in B, V, and I with the change in magnitude are far from or even opposite to the canonical reddening values. The color effect must be intrinsic to the supernova physics. "Absorption" corrections of distant blue SNe la will lead to incorrect values of H(sub 0). The Cepheid distances used in this series are insensitive to metallicity differences. The zeropoint of the P-L relation is based on an assumed LMC modulus of (m - M)(sub 0) = 18.50. As this may have to be increased by 0(sup m).06 to 0(sup m).08, all distances in this paper will follow and Ho will decrease by 3 - 4%.

Saha, A.↗

NASA NTRS2001

Central Elemental Abundance Ratios In the Perseus Cluster: Resonant Scattering or SN Ia Enrichment?

We have determined abundance ratios in the core of the Perseus Cluster for several elements. These ratios indicate a central dominance of Type 1a supernova (SN Ia) ejects similar to that found for A496, A2199 and A3571. Simultaneous analysis of ASCA spectra from SIS1, GIS2, and GIS3 shows that the ratio of Ni to Fe abundances is approx. 3.4 +/- 1.1 times solar within the central 4'. This ratio is consistent with (and more precise than) that observed in other clusters whose central regions are dominated by SN Ia ejecta. Such a large Ni overabundance is predicted by "convective deflagration" explosion models for SNe Ia such as W7 but is inconsistent with delayed detonation models. We note that with current instrumentation the Ni K(alpha) line is confused with Fe K(beta) and that the Ni overabundance we observe has been interpreted by others as an anomalously large ratio of Fe K(beta) to Fe K(alpha) caused by resonant scattering in the Fe K(alpha) line. We argue that a central enhancement of SN Ia ejecta and hence a high ratio of Ni to Fe abundances are naturally explained by scenarios that include the generation of chemical gradients by suppressed SN Ia winds or ram pressure stripping of cluster galaxies. It is not necessary to suppose that the intracluster gas is optically thick to resonant scattering of the Fe K(alpha) line.

Dupke, Renato A.↗

NASA NTRS2006

A Chandra ACIS Observation of the X-ray Luminous SN 1988Z

SN 1988Z is the most luminous X-ray-emitting supernova, initially detected in 1995 using the ROSAT HRI with the luminosity of approx. 8x10(exp 40) erg/s . Its high luminosity was ascribed to expansion of the blast wave into an especially dense circumstellar medium. In this paper, we describe a recent observation of SN 1988Z using the ACIS detector on CHANDRA. We readily detect SN 1988Z, obtaining approx. 30 net counts which corresponds to a 0.2-2.0 keV luminosity of approx. 3.2x10(exp 39) erg/s. The calculated quantiles for the extracted counts allow a broad range of temperatures, but require a temperature hotter than 5 keV if there is no intrinsic absorption. The X-ray luminosity indicates that the emitting region has a high density (>10(exp 5)/cu cm)and that the density profile is not consistent with a constant mass loss stellar wind during the approx. 5,000 years before the explosion. If the circumstellar medium is due to progenitor mass loss, then the mass loss rate is extremely high (approx.10(exp -3) Solar Mass/yr(V(sub omega)/10 km/s)). The X-ray results are compared with the predictions of models of SN 1988Z.

Schlegel, Eric M.↗

NASA NTRS2007

SN 1987A after 18 Years: Mid-Infrared GEMINI and SPITZER Observations of the Remnant

We present high resolution 11.7 and 18.3 micron mid-IR images of SN 1987A obtained on day 6526 since the explosion with the Thermal-Region Camera and Spectrograph (T-ReCS) attached to the Gemini South 8m telescope. The 11.7 micron flux has increased significantly since our last observations on day 6067. The images clearly show that all the emission arises from the equatorial ring (ER). Nearly contemporaneous spectra obtained on day 6184 with the MIPS at 24 micron, on day 6130 with the IRAC in 3.6- 8 micron region, and on day 6190 with the IRS in the 12-37 micron instruments on board the Spitzer Space Telescope's show that the emission consists of thermal emission from silicate dust that condensed out in the red giant wind of the progenitor star. The dust temperature is 1662(sup +18) (sub -12) K, and the emitting dust mass is (2.6(sup +2.0 (sub -1.4)) x 10 (exp -6) M(solar). Lines of [Ne II] 12.82 micron and [Ne III] 15.56 pm are clearly present in the Spitzer spectrum, as well as a weak [Si II] 3 34.8 micron line. We also detect two lines near 26 micron which we tentatively ascribe to [Fe II] 25.99 pm and [0 IV] 25.91 micron. Comparison of the mid-IR Gemini 11.7 micron image with X-ray images obtained by Chandra, UV-optical images obtained by HST, and radio synchrotron images obtained by the ATCA show generally good correlation of the images across all wavelengths. Because of the limited resolution of the mid-IR images we cannot uniquely determine the location. or heating mechanism of the dust giving rise to the emission. The dust could be collisionally heated by the X-ray emitting plasma, providing a unique diagnostic of plasma conditions. Alternatively, the dust could be radiatively heated in the dense UV-optical knots that are overrun by the advancing supernova blast wave. In either case the dust-to-gas mass ratio in the circumstellar medium around the supernova is significantly lower than that in the general interstellar medium of the LMC, suggesting either a low condensation efficiency in the wind of the progenitor star, or the efficient destruction of the dust by the SN blast wave. Overall, we are witnessing the interaction of the SN blast wave with its surrounding medium, creating an environment that is rapidly evolving at all wavelengths. Continuous multiwavelength observations of SN 1987A such as these provide unique snapshots of the very early evolution of supernova remnants.

Bouchet, Patrice↗

NASA NTRS2008

Search for O VI Emission from the Shocked Circurmstellar Gas of SN 1987A

The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) was used to search for broad O VI emission from the shock interaction zones produced by the collision of high-velocity supernova ejecta with the dense inner circumstellar ring of SN 1987A. Since the shock interaction with the inner ring began in 1997, broad (FWHM = 300 km/sec) emission from optical coronal lines (e.g. [Fe X], [Fe XI], and [Fe XIV]) has emerged and increased exponentially in strength. O VI 1032-1038 Angstrom emission is expected to track the coronal lines. O VI is also expected to be the primary cooling transition for the million-degree shocked gas. An accurate measurement of the O VI line strength would significantly improve current models of the shock interaction. FUSE observations of SN 1987A in 2000 and 2001 did not detect broad O VI due to spectral contamination fiom two earlytype stars within a few arc seconds of the SN. However, O VI emission was detected with narrow line widths (FWHM less than 35 km/sec) and a heliocentric radial velocity of +280 km/sec. This places the emitting gas at rest relative to the supernova and is interpreted as emission from unshocked circumstellar gas. A new FUSE observation of SN 1987A obtained in May 2007 used a narrow slit (1.25 x 20 arcsec) to significantly reduce the spectral contamination from the two early-type stars. Yet the 2007 spectrum does not reveal any significant O VI emission. The implications of these results are discussed.

Sonneborn, G.↗

NASA NTRS2013

A Panchromatic View of the Restless SN 2009ip Reveals the Explosive Ejection of a Massive Star Envelope

The double explosion of SN 2009ip in 2012 raises questions about our understanding of the late stages of massive star evolution. Here we present a comprehensive study of SN 2009ip during its remarkable rebrightenings. High-cadence photometric and spectroscopic observations from the GeV to the radio band obtained from a variety of ground-based and space facilities (including the Very Large Array, Swift, Fermi, Hubble Space Telescope, and XMM) constrain SN 2009ip to be a low energy (E (is) approximately 10(exp 50) erg for an ejecta mass approximately 0.5 solar mass) and asymmetric explosion in a complex medium shaped by multiple eruptions of the restless progenitor star. Most of the energy is radiated as a result of the shock breaking out through a dense shell of material located at approximately 5 × 10( exp 14) cm with M approximately 0.1 solar mass, ejected by the precursor outburst approximately 40 days before the major explosion. We interpret the NIR excess of emission as signature of material located further out, the origin of which has to be connected with documented mass-loss episodes in the previous years. Our modeling predicts bright neutrino emission associated with the shock break-out if the cosmic-ray energy is comparable to the radiated energy. We connect this phenomenology with the explosive ejection of the outer layers of the massive progenitor star, which later interacted with material deposited in the surroundings by previous eruptions. Future observations will reveal if the massive luminous progenitor star survived. Irrespective of whether the explosion was terminal, SN 2009ip brought to light the existence of new channels for sustained episodic mass loss, the physical origin of which has yet to be identified.

view↗

NASA NTRS2018

Delayed Shock-Induced Dust Formation in the Dense Circumstellar Shell Surrounding the Type IIn Supernova SN 2010jl

The light curves of Type IIn supernovae are dominated by the radiative energy released through the interaction of the supernova shock waves with their dense circumstellar medium (CSM). The ultraluminous Type IIn supernova SN2010jl exhibits an infrared emission component that is in excess of the extrapolated UV-optical spectrum as early as few weeks postexplosion. This emission has been considered by some as evidence for the rapid formation of dust in the cooling postshock CSM. We investigate the physical processes that may inhibit or facilitate the formation of dust in the CSM. When only radiative cooling is considered, the temperature of the dense shocked gas rapidly drops below the dust condensation temperature. However, by accounting for the heating of the postshock gas by the downstream radiation from the shock, we show that dust formation is inhibited until the radiation from the shock weakens as it propagates into the less dense outer regions of the CSM. In SN2010jl, dust formation can therefore only commence after day ∼380. Only the IR emission since that epoch can be attributed to the newly formed CSM dust. Observations on day 460 and later show that the IR luminosity exceeds the UV-optical luminosity. The postshock dust cannot extinct the radiation emitted by the expanding SN shock. Therefore, its IR emission must be powered by an interior source, which we identify as the reverse shock propagating through the SN ejecta. IR emission before day 380 must therefore be an IR echo from preexisting CSM dust.

Sarangi, Arkaprabha↗

NASA NTRS2013

A Panchromatic View of the Restless SN 2009ip Reveals the Explosive Ejection of a Massive Star Envelope

The double explosion of SN 2009ip in 2012 raises questions about our understanding of the late stages of massive star evolution. Here we present a comprehensive study of SN 2009ip during its remarkable rebrightenings. High-cadence photometric and spectroscopic observations from the GeV to the radio band obtained from a variety of ground-based and space facilities (including the Very Large Array, Swift, Fermi, Hubble Space Telescope, and XMM) constrain SN 2009ip to be a low energy (E approximating 10(exp 50) ergs for an ejecta mass approximating 0.5 M solar mass) and asymmetric explosion in a complex medium shaped by multiple eruptions of the restless progenitor star. Most of the energy is radiated as a result of the shock breaking out through a dense shell of material located at approximately 5 times 10 (exp 14) cm with M approximating 0.1 solar mass, ejected by the precursor outburst approximately 40 days before the major explosion. We interpret the NIR (Near Infrared) excess of emission as signature of material located further out, the origin of which has to be connected with documented mass-loss episodes in the previous years. Our modeling predicts bright neutrino emission associated with the shock break-out if the cosmic-ray energy is comparable to the radiated energy. We connect this phenomenology with the explosive ejection of the outer layers of the massive progenitor star, which later interacted with material deposited in the surroundings by previous eruptions. Future observations will reveal if the massive luminous progenitor star survived. Irrespective of whether the explosion was terminal, SN 2009ip brought to light the existence of new channels for sustained episodic mass loss, the physical origin of which has yet to be identified.

massive↗

NASA NTRS2014

Magnetic Field Amplification in the Thin X-Ray Rims of SN 1006

Several young supernova remnants, including SN 1006, emit synchrotron X-rays in narrow filaments, hereafter thin rims, along their periphery. The widths of these rims imply 50–100 μG fields in the region immediately behind the shock, far larger than expected for the interstellar medium compressed by unmodified shocks, assuming electron radiative losses limit rim widths. However, magnetic field damping could also produce thin rims. Here we review the literature on rim width calculations, summarizing the case for magnetic field amplification. We extend these calculations to include an arbitrary power-law dependence of the diffusion coefficient on energy, D ∝ Eμ. Loss-limited rim widths should shrink with increasing photon energy, while magnetic-damping models predict widths almost independent of photon energy. We use these results to analyze Chandra observations of SN 1006, in particular the southwest limb. We parameterize the FWHM in terms of energy as FWHM ∝ EmE γ. Filament widths in SN 1006 decrease with energy; mE ∼ −0.3 to −0.8, implying magnetic field amplification by factors of 10–50, above the factor of four expected in strong unmodified shocks. For SN 1006, the rapid shrinkage rules out magnetic damping models. It also favors short mean free paths (small diffusion coefficients) and strong dependence of D on energy (μ ≥ 1).

MAGNETIC FIELD AMPLIFICATION IN THE THIN X-RAY RIM↗

NASA NTRS2020

The Broad-lined Ic Supernova ZTF18aaqjovh (SN 2018bvw): An Optically Discovered Engine-driven Supernova Candidate with Luminous Radio Emission

We present ZTF18aaqjovh (SN 2018bvw), a high-velocity ("broad-lined") stripped-envelope (Type Ic) supernova (Ic-BL SN) discovered in the Zwicky Transient Facility one-day cadence survey. ZTF18aaqjovh shares a number of features in common with engine-driven explosions: the photospheric velocity and the shape of the optical light curve are very similar to those of the Type Ic-BL SN 1998bw, which was associated with a low-luminosity gamma-ray burst (LLGRB) and had relativistic ejecta. However, the radio luminosity of ZTF18aaqjovh is almost two orders of magnitude fainter than that of SN 1998bw at the same velocity phase, and the shock velocity is at most mildly relativistic (v = 0.06–0.4c). A search of high-energy catalogs reveals no compelling gamma-ray burst (GRB) counterpart to ZTF18aaqjovh, and the limit on the prompt GRB luminosity of L(γ(ꙩ)iso) ≈ 1.6 x 10^(48) erg/s excludes a classical GRB but not an LLGRB. Altogether, ZTF18aaqjovh represents another transition event between engine-driven SNe associated with GRBs and "ordinary" Ic-BL SNe.

Anna Y. Q. Ho↗