Seismic refraction profiles of the ash flow in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Katmai National Monument, Alaska
Seismic refraction profiles of ash flow in Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska, obtaining P wave velocities
Forbes, R. B.↗
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Improved smoke generator for low-speed wind tunnels
Device incorporates kerosene vaporization concept by electrically heating tubes that carry kerosene down the probe, smoke is emitted from orifices at probe's end. Neither the low concentration of kerosene vapor nor the 50 Vdc power supply constitutes a safety hazard.
Turner, T. R.↗
Smoke emission from jet engines
Determining amount of smoke in exhaust of gas jet turbine engines
Heywood, J. B.↗
Smoke evaluation of a modified J-57 combustor
Engine modifications to reduce smoke emission from J-57 turbojet engine
Grobman, J.↗
Determination of Primary-zone Smoke Concentrations from Spectral Radiance Measurements in Gas Turbine Combustors
Measurement of smoke concentration in primary zone of gas turbine combustor at high ambient pressures by spectral radiance technique
Norgren, Carl T.↗
Smoke emission from jet engines
Combustor design for minimum exhaust smoke emission from aircraft gas turbine jet engines, considering air pollution
Heywood, J. B.↗
An aeromagnetic survey in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska
Geologic and magnetic studies of the Katmai area have further demonstrated the close relationship between the Katmai Caldera, Novarupta plug, and the pyroclastic flows in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. The magnetic fields observed appear to be associated with the thickness of the pyroclastic flow and the different rock units within it for lower flight levels, and also the contrast between the valley fill and the rock units at the Valley margins. Consistent magnetic anomalies are associated with the larger fumarole lines, which were presumably sites of large scale activity, while the smaller fumaroles are not usually seen in the aeromagnetic map. A possible correlation between low positive anomalies and nuee ardente deposits was revealed by the aeromagnetic survey, but was not strong. A ground survey was also carried out in several parts of the Valley with a view to detailed delineation of the magnetic signatures of the pyroclastic flow, as an aid to interpreting the aeromagnetic date.
Anma, K.↗
Wingtip smoke generator
Device produces nontoxic smoke of low particle density, assisting in investigation and study of aircraft wingtip vortexes in flight. It can be dimensioned according to available current and oil capacity.
Rogers, J. R.↗
Development of a protective decorative fire resistant low smoke emitting, thermally stable coating material
The development of suitable electrocoatings and subsequent application to nonconductive substrates are discussed. Substrates investigated were plastics or resin-treated materials such as FX-resin (phenolic-type resin) impregnated fiberglass mat, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether sulfone and polyimide-impregnated unidirectional fiberglass. Efforts were aimed at formulating a fire-resistant, low smoke emitting, thermally stable, easily cleaned coating material. The coating is to be used for covering substrate panels, such as aluminum, silicate foam, polymeric structural entities, etc., all of which are applied in the aircraft cabin interior and thus subject to the spillages, scuffing, spotting and the general contaminants which prevail in aircraft passenger compartments.
Source record↗
Use of LARS system for the quantitative determination of smoke plume lateral diffusion coefficients from ERTS images of Virginia
A technique for measuring smoke plume of large industrial sources observed by satellite using LARSYS is proposed. A Gaussian plume model is described, integrated in the vertical, and inverted to yield a form for the lateral diffusion coefficient, Ky. Given u, wind speed; y sub l, the horizontal distance of a line of constant brightness from the plume symmetry axis a distance x sub l, downstream from reference point at x=x sub 2, y=0, then K sub y = u ((y sub 1) to the 2nd power)/2 x sub 1 1n (x sub 2/x sub 1). The technique is applied to a plume from a power plant at Chester, Virginia, imaged August 31, 1973 by LANDSAT I. The plume bends slightly to the left 4.3 km from the source and estimates yield Ky of 28 sq m/sec near the source, and 19 sq m/sec beyond the bend. Maximum ground concentrations are estimated between 32 and 64 ug/cu m. Existing meteorological data would not explain such concentrations.
Blais, R. N.↗
The response of smoke detectors to pyrolysis and combustion products from aircraft interior materials
The following projects were completed as part of the effort to develop and test economically feasible fire-resistant materials for interior furnishings of aircraft as well as detectors of incipient fires in passenger and cargo compartments: (1) determination of the sensitivity of various contemporary gas and smoke detectors to pyrolysis and combustion products from materials commonly used in aircraft interiors and from materials that may be used in the future, (2) assessment of the environmental limitations to detector sensitivity and reliability. The tests were conducted on three groups of materials by exposure to the following three sources of exposure: radiant and Meeker burner flame, heated coil, and radiant source only. The first test series used radiant heat and flame exposures on easily obtainable test materials. Next, four materials were selected from the first group and exposed to an incandescent coil to provide the conditions for smoldering combustion. Finally, radiant heat exposures were used on advanced materials that are not readily available.
Mckee, R. G.↗
The effects of forced air flow and oxygen concentration on flammability, smoke density, and pyrolytic toxicity
The question is posed whether forced air flow should be incorporated into flammability tests as a relevant variable. A test apparatus is described which permits tests to be conducted on small test specimens in a forced flow which is (continuously) variable over flow velocities from zero to 300 feet per minute (1.52 m/s). The effects of air-flow rate and oxygen concentration on flame propagation rate, maximum smoke density, and pyrolytic product toxicity were measured for a single material and were statistically evaluated. Regression analysis was used to graph the resulting relationships. It is concluded that air velocity is an important variable for laboratory flammability testing.
Sauers, D. G.↗
Development of fire-resistant, low smoke generating, thermally stable end items for aircraft and spacecraft
Materials were developed to improve aircraft interior materials by modifying existing polymer structures, refining the process parameters, and by the use of mechanical configurations designed to overcome specific deficiencies. The optimization, selection, and fabrication of five fire resistant, low smoke emitting open cell foams are described for five different types of aircraft cabin structures. These include: resilient foams, laminate floor and wall paneling, thermal/acoustical insulation, molded shapes, and coated fabrics. All five have been produced from essentially the same polyimide precursor and have resulted in significant benefits from transfer of technology between the various tasks.
Gagliani, J.↗
Study of igniter design and applications to low smoke solid rockets
A simple analysis of igniter design is described which is sufficiently general to be applicable to any 'basket'-type housing containing one or more charges. The gas equation of state is used in conjunction with the experimentally determined propellant burning-rate law to predict the pressure-time histories in the igniter housing and the rocket motor. Typical numerical results are presented for three cases which represent three experimental conditions tested in a project on low-smoke motors where the requirements on the exhaust were sufficiently stringent to preclude condensible matter from the igniter. Pressure was measured continuously in time at two locations in the igniter housing and at the head end of the motor case. The agreement between theoretical and experimental results is felt to be encouraging considering the complexity of the problem and the many simplifications in the analysis.
Ramohalli, K.↗
Fire-and smoke-retardant polyesters and elastomers
Test results indicate that most effective fire-and smoke-retardant fillers are inorganic hydrates and carbonates that release water and/or carbon dioxide. Most effective filler tested was hydrated sodium silicate. Effectiveness is due to high water content and formation of viscous molten glass when heated. Glass tends to inhibit polymer combustion and to promote formation of char residue.
Chung, S. Y.↗
Development of lightweight, fire-retardant, low smoke, high strength, thermally stable aircraft floor paneling
Boeing's participation in a NASA funded program (FIREMEN) to develop materials for use as floor panels possessing flammability, smoke and toxicity characteristics superior to current materials is outlined. The objectives of the program are to develop an aircraft floor paneling suitable for high traffic areas, e.g., aisle or galley and to install and certify the panel in a commercial aircraft for service evaluation.
Anderson, R. A.↗
A spectroscopic study of intermediates in the condensation of refractory smokes: Matrix isolation experiments SiO
The infrared and Raman spectra of N2 matrix isolated silicon oxides are investigated. The vibrational frequencies of SiO, Si2O2, and Si3O3 were identified and assigned on the basis of normal coordinate analyses. Heating the solid to 50 K (evaporating the matrix) leaves a residue whose infrared spectrum is identical to that of a smoke condensed at ambient temperatures. Further heating of the sample to 500 K leads to significant changes in the band shapes. Investigations of the infrared spectra at several stages of the diffusion process result in the proposal of a mechanism for the transition from molecular properties to those of the residue (bulk) material, which is characterized as Si2O3.
Khanna, R. K.↗
Smoke and dust particles of meteoric origin in the mesosphere and stratosphere
A height profile of ablated mass from meteors is calculated, assuming an incoming mass of 10 to the -16th g/sq cm/s (44 metric tons per day) and the velocity distribution of Southworth and Sekanina, which has a mean of 14.5 km/s. The profile peaks at 84 km. The fluxes of micrometeorites and residual meteoroids are also calculated. The coagulation of the evaporated silicates into 'smoke' particles is then followed by means of a model adapted from a previous study of the stratospheric sulfate layer. Numerous sensitivity tests are made. Features of the results are a sharp cutoff of the particle distribution above 90 km, and a surface area close to 10 to the -9th sq cm/cu cm all the way from 30 to 85 km. Some confirmation is obtained from balloon studies of condensation nuclei, although the various measurements differ greatly. The optical scattering and extinction are shown to be undetectable. Several potential applications are suggested: nucleation of sulfate particles and noctilucent clouds, scavenging of metallic ions and atoms, and perhaps other aeronomical effects. The latter are limited to processes that can be influenced by a collision time of the order of a day.
Hunten, D. M.↗