SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Sheet”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 289 records · Page 16

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

NASA NTRS1972

Distribution and directional fabric of ash-flow sheets in the northwestern Mogollon Plateau, New Mexico.

Individual ash-flow sheets distributed over wide areas in the Mogollon-Datil volcanic province can be delineated and related by flow direction techniques to specific source cauldrons. Two major mid-Tertiary ash flows in the Mogollon Plateau have measurable microscopic directional fabric indicative of primary flow direction imprinted in the ash-flow sheets during late-stage laminar flow. Regional stratigraphic relationships and flow patterns of the ash-flow sheets indicate a late Tertiary origin of the Mogollon Plateau depression. They also show that Basin-Range faulting in southwestern New Mexico was not initiated until after emplacement of the younger ash flow (23 m.y. B.P.). Directional fabric is an inherent property of many calc-alkalic ash-flow sheets and measurement of preferred orientation provides a powerful tool in unravelling the geologic history of complex volcanic terrane.

Rhodes, R. C.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Plasma sheet at lunar distance - Structure and solar-wind dependence.

Analysis of Explorer 35 observation of low-energy (0.1 to 3 keV) electrons in the distant geomagnetic tail at 60 earth radii, and comparison with the solar-wind conditions monitored simultaneously by Explorer 33. The plasma sheet extends to the lunar distance with almost the same characteristics as those observed in the near tail region; the thickness is several earth radii, and the flux, density, and energy are of the order of 10 to the 9th per sq cm per sec, 1 per cu cm, and 0.6 keV, respectively. The latitudinal boundaries of the plasma sheet are essentially parallel to magnetic-field lines. Indication is seen of the thinning of the plasma sheet during polar substorms. The average energy of electrons is correlated with the solar-wind velocity in agreement with the view that plasma-sheet electrons originate from the magnetosheath. The flux is correlated with the solar-wind dynamic pressure, reflecting the dynamic balance between the solar wind and the geomagnetic tail.

Nishida, A.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Deformation and annealing response of TD-nickel chromium sheet

The deformation and annealing response of TD-nickel chromium (TD-NiCr) 0.1 inch thick sheet was examined using various cold-rolling and annealing treatments. Upon annealing (above 816 C (1500 F), the as-received material was converted from an initially ultra-fine grain size (average grain dimension 0.51 micron) to a large grain structure. Increases in grain size by a factor of 100 to 200 were observed for this transformation. However, in those material states where the large grain transformation was absent, a fine grain recrystallized structure formed upon annealing (above 732 C (1350 F)). The deformation and annealing response of TD-NiCr sheet was evaluated with respect to the processing related variables as mode and severity of deformation and annealing temperature. Results indicate that the large grain transformation, classical primary recrystallization occurs. Using selected materials produced during the deformation and annealing study, the elevated temperature tensile properties of TD-NiCr sheet were examined in the temperature range 593 C (1100 F) to 1093 C (2000 F). It was observed that the elevated temperature tensile properties of TD-NiCr sheet could be optimized by the stabilization of a large grain size in this material using the cold working and/or annealing treatments developed during the present investigation.

Kane, R. D.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Process development for Ni-Cr-ThO2 and Ni-Cr-Al-ThO2 sheet

A process was developed for the production of thin gauge Ni-Cr-ThO2 sheet. The process was based on the elevated temperature deposition of chromium onto a wrought Ni-2%ThO2 sheet and subsequent high temperature diffusion heat treatments to minimize chromium concentration gradients within the sheet. The mechanical properties of the alloy were found to be critically dependent on those of the Ni-2%ThO2 sheet. A similar process for the production of a Ni-Cr-Al-ThO2 alloy having improved oxidation resistance was investigated but the non-reproducible deposition of aluminum from duplex Cr/Al packs precluded successful scale-up. The mechanical properties of the Ni-Cr-Al-ThO2 alloys were generally equivalent to the best Ni-Cr-ThO2 alloy produced in the programme.

Cook, R. C.↗

NASA NTRS1974

An elastoplastic analysis of a uniaxially loaded sheet with an interference-fit bolt

The stresses and strains in a uniaxially loaded sheet with an unloaded interference-fit bolt were calculated by an elastoplastic finite-element analysis. The material properties represented a 7075-T6 aluminum alloy sheet and a steel bolt. The analysis considered the two ideal cases of no slip and no friction at the bolt-sheet interface for a single combination of bolt diameter, interference level, and cyclic loading. When the bolt was inserted, the sheet deformed plastically near the hole; the first tensile load cycle produced additional yielding, but subsequent cycles to the same level caused only elastic cyclic stresses. These stresses together with fatigue data for unnotched specimens were used to estimate crack initiation periods and initiation sites. The cases analyzed with interference-fit bolts were predicted to have crack initiation periods which were about 50 times that for a clearance-fit bolt. Crack initiation was predicted to occur on the transverse axis at a distance of about one radius from the hole.

Crews, J. H., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Magnetospheric current sheets

A review is presented of theories and observations of current sheets in the magnetosphere, emphasizing the magnetopause and tail current sheets. Theoretical models of the magnetopause current sheet can be divided into two types: specular reflection and fluid models containing no external magnetic field, and models with an interplanetary/magnetosheath magnetic field. Our understanding of the first type is much better than of the second, although magnetospheric observations indicate that the external magnetic field plays an important role. Most of the theoretical models of the tail current sheet attempt to arrive at an understanding of the reconnection process or start with the assumption that reconnection is important. Observations are reviewed and implications for the models are discussed.

Speiser, T. W.↗

NASA NTRS1976

The position and shape of the neutral sheet at 30-earth radii distance

An examination of Explorer 34 encounters with the neutral sheet reveals a much broader arching of the neutral sheet at 30 earth radii than closer to the earth at 20 earth radii. The location of the neutral sheet hinging point in the geomagnetic equatorial plane is found to be a strong function of geomagnetic activity. For Kp less than 2 the apparent hinging distance is close to 11 earth radii. For Kp greater than 4 the apparent hinging distance is close to zero. This dependency reflects a negligible return of the neutral sheet to the solar magnetospheric equatorial plane with distance behind the earth at quiet times but reflects a rapid return at disturbed times, in addition to possible variations in the location of the hinging point in the geomagnetic equatorial plane.

Bowling, S. B.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Structure of current sheets in magnetic holes at 1 AU

Current density profiles in several types of interplanetary magnetic holes were calculated assuming that the currents flow in planar sheets and that the magnetic field varies only in the direction normal to the sheet. The planarity was verified in four holes which were observed by two suitably spaced spacecraft. The structure of the current sheets ranges from very simple in some holes to very complex in others. The observed structures are found to be qualitatively consistent with models based on self-consistent solutions of Vlasov's equation and Maxwell's equations. Examples of complex, irregular magnetic holes are also presented, and they are shown to contain multiple, current sheets in which currents flow parallel to one another.

Fitzenreiter, R. J.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Thin sheets of energetic electrons upstream from the earth's bow shock

ISEE spacecraft observations show that energetic (not less than 16 keV) electrons are injected into the region upstream from the earth's bow shock in a thin sheet which lies just behind the sheet of interplanetary magnetic field lines that are tangent to the shock surface. Lower energy electrons leave the shock over a much broader region. Although the energetic electron intensity varies, the sheet is nearly always present and may be a quasi-steady state feature of the bow shock. The electron velocity distribution in the thin sheet is strongly peaked and is responsible for excitation of electron plasma waves.

Anderson, K. A.↗

NASA NTRS1980

On the cause of plasma-sheet thinning during magnetospheric substorms

It is proposed that the thinning of the plasma sheet during magnetospheric substorms is caused by an earthward gradient of the rate of magnetic merging (field annihilation) in the tail current sheet, which is in turn caused by the velocity-dependent access of plasma mantle particles to the current sheet. A simple model calculation based on this effect predicts a thinning time constant of the order of 1 hour, consistent with observations. The mechanism is also consistent with the observed correlation between plasma-sheet thinning and southward-directed magnetic field components in the solar wind.

Hill, T. W.↗

NASA NTRS1980

The dynamic expansion and contraction of the Jovian plasma sheet

Observations suggesting the sequential expansion and compression of the Jovian plasma sheet are reported. Plasma flow in the vicinity of Jupiter was monitored by the four modulated-grid Faraday cups on board each of the Voyager spacecraft at times of closest Jupiter approach. Sensor measurements reveal the flow of magnetospheric plasma to be directed away from the equatorial current sheet near local noon and to be directed towards the sheet in the dusk to midnight sector. The observed flow patterns are interpreted in terms of short-time-scale perturbations of magnetic flux tubes due to the compression of the dayside magnetosphere by the solar wind. It is noted that such a dynamic motion is quite different from what would be expected of slower, quasi-static equilibrium plasma sheet expansion and contraction.

Belcher, J. W.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Effects of drift on the transport of cosmic rays. IV - Modulation by a wavy interplanetary current sheet

The effect of a wavy interplanetary current sheet on the solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays is studied. A simple model of the heliospheric magnetic field is employed in which there is an Archimedean spiral magnetic field directed in one direction above the current sheet and another direction below. The current sheet itself is taken to be the extension by the solar wind of a surface that, at the sun, is a plane inclined at an angle alpha to the solar equator. Two magnetic sectors will therefore be seen by an observer within an angle alpha of the heliographic equator. A simple approximate model is used to investigate modulation. As the tilt angle alpha is increased from zero, it is found that the cosmic-ray intensity decreases. For reasonable variation of alpha from approximately 10 deg to approximately 30 deg, the change in intensity can be compared to that observed as one goes from solar minimum to solar maximum. It is concluded that changes in the waviness of the interplanetary current sheet can have an important, and perhaps dominant, effect in producing solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays.

Jokipii, J. R.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Configuration of Jupiter's magnetic tail and equatorial current sheet

Recent research reports by Behannon et al. (1981) and Connerney et al. (1981) are summarized. It is noted that the analysis made of the detailed neutral sheet crossings by the minimum variance method shows a consistent result with regard to the orientation of the neutral sheet in the magnetic tail as a two-dimensional surface rocking back and forth about the Jupiter sun-line as the rotation of the planet leads to a precession of the tilted dipole magnetic axis. The occurrence of neutral sheet crossings is found not to be consistent with any of the axially symmetric theoretical models proposed earlier on the basis of the 1974 Pioneer 10 observations. It is noted that a simple nonaxially symmetric model has been developed on the basis of the Voyager results which indicates the strong control upon orientation by the interaction of the solar wind with the Jovian magnetosphere. The model is described as simple because it improves the fit of theory to observation but uses fewer parameters. A quantitative model of the magnetodisc equatorial current sheet has been developed for the inner magnetosphere region which matches well the in-situ magnetic field observations.

Ness, N. F.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Energetic ion beams at the edge of the plasma sheet - ISEE 1 observations plus a simple explanatory model

It has been found that energetic ions with energies in the range from 10 keV to 2 MeV are an important part of the geomagnetic tail particle population. A description is presented of energetic ion, three-dimensional distribution observations from ISEE 1 during 0400-2000 UT, May 3, 1978, a time when several encounters with the geomagnetic tail plasma sheet occurred. Pronounced energetic ion streaming is observed at each entry to and exit from the plasma sheet. Azimuthal gradients observed during these times indicate that this streaming occurs within two gyroradii of the plasma sheet edge. Streaming characteristics show both narrow and broad angular flows at arbitrary angles to B. These flows are observed simultaneously and individually. The time, energy, and pitch angle evolution of the ion fluxes show that ISEE 1 is encountering a dynamic and not a static equilibrium situation at the edge of the plasma sheet.

Williams, D. J.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Temperature variation of the plasma sheet during substorms

The temperature and density of the plasma in the earth's distant plasma sheet at downstream distances of about 20-25 earth radii, are examined during a high geomagnetic disturbance period. It is shown that the plasma sheet cools when magnetospheric substorm expansion is indicated by the AE index. During cooling, the plasma sheet temperature, T, and the number density, N, are related by T proportional to N to the 2/3 power (adiabatic process) in some instances, while by T proportional to 1/N (isobaric process) in other cases. The total plasma and magnetic pressure decreases when T is proportional to 1/N and increases when T is proportional to 1/N. Observation also indicates that the dawn-dusk component of plasma flow is frequently large and comparable to the sunward-tailward flow component near the central plasma sheet during substorms.

Lui, A. T. Y.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Diamond Sheet: A new diamond tool material

Diamond sheet is termed a diamond tool material because it is not a cutting tool, but rather a new material from which a variety of different tools may be fabricated. In appearance and properties, it resembles a sheet of copper alloy with diamond abrasive dispersed throughout it. It is capable of being cut, formed, and joined by conventional methods, and subsequently used for cutting as a metal bonded diamond tool. Diamond sheet is normally made with industrial diamond as the abrasive material. The metal matrix in diamond sheet is a medium hard copper alloy which has performed well in most applications. This alloy has the capability of being made harder or softer if specific cutting conditions require it. Other alloys have also been used including a precipitation hardened aluminum alloy with very free cutting characteristics. The material is suitable for use in a variety of cutting, surfacing, and ring type tools, as well as in such mundane items as files and sandpaper. It can also be used as a bearing surface (diamond to diamond) and in wear resistant surfaces.

Mackey, C. R.↗

NASA NTRS1981

The structure and dynamics of the heliospheric current sheet

It has been suggested that the sector structure observed in the interplanetary magnetic field may be interpreted in terms of a warped equatorial current sheet in the heliosphere. The reported study seeks to investigate this suggestion and to provide a clear picture of the topology of the current sheet. An analysis is presented of the magnetic field data obtained by the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft during the time from 1972 to 1976, taking into account a range of heliocentric distances from 1 to 8.5 AU. The single most convincing observation in support of the warped current sheet hypothesis is the almost complete disappearance of the sector structure in the Pioneer 11 data when the spacecraft reaches a heliographic latitude of 16 deg in 1976. The observation suggests that the spacecraft was consistently above the current sheet for a period of several months.

Thomas, B. T.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Multiple crossings of a very thin plasma sheet in the earth's magnetotail

High resolution magnetic field, thermal plasma, and energetic particle data measured on the IMP 8 spacecraft are used to demonstrate that a thin plasma sheet with rapidly flowing plasma undergoes violent oscillatory motion that causes the entire thickness of the plasma sheet to pass over the spacecraft in times which are sometimes as short as 10 s. Ions with 50 and 290 keV energy are investigated since their gyroradii are comparable to the plasma sheet thickness. As the spacecraft moves from the plasma sheet into the lobe, the energetic particle intensities decrease, but the 290 keV ions are relatively more numerous than 50 keV ions on field lines located deeper in the lobe.

Fairfield, D. H.↗