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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 289 records · Page 16
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

A Molecular Compound for Highly Selective Purification of Ethylene

Purification of C 2 H 4 from an C 2 H 4 /C 2 H 6 mixture is one of the most challenging separation processes, which is achieved mainly through energy-intensive, cryogenic distillation in industry. Sustainable, non-distillation methods are highly desired as alternatives. We discovered that the fluorinated bis(pyrazolyl)borate ligand supported copper(I) complex {[(CF 3 ) 2 Bp]Cu} 3 has features very desirable in an olefin–paraffin separation material. It binds ethylene exclusively over ethane generating [(CF 3 ) 2 Bp]Cu(C 2 H 4 ). This molecular compound exhibits extremely high and record ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) C 2 H 4 /C 2 H 6 gas separation selectivity, affording high purity (>99.5 %) ethylene that can be readily desorbed from separation columns. In-situ PXRD provides a “live” picture of the reversible conversion between [(CF 3 ) 2 Bp]Cu(C 2 H 4 ) and the ethylene-free sorbent in the solid-state, driven by the presence or removal of C 2 H 4 . As a result, molecular structures of trinuclear {[(CF 3 ) 2 Bp]Cu} 3 and mononuclear [(CF 3 ) 2 Bp]Cu(C 2 H 4 ) are also presented.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Efficient Polyester Hydrogenolytic Deconstruction via Tandem Catalysis

Using a mechanism-based solvent-free tandem catalytic approach, commodity polyester plastics such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) are rapidly and selectively deconstructed by combining the two air- and moisture-stable catalysts, Hf(OTf) 4 and Pd/C, under 1 atm H 2 , affording terephthalic acid (or naphthalene dicarboxylic acid for PEN) and ethane (or butane for PBT) in essentially quantitative yield. This process is effective for both laboratory grade and waste plastics, and comingled polypropylene remains unchanged. Combined experimental and DFT mechanistic analyses indicate that Hf(OTf) 4 catalyzes a mildly exergonic retro-hydroalkoxylation reaction in which an alkoxy C-O bond is first cleaved, yielding a carboxylic acid and alkene, and this process is closely coupled to an exergonic olefin hydrogenation step, driving the overall reaction forward.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Direct Observation of Elusive (DTBM‐SEGPHOS)CuH Monomer Enables Mechanistic Insights Into Hydrocupration, Aggregation, and Dynamics of Alkene Functionalization Catalysis

The bulky diphosphine DTBM-SEGPHOS is widely employed in CuH-catalyzed transformations as it provides remarkably active catalyst systems. The transient (DTBM-SEGPHOS)CuH monomer (LCuH) is the often-invoked active species. However, its instability has prevented spectroscopic characterization and mechanistic elucidation, hindering mechanistic understanding. We report low-temperature NMR spectroscopic characterization of LCuH, enabling quantitative kinetic analysis of the stoichiometric hydrocupration and catalytic hydroboration of cyclopentene, as well as the structural identification of two CuH clusters. LCuH inserts cyclopentene at −43°C, reaffirming its high reactivity toward olefins. LCuH deactivates to form L 2 Cu 3 H 3 and L 2 Cu 4 H 4 clusters, in which LCuH dimerization initiates aggregation. Kinetic analysis of reactions of unactivated alkenes indicates that competing on-cycle alkene hydrocupration and LCuH dimerization impact performance, as catalyst deactivation and turnover occur on comparable timescales. Structure–activity analysis using atomistic simulations shows that the steric profile of DTBM-SEGPHOS increases the CuH dimerization barrier by ∼7.7 kcal mol−1 compared to that of SEGPHOS, rationalizing the unique ability of DTBM-SEGPHOS to stabilize a reactive monomer for hydrocupration of broader alkene substrates. These findings illustrate the fundamental design principle that steric control of aggregation governs CuH catalyst performance, explaining both the exceptional activity of (DTBM-SEGPHOS)CuH and the limitations imposed by competing deactivation.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Selective Valorization of CO 2 towards Valuable Hydrocarbons through Methanol-mediated Tandem Catalysis

The thermocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) into valuable hydrocarbons presents a promising solution for mitigating anthropogenic CO 2 emissions while producing drop-in replacements for fossil-derived products. Among the two tandem mechanisms for the direct hydrogenation of CO 2 , the methanol synthesis coupled with the methanol to hydrocarbon (MTH) reaction offers an improvement over the reverse water-gas shift coupled with Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction (RWGS-FTS), as it is not limited by Anderson-Schulz-Flory distribution and yields higher selectivity towards specific products (e.g., olefins, aromatics, higher hydrocarbons). Herein, we focus on the recent progress achieved through this pathway and outline the existing knowledge gaps. We discuss the challenges involved in the process and highlight the key descriptors in the selection of catalyst components. Finally, we present several potential solutions to circumvent the current challenges, aiming to expedite the advancement of this route toward an efficient CO 2 hydrogenation process.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

A Comparative Study of Ethanol Upgrading to Butadiene Over Rare Earth Elements Incorporated in Dealuminated Beta Zeolites

Copper and rare earth element-containing dealuminated Beta zeolites (CuREE/deAlBeta) are promising catalysts for the conversion of ethanol to C 3+ olefins en route to sustainable aviation fuel. Product selectivities over CuREE/deAlBeta depend on the identity of the REE. Here, in this study, a suite of La/deAlBeta catalysts of varied La loading are prepared, and their reactivities, selectivities, and apparent C-C coupling kinetics in the cascade reaction between ethanol and acetaldehyde are reported. Ex situ and in situ titrations to quantify Lewis acidic La sites quantify distinct numbers of sites, suggesting a distribution of site types. Across a series of REE/deAlBeta catalysts (REE = Y, La, Lu, Yb, Gd), the selectivity to secondary products correlates with the pyridine heats of adsorption at REE Lewis acid sites. The turnover frequency (per Lewis acid site) for C–C coupling was similar across the series of REE/deAlBeta catalysts. Y/deAlBeta and La/deAlBeta, which have the most disparate secondary product selectivities, had similar kinetics for C–C coupling. These findings demonstrate the complexity of quantifying active sites in REE/deAlBeta zeolites, and the sensitivity of the selectivity, but not the reactivity for C–C coupling, to the identity of the REE atom in REE/deAlBeta zeolites.

alcohol upgrading↗
DOE OSTI2023

Synthesis and Characterization of a Masked Terminal Nickel-Oxide Complex

In exploring terminal nickel-oxo complexes, postulated to be the active oxidant in natural and non-natural oxidation reactions, we report the synthesis of the pseudo-trigonal bipyramidal Ni II complexes (K)[Ni II (L Ph )(DMF)] (1[DMF]) and (NMe 4 ) 2 [Ni II (L Ph )(OAc)] (1[OAc]) (L Ph =2,2’,2’’-nitrilo-tris-(N-phenylacetamide); DMF=N,N-dimethylformamide; - OAc=acetate). Both complexes were characterized using NMR, FTIR, ESI-MS, and X-ray crystallography, showing the L Ph ligand to bind in a tetradentate fashion, together with an ancillary donor. The reaction of 1[OAc] with peroxyphenyl acetic acid (PPAA) resulted in the formation of [(L Ph )Ni III -O-H∙∙∙OAc] 2- , 2, that displays many of the characteristics of a terminal Ni=O species. 2 was characterized by UV-Vis, EPR, and XAS spectroscopies and ESI-MS. 2 decayed to yield a Ni II -phenolate complex 3 (through aromatic electrophilic substitution) that was characterized by NMR, FTIR, ESI-MS, and X-ray crystallography. 2 was capable of hydroxylation of hydrocarbons and epoxidation of olefins, as well as oxygen atom transfer oxidation of phosphines at exceptional rates. While the oxo-wall remains standing, this complex represents an excellent example of a masked metal-oxide that displays all of the properties expected of the ever elusive terminal M=O beyond the oxo-wall.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

The Role of Lewis Acid Sites in γ-Al 2 O 3 Oligomerization

Olefin oligomerization by γ-Al 2 O 3 has recently been reported, and it was suggested that Lewis acid sites are catalytic. The goal of this study is to determine the number of active sites per gram of alumina to confirm that Lewis acid sites are indeed catalytic. Addition of an inorganic Sr oxide base resulted in a linear decrease in the propylene oligomerization conversion at loadings up to 0.3 wt %; while, there is a >95 % loss in conversion above 1 wt % Sr. Additionally, there was a linear decrease in the intensity of the Lewis acid peaks of absorbed pyridine in the IR spectra with an increase in Sr loading, which correlates with the loss in propylene conversion, suggesting that Lewis acid sites are catalytic. Characterization of the Sr structure by XAS and STEM indicates that single Sr 2+ ions are bound to the γ-Al 2 O 3 surface and poison one catalytic site per Sr ion. The maximum loading needed to poison all catalytic sites, assuming uniform surface coverage, was ~0.4 wt % Sr, giving an acid site density of ~0.2 sites per nm2 of γ-Al 2 O 3 , or approximately 3 % of the alumina surface.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Optical Durability of Contemporary PV Encapsulants Through Artificial UV Weathering

Modern c-Si photovoltaic (PV) cells provide high performance but can be vulnerable to ultraviolet light induced degradation (UV-ID). Encapsulants, if chosen correctly, can mitigate UV-ID of the PV cell. Here, we explore performance and durability of 14 commercial encapsulant materials before, during, and after irradiation with UV-containing light. Materials include contemporary, polymer-based encapsulants with a base polymer of poly (ethylene co-vinyl acetate) (EVA), polyethylene-..alpha..-olefin (POE), or their composite (EPE). Polymers contain additives that induce UV-blocking, UV-transmitting, or UV-downshifting properties. We use test coupons to study degradation in a chamber held at 65 degrees C under a xenon light source for up to 4000 h of exposure, corresponding to a cumulative dose of 11.5 MJ/m2 at 340 nm. We examine optical properties including spectral transmittance, yellowness index and spectral fluorescence, considering changes to both the encapsulant and glass as a function of weathering time. Degradation modes identified include discoloration, changes to UV cutoff wavelength, changes to solar-weighted transmittance, and most notably a change to the UV-managing properties of some additives. We propose the use of solar-weighted transmittance in the 300- to 400-nm range to better track performance changes in the UV region associated with the UV-related additive. This is especially relevant for the emerging class of UV-downshifting additives, as metrics like UV-cutoff can understate the degree of degradation or change in these materials. While most encapsulants show very little change after weathering, some show significant changes that directly impact how much UV light would reach an underlying cell.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Electrocatalytic Valorization into H2 and Hydrocarbons of an Aqueous Stream Derived from Hydrothermal Liquefaction

Electrocatalytic oxidation is an attractive process for valorizing the carbon and removal of nitrogen present in the aqueous waste streams at ambient conditions. Here, we evaluated the electrocatalytic oxidation as a function of applied potential over a commercial Pt electrode of aqueous waste stream generated via hydrothermal liquefaction. We validated the conversion of quantifiable carbon (e.g., carboxylic acids, alpha hydroxyacids, alcohols, ketones, amides) and unquantifiable carbon as well as nitrogen removal. The unquantifiable carbon was valorized to quantifiable short chain organic molecules (e.g., acetic). Model studies showed that carboxylic acids, alcohol and ketones converted following (non-) Kolbe chemistry. Amides and alpha hydroxyacids formed carboxylic acids that subsequently converted via (non-) Kolbe chemistry. Ammonia was oxidized into N2. The reaction rate varied for each molecule family with carboxylic acids and ammonia having the highest reaction rates. The main reaction products from the electrocatalytic oxidation at the anode were volatile, short chain hydrocarbons (i.e., olefins, paraffins) and CO generated via Kolbe chemistry, while H2 was generated at the cathode. The parallel denitrification, valorization of carbon, and H2 generation of the aqueous waste can replace and simplify the current unit operations used in a commercial hydrothermal liquefaction process. The high operation potential required to drive the electrocatalytic reaction is responsible for high operation costs; however, they can be either partially subsidized with sale of excess H2 at the current DOE goal of $2/kg H2. Thus, the present work shows how electrocatalytic oxidation can be used to valorize aqueous waste streams into volatile hydrocarbons and H2.

Electrocatalytic oxidation, Aqueous waste valoriza↗
DOE OSTI2022

Redox oxide@molten salt as a generalized catalyst design strategy for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane via selective hydrogen combustion

Here, the current study demonstrates a redox oxide @ molten salt core-shell architecture as a generalized redox catalyst design strategy for chemical looping – oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane. 17 combinations of redox active oxides and molten salts were prepared, evaluated, and characterized. X-ray diffraction indicates that the redox oxides and molten salts are fully compatible, forming separate and stable phases. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrates that the molten salts aggregate at the redox oxide surface, forming a core-shell structure to block the non-selective sites responsible for CO x formation. Up to ~74% single-pass olefin yields were achieved using the proposed redox catalyst design strategy. Statistical analyses of the performance data indicate the potential to achieve up to 86.7% single-pass yield by simply optimizing the operating conditions using the redox catalysts reported in this study. Meanwhile, the generalizability of the catalyst design strategy offers exciting opportunities to further optimize the composition and performance of the redox catalysts for ethane ODH under a chemical looping scheme with significantly reduced energy consumption and CO 2 emissions.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Anodic electrocatalytic conversion of carboxylic acids on thin films of RuO 2 , IrO 2 , and Pt

The electrocatalytic upgrading of carboxylic acids, abundant biomass-derived molecules, remains a challenging task. In this paper, we report an electrocatalytic decarboxylation (ECDX) approach for the conversion of carboxylic acids into paraffins, olefins, and alcohols via (non-)Kolbe electrolysis on thin films (TFs). The ECDX rate, product selectivity, and current efficiency were potential and electrode dependent. For example, the ECDX activity of RuO 2 -TF was similar to that of Pt foil, but the selectivity to Kolbe products was lower on the former. RuO 2 -TF showed about five times higher rates for the oxygen evolution reaction than Pt foil, which resulted in lower current efficiency. The ECDX and O 2 evolution activities of IrO 2 -TF were potential dependent, but this electrode was selective to non-Kolbe products with low current efficiency (<10 %). This work highlights the performance of thin films as an alternative to bulk metals as anodes for oxidative upgrading of carboxylic acids.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Electrocatalytic decarboxylation of carboxylic acids over RuO 2 and Pt nanoparticles

Here, we report electrocatalytic decarboxylation (ECDX) of valeric acid into paraffins, olefins, and alcohols via (non-)Kolbe electrolysis on electrodes with RuO 2 and Pt nanoparticles (NPs) as a greener alternative to thermocatalytic decarboxylation. The turnover frequency of ECDX increases, while the specific activity peaks as RuO 2 NP size increases. These opposing trends make the particle size of ∼ 12 nm the optimum size for ECDX on RuO 2 . Bulk Pt was active for ECDX, while Pt NPs were only active for the oxygen evolution reaction under our conditions. ECDX current efficiency remained constant in the studied potential range on RuO 2 NPs. Esterification was the favored reaction at 2.5 V vs. RHE; however, Kolbe electrolysis was the favored reaction at the expense of the esterification at 4.5 V vs. RHE. This work highlights the performance of nanostructured materials as an alternative to bulk materials as anodes for oxidative upgrading of carboxylic acids.

Kolbe electrolysis↗
DOE OSTI2022

Catalytic Conversion of Model Compounds of Plastic Pyrolysis Oil over ZSM-5

Mechanistic investigation of the catalytic conversion of model compounds for plastic pyrolysis oil (1-octene, octadiene, octane, and toluene) over ZSM-5 in a fixed-bed reactor was studied. 1-Octene breaks down into smaller olefins, which undergo further cracking, oligomerization, cyclization, and hydrogen transfer to eventually produce benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX), coke, and hydrogen. The effect of contact time on 1-octene conversion was further investigated and compared with thermodynamics analyses to elucidate the reaction network. Under the reaction conditions (500 oC, 1 atm), octadiene undergoes thermal coking, significantly contributing to reactor fouling. The products from octane cracking are similar to the products from 1-octene conversion whereas toluene undergoes disproportionation, dealkylation and coking. The analysis of spent catalyst showed long-chain hydrocarbons created by oligomerization reactions filled the pores and covered the surface of the catalyst. As a result, when mesoporous ZSM-5 is used instead of conventional, product selectivity is maintained for 70 hours in time-on-stream experiments.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Waste plastic- and coke-derived flash graphene as lubricant additives

Lubricants play an essential role in reducing wear in mechanical systems. Carbon nanomaterial additives, such as graphene, have been found to significantly improve tribological performance when used as lubricant additives. Here, in this study, post-consumer plastic and metallurgical coke are converted into turbostratic flash graphene (FG) through flash Joule heating (FJH). The FG is then added to either poly(alpha olefin) 6 or 9 (PAO 6 or PAO 9). Adding waste plastic-derived FG (WPFG) and metallurgical coke-derived FG (MCFG) to lubricants resulted in a significant decrease in the coefficient of friction (CoF), wear scar diameter (WSD), and roughness during four-ball testing. WPFG and MCFG decrease the CoF in PAO 9 by 6% and 9% at 0.1 mg mL -1 , respectively, and in PAO 6 by 23% and 6% at 0.5 mg mL -1 , respectively. WPFG and MCFG decrease the WSD of steel balls in PAO 9 by 14% and 8% at 0.5 mg mL -1 , respectively, and in PAO 6 by 12% and 14% at 0.5 mg mL -1 , respectively, by forming a coating-like layer between the metal surfaces. Roughness decreased by 38% and 32% for WPFG and MCFG in PAO 6, respectively, and by 35% and 29% for WPFG and MCFG in PAO 9, respectively. Finally, preliminary life cycle analyses demonstrate that production of FG produces up to 99% less greenhouse gas emissions, requires 98% less energy, and consumes 99.9% less water when compared to conventional production techniques of graphene. Hence, metallurgical coke and waste plastic are shown to be ready feedstocks for high-quality FG lubricant additives.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Direct non-oxidative methane coupling on vitreous silica supported iron catalysts

Direct non-oxidative methane coupling (NMC) is one of the promising pathways for methane upgrading into value-added olefin and aromatic hydrocarbons. The silica-supported iron (i.e., Fe/SiO 2 ) catalyst has been reported effective for NMC, but the effects of silica support on the catalyst property and NMC performance have rarely been explored. Here, in this work, we prepared a vitreous silica-supported iron (Fe/SiO 2 -V) catalyst by flame fusion of a mixture of quartz silica and fayalite. The physicochemical properties and NMC performance of the as-prepared catalysts were measured. Compared to crystalline cristobalite support in Fe/SiO 2 catalyst that has been studied previously, vitreous silica support has disordered Si-O bonds and structural defects, enabling better iron dispersion and more vital metal-support interaction. The as-prepared Fe/SiO 2 -V catalyst had a shorter induction period in methane activation and lower coke yield in NMC. The increase in iron concentration in Fe/SiO 2 -V catalysts elongated the catalyst induction period and promoted aromatics and coke formation. The coke type of the spent Fe/SiO 2 -V catalyst is more uniform than the cristobalite-supported iron catalyst.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Numerical modeling of chemical looping oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane in parallel packed beds

Chemical looping oxidative dehydrogenation (CL-ODH) of ethane has the potential to be a highly efficient alternative to steam cracking for ethylene production. Accurate reactor modeling is of critical importance to efficiently scale up and optimize this new technology. This study reports a one-dimensional, heterogeneous packed bed model to simulate the CL-ODH of ethane to ethylene with a Na 2 MoO 4 -promoted CaTi 0.1 Mn 0.9 O 3 redox catalyst. Here, the overall reaction kinetics was well-described by coupling the gas-phase steam cracking of ethane with the reduction kinetics of the redox catalyst by H 2 and C 2 H 4 . The impact of H 2 on the formation rate of CO 2 byproduct from C 2 H 4 conversion was also thoroughly investigated to validate the applicability of the kinetic model under operational environments. The temperature variation within the different CL-ODH steps and the temperature distribution along the bed were also carefully considered. The accuracy of the model was validated by experiments conducted in a large lab-scale packed bed reactor (200 g catalyst loading), with an average deviation of 2.8% in terms of ethane conversion and ethylene yield. The model was subsequently used to optimize the operating parameters of the CL-ODH reactor, indicating that up to 63.7% single-pass C 2 +olefin yield can be achieved with the current redox catalyst bed whereas further optimization of the redox catalyst to inhibit C 2 H 4 activation can result in 69.4% single-pass C 2 +yield while maintaining low CO 2 selectivity.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Catalytic conversion of post-consumer recycled high-density polyethylene oil over Zn-impregnated ZSM-5 catalysts

The catalytic conversion of post-consumer recycled high-density polyethylene (PCR-HDPE) pyrolysis oil was investigated using modified ZSM-5 zeolites, prepared under different conditions. The PCR-HDPE oil, obtained through pyrolysis at 500 °C followed by distillation at 165 °C, contained a naphtha fraction hydrocarbons suitable for catalytic upgrading. H/ZSM-5 converts PCR-HDPE naphtha fraction oil primarily into BTX, along with light paraffins and olefins. Introducing mesoporosity led to increased propylene yield at the expense of BTX. Zn impregnation onto H/ZSM-5 and H-meso/ZSM-5 enhanced BTX yield by up to 13 %. However, Zn-meso/ZSM-5 exhibited a lower BTX yield than Zn/ZSM-5 with the same Zn loadings, especially after additional steam treatment at 700 °C. Spent catalysts revealed no noticeable increase in metal contaminants such as calcium and aluminum that were present in the PCR-HDPE. Here, the Zn/ZSM-5 catalyst was stable for more than 50 h time on stream and showed promising potential for upgrading PCR-HDPE naphtha fraction oils.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

CO 2 -mediated oxidative dehydrogenation of propane enabled by Pt-based bimetallic catalysts

The greenhouse gas CO 2 is a promising soft oxidant for the oxidative dehydrogenation of light alkanes. However, the occurrence of side reactions including cracking, hydrogenolysis, and reforming results in lower olefin yields compared with direct dehydrogenation. Here, we report that Pt-M (M = Sn/In/Zn) bimetallic catalysts on non-redox-active silica support can break the equilibrium limit of direct propane dehydrogenation using CO 2 as a co-reactant to consume the hydrogen formed in propane dehydrogenation. Unlike the commonly postulated direct CO 2 -assisted dehydrogenation mechanism, we confirm that CO 2 -oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODHP) proceeds in two tandem steps on these bimetallic catalysts, i.e., propane dehydrogenation and reverse water-gas shift, with the latter being the rate-determining step. In situ X-ray absorption studies and density functional theory calculations suggest that the Pt m M n -MO x (e.g., Pt 3 Sn-SnO x ) interfaces are likely active sites.

03 NATURAL GAS↗